重庆市2019年八年级上学期期中语文试题A卷
重庆市2019年八年级上学期期中语文试题A卷
姓名:________ 班级:________ 成绩:________
一、选择题
1 . 下列关于《骆驼祥子》、《水浒传》的说法不正确的两项是（）
A．祥子在兵荒马乱中被抢走车子，却冒险地牵回了三匹骆驼。
B．“黑熊般一身粗肉，铁牛似遍体顽皮。交加一字赤黄眉，双眼赤丝乱系。怒发浑如铁刷，狰狞好似狻猊。天蓬恶煞下云梯。”以上描写的是《水浒传》中的英雄武松。
C．虎妞让祥子买车“吃分子”、做小买卖生意，他不屑一顾。祥子最后的命运是要饭。
D．《水浒传》从最初占领水泊梁山，到梁山豪杰聚齐一百零八位，直到被朝廷招抚，梁山前后共有三位寨主，第二位寨主是王伦。
E. 《水浒传》“智取生辰纲”中挑酒上冈的是白日鼠白胜。
二、基础知识综合
2 . 阅读下面文字，按要求答题。
①傍晚的时候，上灯了，一点点黄晕的光，烘托出一片安静而和平的夜。（朱自清《春》）
②我们都面面相觑了，shū忽间，哪儿好像有了一种气息……（贾平凹《月迹》）
③在湖中，昔日潋滟的绿波为坚冰所取代。（季羡林《幽径悲剧》）
④这样枝枝叶叶靠紧团结，力求上进的白杨树，宛然象征了今天在华北平原纵横绝荡，用血写出新中国历史的那种精神和意志？（茅盾《白杨礼赞》）
（1）给句①②中加点的字注音，并根据拼音写出汉字。
（2）解释句③中加点词“潋滟”的意思。
（3）句④中有一个错别字，找出来并订正。
三、现代文阅读
阅读下面选文，完成小题。
手写比打字有助记忆
①《夜光杯》今年2月7日的一篇《医生的字》的文章提到有一位叫马红霞的医生写的病历单的字迹工整清秀，现今已是非常稀罕。我想起了另外一个关于手写的话题，那就是记（英文）笔记时，是手写好还是打字好？
②这个问题一直有争论，因为不可否认的是打字的速度更快，当然要具有这种速度，必须受过专门的打字训练。但是有美国教授研究后认为，手写笔记有助于学生在教室里集中注意力，习惯于手写笔记的学生学习成绩也较好。较之喜欢用英文速写方法的学生，用普通书法记笔记的学生能学到更多知识，对信息的记忆也更持久，更乐意把握新的思路。和用键盘相比，手写能紧扣人的思维，使获得的信息更有条理。
③统计显示，听课时用键盘记笔记速度更快，打字和手写每分钟的速度之比大约是33字比22字。在短时期内，打字是有优势的。圣路易斯华盛顿大学的一位教授2012年做过一项调查，上课结束后立即对学生进行跟踪，结果发现“打字族”能够回忆起更多的上课内容，对上课内容进行测验的成绩也比“手写族”要好一点。
④问题是这种优势是暂时的，经过24小时，“打字族”对自己记下的东西全忘记了，他们在键盘上敲下的长长的笔记太表面化，也太肤浅了，无助于他们回忆起上课的内容。相反，“手写族”能够持久记忆课堂讲课内容，甚至在一星期以后仍然对课堂上的一些概念有很好的掌握。很显然，手写会把听到的东西更深地记住。用普通书法记笔记更便于温习上课内容，因为它们较之速记法组织得更好。
⑤人们要问，“打字族”能记下较多的内容，为什么掌握的知识反而少呢？研究证实，打字是一种机械反应，对听到的东西是逐字逐句地记下；“手写族”记下较少的东西，但是在记下的同时也在思索，并且对内容有了一个消化。
⑥具有讽刺意味的是，高科技含量的笔记本电脑人见人爱，它可以使打字更快，但恰恰对学习知识是有害的；手写可以增强对知识的记忆，然而有统计说，手写平均只能记下30%左右的内容，为了跟上讲课者的速度，手写会漏掉一些重要的限定词，省略掉一些关键的细节——所以手写还大有改进的余地。
3 . 本文的说明对象是什么？
4 . 选文第②段划线句子使用了什么说明方法？有何作用？
5 . 结合文章内容，简要谈谈“手写族”的优势？
6 . 第③段加点字能否删去，为什么？
统计显示，听课时用键盘记笔记速度更快，打字和手写每分钟的速度之比大约是33字比22字。
阅读传记《屠呦呦与青蒿素》，完成下列各题。
屠呦呦与青蒿素
①2015年10月5日，从瑞典斯德哥尔摩传来令人振奋的消息：中国女科学家屠呦呦获得2015年诺贝尔医学奖。理由是她研发出了新型抗疟疾药青蒿素，这种药品可以有效降低疟疾患者的死亡率。一直不愿意接受采访的屠呦呦通过央视发表自己获奖感言，她说，作为一名科技工作者，获得诺贝尔奖是一项很大的荣誉，但青蒿素获奖是集体攻的成果，是中国科学家集体的荣誉。
②在诺贝尔奖之前，大部分人或许都不知道屠哟哟是何许人，一夜之间她蜚声国内外，而以她为领导的研发小组研制的新型抗疟疾药青蒿素也被大家所熟知。
③屠呦呦1930年12月30日出生于浙江省宁波市。她自幼耳闻目睹中药治病的奇特疗效，把探索中药治病的奥秘作为自己的志向。1951年，屠呦呦如愿考入北京大学医学院药学系，选择了当时一般人缺乏兴趣的生药学专业。在专业课程中，她对植物化学、本草学和植物分类学最感兴趣。大学毕业后，屠呦呦就职于中国中医研究院。那时该院初创，条件艰苦，但屠呦呦克服困难的执着精神是能战胜一切的。她在设备简陋连基本通风设施都没有的工作环境中，经常和各种化学溶液打交道，一度患上中毒性肝炎，但她心无旁骛，埋头从事中药研究，取得了许多骄人的成果。其中，研制用于治疗疟疾的药物——青蒿素，是她最杰出的成就。
④疟疾是一种严重危害人类生命健康的世界性流行病。世界卫生组织报告，全世界约数10亿人口生活在疟疾流行区，每年约2亿人患疟疾，百余万人被夺去生命。特别是上世纪60年代初，全球疟疾疫情难以控制。当时正值美越交战，在越美军因疟疾减员80多万人。美国不惜投入，筛选出20多万种化合物，却未找到理想的抗疟新药。继美国之后，英、法、德等国也花费大量人力物力，寻找有效的新结构类型化合物，但一直未能如愿。我国从1964年重新开始对抗疟新药的研究，从中草药中寻求突破是整个工作的主流，但是，通过对数千种中草药的筛选，却没有任何重要发现。在国内外都处于困境的情况下，1969年，39岁的屠呦呦临危受命，出任该项目的科研组长，她领导团队的才干，至今让当年科研组的人们所称道。而屠呦呦研究操作的实践能力则更是令人叹服不已。她从整理历代医籍着手，编辑了以640方中药为主的《抗疟单验方集》。然而筛选的大量样品，对抗疟均无好的苗头。她并不气馁，经过200多种中药的380多个提取物进行筛选，最后将焦点锁定在青蒿上。但大量实验发现，青蒿的抗疟效果并不理想。她又系统查阅文献，特别注意在历代用药经验中提取药物的方法。当她再一次转向古老中国智慧时，东晋名医葛洪《肘后备急方》中称：“青蒿一握，以水二升渍，绞取汁，尽服之”可治“久疟”。琢磨这段记载，她认为很有可能在高温的情况下，青蒿的有效成分被破坏了。于是她改用乙醇冷浸法，所得青蒿提取物对鼠疟的效价显著提高；接着，采用低沸点溶剂提取法，效价更高，而且趋于稳定。终于，在经历了190次失败后，青蒿素诞生了。疟疾，一个肆意摧残人类生命健康的恶魔，被一位中国的女性科学家制服了。
⑤屠呦呦，以百折不挠的拼搏精神在中华科技史上谱写了一部精彩的人生传奇。
⑥“这一医学发展史上的重大发现，每年在全世界，尤其在发展中国家，挽救了数以百万计疟疾患者的生命。在基础生物医学领域，许多重大发现的价值和效益并不在短期内显而易见。但也有少数，它们的诞生对人类健康的
改善所起的作用和意义是立竿见影的。由屠呦呦和她的同事们一起研发的抗疟药物青蒿素就是这样一个例子。”这是2011年度拉斯克奖的颁奖词。
⑦2015年的诺贝尔奖虽然有些姗姗来迟，但毕竟是令人庆幸的。当颁奖词的庄严声韵回响在地球上空的时候，各种肤色的人都在向这位耄耋老人表达深深的敬意。
7 . 这篇传记主要记述了屠呦呦的____和____的事迹。
8 . 下列对传记有关内容的分析和概括，错误的一项是（）
A．疟疾是摧残人类生命健康的恶魔，世界上每年有百余万人被它夺去生命。许多国家的科学家都在努力研发制服它的新药物，我国的科学家率先完成了这个任务。
B．在基础生物医学领域，少数重大发现的价值和效益在短期内显而易见，屠呦呦和她的同事们研发的青蒿素就属于这一类。
C．传记第⑦段“各种肤色的人表达敬意”的主要原因是：屠呦呦研发的青蒿素每年在全世界，尤其在发展中国家，挽救了数以百万计疟疾患者的生命。
D．本文在平实的叙述中穿插一些富有文学色彩的描写，增强了文章的生动性和感染力，如对屠呦呦研发青蒿素艰难历程的描写就很细腻生动。
9 . 第④段告诉我们：屠呦呦获得突破性进展，主要是改进了提取药物的方法。她这样做是从哪里受到的启发？改进的最关键的两种提取药物的方法是什么？
10 . 屠呦呦获得成功的因素有很多，请参考示例，从第③④段中再梳理出一个因素并稍加说明（可以引用原文说明，也可以概括说明）。
示例：志向。屠呦呦自幼耳闻目睹中药治病的奇特疗效，把探索中药治病的奥秘作为自己的志向。
11 . 屠呦呦获得成功的哪一个因素对你触动最大？请就这一因素谈谈你的感受。
四、句子默写
12 . 默写课文。（（1）（2）题必做，（3）（4）题选做其一，选做题要求写题目和作者）
（1）宋濂《送东阳马生序》中“当余之从师……勤且艰若此。”
（2）郭沫若《静夜》
（3）王观《卜算子送鲍浩然之浙东》
（4）夏完淳《别云间》
五、对比阅读
[甲文]三峡
郦道元
自三峡七百里中，两岸连山，略无阙处。重岩叠嶂，隐天蔽日，自非亭午夜分，不见曦月。
至于夏水襄陵，沿溯阻绝。或王命急宣，有时朝发白帝，暮到江陵，其间千二百里，虽乘奔御风，不以疾也。
春冬之时，则素湍绿潭，回清倒影，绝巘多生怪柏，悬泉瀑布，飞漱其间，清荣峻茂，良多趣味。
每至晴初霜旦，林寒涧肃，常有高猿长啸，属引凄异，空谷传响，哀转久绝。故渔者歌曰：“巴东三峡巫峡长，猿鸣三声泪沾裳。”
[乙文]西陵峡
江水又东，迳西陵峡。《宜都记》曰：自黄牛滩东入西陵界，至峡口百许里，山水纡曲，而两岸高山重嶂，非日中夜半，不见日月。绝壁或千许丈其石彩色形容多所象类。林木高茂，略尽冬春。猿鸣至清，山谷传响，泠泠不绝。所谓“三峡“，此其一也。
山松言：“常闻峡中水疾，书记及口传悉以临惧相戒，曾无称有山水之美也。及余来践跻此境，既至欣然，始信耳闻之不如亲见矣。
注释：（1）形容：形态。（2）践跻：登临。
13 . 解释下列加点字。
（1）沿溯阻绝（________）（2）迳西陵峡（________）
14 . 和“泠泠不绝”的“绝”意思相同的一项是（）
A．绝巘多生怪柏B．猿则百叫无绝C．天下独绝D．沿溯阻绝
15 . 用现代汉语写出下面句子的意思。
山水纡曲，而两岸高山重嶂，非日中夜半，不见日月。
16 . 给下列句子断句，限断2处。
绝壁或千许丈其石彩色形容多所象类
17 . 三峡水疾，甲文和乙文在表现“水疾”这个特点的时候各自采用了什么手法，请结合文本进行分析。
18 . 三峡，是瞿塘峡、巫峡和西陵峡的总称。甲文和乙文中除了“水疾”这个特点相同外，还有哪些特点也是相同的，结合文本分析。
六、诗歌鉴赏
阅读下面的古诗，回答小题。
次北固山下
王湾
客路青山外，行舟绿水前。
潮平两岸阔，风正一帆悬。
海日生残夜，江春入旧年。
乡书何处达，归雁洛阳边。
19 . 赏析“风正一帆悬”中的“悬”字。
20 . 请任选角度赏析诗歌的颈联。
七、名著阅读
21 . 名著阅读。
《红星照耀中国》曾易名为《西行漫记》，是________（作者）写的一部文笔优美的________作品。书中描述了哪些红军领导人？________、_______、_________ 、__________（列举四人）
阅读下面两段文字，回答问题。
（甲）我必须承认G给我的印象很深。他的谈话举止里有一种开门见山、直截了当、不转弯抹角的作风很使我喜欢，这是中国人中不可多得的品质。他动作和说话都很敏捷，喜欢说说笑笑，很有才智，善于驰骋，又能吃苦耐劳，是个很活泼的人。这也许一半是由于他不吸烟、也不喝酒的缘故。有一天红二师选行演习，我正好同他在一起，要爬一座很陡峭的小山。“冲到顶上去！”G突然向他喘吁吁的部下和我叫道。他象兔子一般窜了出去，在我们之前到达山顶。又有一次，我们在骑马的时候，他又这样叫了一声，提出挑战。从这一点和其他方面可以看出他精力过人。
（乙）松蛾的卵在九月里孵化。在那时侯，如果你把那小筒的鳞片稍稍掀起一些，就可以看到里面有许多黑色的小头。它们在咬着，推着它们的盖子，慢慢地爬到小筒上面，它们的身体是淡黄色的，黑色的脑袋有身体的两倍那么大。它们爬出来后，第一件事情就是吃支持着自己的巢的那些针叶，把针叶啃完后，它们就落到附近的针叶上。常常可能会有三四个小虫恰巧落在一起，那么，它们会自然地排成一个小队。这便是未来大军的松毛虫雏形。如果你去逗它们玩，它们会摇摆起头部和前半身，高兴地和你打招呼。
22 . 下列（甲）文说法正确的一项是（）
A．选文选自《红星照耀中国》，作者是美国埃德加·斯诺，文中的G指的是朱德。
B．选文选自《红星照耀中国》，作者是美国埃德加·斯诺，文中的G指的是彭德怀。
C．选文选自长篇纪实文学《长征》，作者是王树增，文中的G指的是彭德怀。
D．选文选自《红星照耀中国》，作者是美国埃德加·斯诺，文中的G指的是周恩来。
23 . 下列与（乙）文相关的表述有误的一项是（）
A．这部书是作者花了三十年时间写成的十卷本科普巨著，书中，作者根据自己观察获得第一手材料，为我们揭开了昆虫世界的一个又一个奥秘。
B．作者不满足于仅仅记录昆虫的生活，他关注的是昆虫活生生的生命过程，他对昆虫的形态、习性、劳动等情形的描述，处处洋溢着对生命的尊重。
C．这部著作行文活泼，语言诙谐，常常以拟人的手法来表现昆虫世界，作者被罗曼·罗兰称为“掌握田野无数小虫子秘密的语言大师”。
D．这部著作之所以引人入性，与作者独特的研究方法有关，作者总是把这些昆虫放在木盒里，认真观察这些昆虫的触角、上颚、翅膀和足等。
八、作文
24 . 结合以下三则材料并联系实际生活，请你拟写150字左右的微评论，对“生活中穿汉服”加以评价。要求观点明确，有理有据，条理清晰。
（材料二）
汉服，即中国汉族传统服饰，曾称汉衣冠、汉装、华
服、华夏衣冠等，运动是“汉服文化复兴运动”的简称，
现在有不少倡导汉服运动的人，他们认为汉服传承了四千
多年，体现汉族礼仪风俗、审美品格、思想哲学等文化内
涵。但也有不少人认为时代不同了，在现代社会里穿汉服
有点不伦不类。
25 . 请以“那里，藏着我的童年”为题写一篇文章。
（提示与要求）
①可以写你的经历、感悟、认识。
②文中不要出现真实的地名、校名、人名等。
③可以大胆选择你能驾驭的文体进行写作。
④抄袭是一种不良行为，相信你不会照搬别人的文章，否则会影响你的成绩。
⑤考虑到内容的充实，文章不要少于500字
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A ．A D ∠=∠ B ．ACB DFE ∠=∠ C ．AC DF = D ．B E C F = 5．如图，已知BD 是ABC △的中线，5AB =，3BC =，ABD △和BCD △的周长的差是（ ）． A ．2 B ．3 C ．6 D ．不能确定 6．某人不小心将一块正五边形玻璃打碎成四块如下图，现要到玻璃店配一块完全一样的玻璃，那么最省事的方法是（ ）． A ．带①去 B ．带①②去 C ．带①②③去 D ．①②③④都带去 7．如图，ABC △的三边AB 、BC 、AC 的长分别12，18，24，O 是ABC △三条角平分线的交点，则::OAB OBC OAC S S S =△△△（ ）．
A ．1:1:1 B ．1:2:3 C ．2:3:4 D ．3:4:5 8．如图，MNP △中，60P ∠=?，MN NP =，MQ PN ⊥，垂足为Q ，延长MN 至G ，取NG NQ =，若MNP △的周长为12，MQ a =，则MGQ △周长是（ ）． A ．82a + B ．8a + C ．6a + D ．62a + 9．如图，已知D 为ABC △边BC 的中点，DE DF ⊥，则BE CF +（ ）． A ．大于EF B ．小于EF C ．等于EF D ．与EF 的大小关系无法确定 10．如图，点A 的坐标为(8,0)，点B 为y 轴的负半轴上的一个动点，分别以OB 、AB 为直角边在第三、第四象限作等腰直角三角形OBF 、等腰直角三角形ABE ，连接EF 交y 轴于P 点，当点B 在y 轴上移动时，则PB 的长度为（ ）．
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