专英第二课翻译

专英第二课翻译
专英第二课翻译

Collection of wastewater(废水的收集)

The “Shambles” is a street or area in many medieval English cities(单词“Shambles”在中世纪的英国城市是指一条街或地区), like London and York(如伦敦和纽约). During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(在18和19世纪), Shambles were commercialized areas(意指商业化地区), with meat packing as a major industry(是一个把屠宰和分割肉制品作为主业的地方). The butchers of the Shambles would throw all of their waste into the street(区域内的屠户会把所有的废弃物扔在街上), where is was washed away by rainwater into drainage ditches(这些废弃物在下雨时被冲入排水沟). The condition of the street was so bad that it contributed its name to the English language originally as a synonym for butchery or a bloody battlefield(因为环境是如此的恶劣,它在英文中的原始含义就是屠场或血腥场地的同义词).

In old cities(在老城里), drainage ditches like those at the Shambles were constructed for the sole purpose of moving storm water out of the cities(排水沟的唯一目的跟它们最初建在Shambles里一样,就是用于排放雨水). In fact, discarding human excrement into these ditches was illegal in London(实际上,把人类排泄物排入这些沟渠是非法的). Eventually, the ditches were covered over and became what we now know as storm sewers(最终,这些沟渠被遮盖起来,并且变成了我们现在所知道的雨水管道). As water supplies developed and the use of the indoor water closet increased(随着城市供水和室内厕所的发展), the need for transporting domestic wastewater(排放家庭污水), called sanitary waste(即生活污水), became obvious(变得显而易见). In the United States(在美国), sanitary wastes were first discharged into the storm sewers(生活污水首先被排入雨水道), which then carried both sanitary waste and storm water and were known as combined sewers(它们既排放生活污水,也排放雨水,被称为合流制下水道). Eventually a new system of underground pipes(最终一种新的地下管道系统出现了), known as sanitary sewers(即生活污水排水管道), was a constructed for removing the sanitary wastes(被建造用于专门输送排放生活污水). Cities and parts of cities built in the twentieth century almost all built separate sewers for sanitary waste and storm water(在20世纪所建设的城市或城市部分,基本上都建设了分流制排水系统分别排放生活污水和雨水).

Estimation Wastewater Quantities(排水量计算)

Domestic wastewater (sewage) comes from various sources within the home(生活污水来自于家庭各处), including the washing machine(如洗衣机), dishwasher, shower, sinks, and of course the toilet(洗碗机、淋浴、水槽,当然也包括盥洗室). The toilet or water closet (WC) (盥洗室或水冲厕所), as it is still known in Europe(就像欧洲一样), has become a standard fixture of modern urban society(已经成为现代城镇生活的标准配备). As important as this invention is(与这些发明同等重要的是), however, there is some dispute as to its inventor(它的发明者是谁却存在争议). Some authors credit John Bramah with its invention in 1778(一些人相信John Bramah发明于1778); others recognize it as the brainchild of Sir John Harrington in 1596(另一些人却认可John Harrington 在1596就有了思路). The latter argument is strengthened by Sir John’s original description of the device(后一种观点由于发现了John对于设备最初描述而得到强化), although there is no record of his donation his name to the invention(尽管有关发明的记录上没有他的名字). The first recorded use of that euphemism is found in a 1735 regulation at Harvard University that decreed(一个委婉的说法是根据哈佛大学1735条规则), “No Freshman shall go to the Fellows’ John.” (大学新生不会追随John小伙)

The term sewage is used here to mean only domestic wastewater(此处的下水道意指生活污水排水管). Domestic wastewater flows vary with the season(生活污水的排放因季节而异), the day of the week, and the hour of the day(每日每时不一样). Note the wide variation in flow and strength(污水流量和浓度的变化范围很宽). Typically(有代表性的是), average sewage flows are in the range of 100 gallons per day per person(每人每天的平均排水量约100加仑), but especially in smaller communities that average can range widely(但在一些小社区,这个平均流量的变化范围较大).

Sewers also commonly carry industrial wastewater(下水道一般也排放工业废水). The quantity of industrial wastes may usually be established by water use records(工业废水的排放根据水的用途可以确定), or the flows may be measured in manholes that serve

only a specific industry(在一些工业领域,流量也可以通过人孔加以测量), using a small flow meter(采用一个小型的流量计). Industrial flows also often vary considerably throughout the day(工业废水的流量在一天内也通常不一样), the day of the week, and the season(随日随季节有所变化).

In addition to sewage and industrial wastewater(除了生活污水和工业废水), sewers carry groundwater and surface water that seeps into the pipes(下水道也输送渗透入管道的地表水和地下水). Since sewer pipes can and often do have holes in them (due to faulty construction, cracking by roots, or other causes) (因为下水道不可避免地出现一些漏洞(如建造原因、树根的缠绕或其他原因)), groundwater can seep into the sewer pipe if the pipe is lower than the top of the groundwater table(当下水道低于地下水位标高时,地下水将渗入管道). This flow into sewers is called infiltration(这种现象称为渗透). Infiltration is least for new, well-constructed sewers(即使是新管道也会存在渗透), but can be as high as 500m3/(km.day)(200000gal/mi.day)) (可以高达每公里每日500m3). For older systems (对于陈旧系统), 700 m3/(km.day)(300000gal/mi.day)) is the commonly estimated infiltration(一般估计的渗透量为700 m3/(km.day)). Infiltration flow is detrimental since the extra volume of water must go through the sewers and the wastewater treatment plant(渗流是有害的,因为它对排水管道和污水处理厂都提出了额外的空间要求). It should be reduced as much as possible by maintaining and repairing sewers and keeping sewerage easements clear of large trees whose roots can severely damage the sewers(通过搞好维修、养护工作,保证管道地面的绿化清理,预防粗大树木根部对下水道的破坏等可以减小渗流量).

Inflow is storm-water collected unintentionally by the sanitary sewers(生活污水管道会无意中收集雨雪水). A common source of inflow is a perforated manhole cover placed in a depression(主要原因是在低气压条件下人孔盖上的洞), so that storm-water flows into the manhole(以致于雨雪水沿此流入). Sewers laid next to creeks and drainage ways that rise up higher than the manhole elevation(污水管道首尾相连输送水的过程中,上升幅度高于人孔的位置), or where the manhole is broken(或者人孔受到破坏), are also a major source(都有可能是主要原因). Illegal connections to sanitary sewers(不合规定的排水

量), such as roof drains(如浮顶油罐的排水系统), can substantially increase the wet weather flow over the dry weather flow(能够在潮湿天气明显增长水量). The ratio of dry weather flow to wet weather flow is usually between 1:2 and 1:4(干燥天气和湿潮天气的流量比在1∶2和1∶4之间).

For these reasons, the sizing of sewers is often difficult(因为这些原因,确定排水管道的规格经常是困难的), since not all of the expected flows can be estimated and their variability is unknown(因为不可能所有的预计流量都能确定,他们的可变性也是未知的). The more important the sewer and the more difficult is to replace it(排水管道越重要,替代它们就越困难), the more important it is to make sure that it is sufficiently large to be able to handle all the expected flows for the foreseeable future(有一点确信越来越重要,那就是:在可预测的未来,排水管道的空间应足够大,以便能够输送所有可预见的流量).

System Layout(系统规划)

Sewers collect wastewater from residences and industrial establishments(排水管理从居住区和工矿企业收集污废水). A system of sewers installed for the purpose of collecting wastewater is known as a sewerage system (not a sewage system ) (一个排水系统收集污水的目的,就是为排水设备系统服务). Sewers almost always operate as open channels or gravity flow conduits(排水管道几乎一起都在工作,犹如明渠或重力流管渠). Pressure sewers are used in a few places(压力排水系统用在少数地方), but these are expensive to maintain and are useful only when there are severe restrictions on water use or when the terrain is such that gravity flow conduits cannot be efficiently maintained(但这种系统维护成本高,只适用于那些对水有严格限制或者地形特殊,无法有效利用重力流的情况).

A typical system for a residential area is shown in Figure 1(生活区域典型的系统如图1所示). Building connections are usually made with clay or plastic pipe, 6 inches in diameter(通常采用直径6英寸的陶土管或塑料管用作连接管), to the collecting sewers that run under the street(把水排入街道下的市政管道). Collecting sewers are sized to carry the

maximum anticipated peak flows without surcharging (filling up) and are ordinarily made of plastic, clay, cement, concrete or cast iron pipe(市政管道的大小,以满足最大预期的洪峰流量为准,以免溢流;通常采用塑料管、陶土管、水泥管、混凝土管或铸铁管). They discharge into intercepting sewers, or interceptors(它们把水送到截流井或截流管道), that collect from large areas and discharge finally into the wastewater treatment plant(它们收集更大范围的污水并且最终把污水送到污水处理厂).

Collecting and intercepting sewers must e constructed with adequate slope for adequate flow velocity during periods of low flow(连接管和截流管建造时的采用合适的坡度,以满足小流量时的流速需要), but not so steep a slope as to promote excessively high velocities when flows are at their maximum(但坡度又不过度陡峭,以免在最大流量时出现雍水). In addition, sewers must have manholes(另外,排水管道必须建造检查井), usually every 120 to 180 m(400 to 600 ft) to facilitate cleaning and repair(其通常间距120至180米,即400至600英尺,以便疏浚和维修). Manholes are necessary whenever the sewer changes slope, size, or direction(无论排水管道的坡度、大小或方向,检查井都是必须的). Typical manholes are shown in Figure 2(典型的检查井如图2所示).

缺少两段的译文

Conclusion(结语)

Sewers have been a part of civilized settlements for thousands of year(排水系统只是千百年来人类文明的一部分), and in the modern United States we have become accustomed to and even complacent about the sewers that serve our communities(在现代美国,我们已经对排水系统提供的服务习以为常甚至意得志满). They never seem to fail, and there never seems to be a problem with them(它们看起来从未怠工,甚至看不出有什么问题). Most important, we can dump whatever we want to down the drain, and it just disappears(最重要的是,我们随手往下水道丢弃废物,它们一下去就消失了).

Of course, it doesn’t j ust disappear(当然,它们并没有消失). It flows through the

sewer and ends up in a wastewater treatment plant(丢弃物沿着排水管道到了污水处理厂). The stuff we often thoughtlessly dump down the drain can in fact cause serious problems in wastewater treatment and may even cause health problems in future drinking water supplies(我们未加思考就仍进下水道的东西有可能引起污水处理厂的严重故障,甚至有可能在未来导致供水水质安全问题). Therefore, we must be cognizant of what we flush down the drain and recognize that it does not just disappear(因此,我们必须清楚认识我们扔入下水道的东西,并且要知道,它们进入排水系统并未消失).

专英第二课翻译

Collection of wastewater(废水的收集) The “Shambles” is a street or area in many medieval English cities(单词“Shambles”在中世纪的英国城市是指一条街或地区), like London and York(如伦敦和纽约). During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(在18和19世纪), Shambles were commercialized areas(意指商业化地区), with meat packing as a major industry(是一个把屠宰和分割肉制品作为主业的地方). The butchers of the Shambles would throw all of their waste into the street(区域内的屠户会把所有的废弃物扔在街上), where is was washed away by rainwater into drainage ditches(这些废弃物在下雨时被冲入排水沟). The condition of the street was so bad that it contributed its name to the English language originally as a synonym for butchery or a bloody battlefield(因为环境是如此的恶劣,它在英文中的原始含义就是屠场或血腥场地的同义词). In old cities(在老城里), drainage ditches like those at the Shambles were constructed for the sole purpose of moving storm water out of the cities(排水沟的唯一目的跟它们最初建在Shambles里一样,就是用于排放雨水). In fact, discarding human excrement into these ditches was illegal in London(实际上,把人类排泄物排入这些沟渠是非法的). Eventually, the ditches were covered over and became what we now know as storm sewers(最终,这些沟渠被遮盖起来,并且变成了我们现在所知道的雨水管道). As water supplies developed and the use of the indoor water closet increased(随着城市供水和室内厕所的发展), the need for transporting domestic wastewater(排放家庭污水), called sanitary waste(即生活污水), became obvious(变得显而易见). In the United States(在美国), sanitary wastes were first discharged into the storm sewers(生活污水首先被排入雨水道), which then carried both sanitary waste and storm water and were known as combined sewers(它们既排放生活污水,也排放雨水,被称为合流制下水道). Eventually a new system of underground pipes(最终一种新的地下管道系统出现了), known as sanitary sewers(即生活污水排水管道), was a constructed for removing the sanitary wastes(被建造用于专门输送排放生活污水). Cities and parts of cities built in the twentieth century almost all built separate sewers for sanitary waste and storm water(在20世纪所建设的城市或城市部分,基本上都建设了分流制排水系统分别排放生活污水和雨水).

高级英语第二册第一课课文翻译对照

第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风 1小约翰。柯夏克已料到,卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天,当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时,收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样,不愿舍弃家园,要他下决心弃家外逃,除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。 2为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策,他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来,住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理?希尔的意见。 3约翰的全部产业就在自己家里(他开办的玛格纳制造公司是设计、研制各种教育玩具和教育用品的。公司的一切往来函件、设计图纸和工艺模具全都放在一楼)。37岁的他对飓风的威力是深有体会的。四年前,他原先拥有的位于高尔夫港以西几英里外的那个家就曾毁于贝翠号飓风(那场风灾前夕柯夏克已将全家搬到一家汽车旅馆过夜)。不过,当时那幢房子所处的地势偏低,高出海平面仅几英尺。“我们现在住的这幢房子高了23英尺,,’他对父亲说,“而且距离海边足有250码远。这幢房子是1915年建造的。至今还从未受到过飓风的袭击。我们呆在这儿恐怕是再安全不过了。” 4老柯夏克67岁.是个语粗心慈的熟练机械师。他对儿子的意见表示赞同。“我们是可以严加防卫。度过难关的,”他说?“一但发现危险信号,我们还可以赶在天黑之前撤出去。” 5 为了对付这场飓风,几个男子汉有条不紊地做起准备工作来。自米水管道可能遭到破坏,他们把浴盆和提俑都盛满水。飓风也可能造成断电,所以他们检查r手提式收音机和手电筒里的电池以及提灯里的燃料油。约翰的父亲将一台小发电机搬到楼下门厅里.接上几个灯泡。并做好把发电机与电冰箱接通的准备。 6那天下午,雨一直下个不停.乌云随着越来越猛的暴风从海湾上空席卷而来。全家早早地用r晚餐。邻居中一个丈夫去了越南的妇女跑过来。问她和她的两个孩子是否能搬进柯夏克家躲避风灾:另一个准备向内陆带转移的邻居也跑来问柯夏克家能否替他照看一下他的狗。 7不到七点钟,天就黑了.,狂风暴雨拍打着屋子。约翰让大儿子和大女儿上楼去取来被褥和枕头给几个小一点的孩子。他想把全家人都集中在同一层楼上。“不要靠近窗户!”他警告说,担心在飓风巾震破的玻璃碎片会飞来伤人。风凶猛地咆哮起来?屋子开始漏雨了……那雨水好像能穿墙透壁,往屋里直灌。一家人都操起拖把、毛巾、盆罐和水桶,展l开了一场排水战。到八点半钟,电没有了。柯夏克老爹便启动了小发电机。 8风的咆哮声压倒了一切。房子摇晃着,起居室的天花板一块块掉下来。楼上一个房问的法兰西式两用门砰地一声被风吹开了。楼下的人还听到楼上其他玻璃窗破碎时发出的劈劈啪啪的响声。积水已经漫到脚踝上了。 9随后,前门开始从门框上脱落。约翰和查理用肩膀抵住¨,但一股水浪冲击过来。撞开了大门,把两人都掀倒在地板上。发电机泡在水里,电灯熄灭了。查理舔了舔嘴唇,对着约翰大喊道:“这回可真是大难临头了。这水是成的。”海水已经漫到屋子跟前?积水仍不断上涨。

高级英语课文翻译

青年人的四种选择 Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久,斯坦福大学四年级主席吉姆?宾司给我写了一封信,信中谈及他的一些不安。 Shortly before his graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior class at Stanford University, wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道:“与其他任何一代人相比,我们这一代人在看待成人世界时抱有更大的疑虑 ,, 同时越 来越倾向于全盘否定成人世界。” “More than any other generation, ” he said, “ our generation views the adult world with great skepticism, there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world. ”很 明显,他的话代表了许多同龄人的看法。 Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的几年里,我倾听过许多年轻人的谈话,他们有的还在大学读书,有的已经毕业,他 们对于成人的世界同样感到不安。 During the last few years, I have listened to scores of young people, in college and out, who were just as nervous about the grown world. 大致来说,他们的态度可归纳如下:“这个世界乱糟糟的,到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。 对此该负责的大概应是那些管理这个世界的成年人吧。如果他们不能做得比这些更好,他们又能拿 什么来教育我们呢?这样的教导,我们根本不需要。” Roughly, their attitude might be summed up about like this:“ The world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running thing. If they can’ t do better than that, what have they got to teach our generation? That kind of lesson we can do without. ” 我觉得这些结论合情合理,至少从他们的角度来看是这样的。 There conclusions strike me as reasonable, at least from their point of view. 对成长中的一代人来说,相关的问题不是我们的社会是否完美(我们可以想当然地认为是这 样),而是应该如何去应付它。 The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect (we can take that for granted), but how to deal with it. 尽管这个社会严酷而不合情理,但它毕竟是我们惟一拥有的世界。 For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we’ ve got. 因此,选择一个办法去应付这个社会是刚刚步入成年的年轻人必须作出的第一个决定,这通 常是他们一生中最重要的决定。 Choosing a strategy to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 根据我的发现,他们的基本选择只有四种: So far as I have been able to discover, there are only four basic alternatives: 1)脱离传统社会

专英考试句子及翻译

1、The use of logarithms has decreased the labour of computing to such an extent that many calculations, which would require hours without the use of logarithms, can be performed with their aid in a small fraction of that time. 对数的使用把计算的劳动量减少到这样的程度,即许多计算当未采用对数时需要耗费数个小时,而现在由于借助对数只要用原来的很少的一部分时间就能完成。 2、For a long period of the history of mathematics, the centric place of mathematical methods was occupied by the logical deductions. 在数学史的很长的时期内,逻辑推理一直占据数学方法的中心地位。 3、Equations are of two kinds ---identities and equations of condition. 方程有两种---恒等式和条件等式。 4、Many leading institutions of higher learning have recognized that positive benefits can be gained by all who study this branch of the mathematics. 许多居领导地位的学术机构承认,所有学习这个分支的人都将得到很好的收益。 5、In this course the student will learn a great deal about geometric figures such as lines, angles, triangles, circles, and designs and patterns of many kinds. 在这门课程中,学生会学到大量几何图形,例如直线,角,三角形,圆以及许多种设计和模式。 6、Sets are a means by which mathematicians talk of collections of things in an abstract way. 集合是数学家们用抽象的方式来表述一些事物的集体的工具。 7、Some people find it helpful to think of a set as analogous to a container (such as a bag or a box) containing certain objects, its elements. The empty set is then analogous to an empty container. 一些人认为这样比喻是有益的,即集合类似于容器(如背包和盒子)装有某些东西那样,包含它的元素。空集则类似于一个空的容器。 8、Two perpendicular reference lines (called coordinate axes) are chosen, one horizontal (called the “x-axis”), the other vertical (the “y-axis”). Their point of intersection, denoted by O, is called the origin. 选取两条相互垂直的直线,其中一条是水平的(称为x轴),另一条是竖立的(为y轴)。 把它们的交点记作O,称为原点。

翻译作业

《形合和意合的差异与英汉互译》---英语专业论文范文 关键词:英汉互译形合意合语篇 摘要:由于英语语篇讲究形合,汉语语篇讲究意合,两种语言在联句成篇上的明显差异导致英汉互译不是原文单词与译文单词的对译,而是两种语言的语篇动态对译。掌握两者的差异,有助于更准确地理解原文,更地道地构建译文。 关键词:英汉;互译;形合;意合;语篇 一、引言 语言是文化的载体,任何一种语言都反映了与其相应的文化。西方人重形式分析和逻辑推理,强调“由一到多”的思维传统。在处理问题上,注意把具体问题从总体中分离出来,把极复杂的问题划分为比较简单的形式和部分,然后逐一去研究;汉民族讲究“天人合一”,重视整体思维,注重心理时空的思维方式。在处理问题上,注意从整体上,从一事物与他事物的联系上加以认识,予以解决。英汉民族思维模式的差异导致两种语言在结构上差异明显。英语讲究形合,语法显性,而汉语则注重“意合”,语法隐性。所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。汉语讲究意合。所谓意合,指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。形合和意合的差异是英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别。 二、英汉语篇形合与意合差异对英汉互译的影响 任何语言都不是独立地使用一种固定的表达模式来传递语言信息的,而是两种模式的混合自由作用。但是受文化背景、思维模式的影响,在表达过程中会表现出不同的特点。英语重形合,汉语重意合。英语行文注重结构、形式,注重显性接应,以形显意,语义连贯诉诸理性,因而句子结构严谨、完整。汉语行文注重功能、意义,注重隐性连贯,以神统形,语义连贯诉诸意向,因而汉语句子比较简洁,少用甚至不用形式连接手段。英汉在语篇的连句表意中彰显出不同的表达特色。可见英汉互译不是原文单词与译文单词的对译,而是两种语言的语篇动态对译。成功的译文应在意义上与原文等值,在遣词造句上看不出硬译的痕迹,符合译文行文要求和表达习惯,做到“信、达、雅”,即:忠实原文的实质精神,表达充分又确切,文字优雅流畅。 英汉形合、意合的差异导致汉译英时,若不加分析,一概完整地逐字、逐词、逐句照译,势必出现“汉化英语”,译文成为英文语篇中的破句或电报语,而英译汉时,则出现“英化汉语”,原文中所存在的连词在译文语篇中显得有些苍白,甚至累赘,失去了语言的简洁性、紧凑性。翻译实践证明,大量句子英汉互译时,往往需要在语篇中重新构建符合译文语言特点的表达。 1. 句子主语的调整。 英汉语句子均由主语和谓语两大部分组成,但英汉语句子主谓之间的句法关系差异明显。英语重形合,句子的主谓之间存有强制性的一致关系,决定谓语动词的人称形式和数形式,因此英语句子的主语在句中一般是不可或缺的。它是如此地不可或缺,以致当主语因修辞原因而移位时,甚至要使用形式主语来补足空位。汉语重意合,句子的主谓之间没有强制性的一致关系,主语对谓语动词的形式没有决定作用,句法地位并不十分重要,在语境(包括上下文、情景语境、常识与背景知识等)中为交际双方所共知的主语常常省去,以意承脉,因而汉语中存在大量的无主句或主语省略句。如以下汉语中的无主句,译成英语时则要补出主语。 (1)好,不再说了吧;要落泪了,真想念北平呀! (老舍,想北平) Now,let me leave off writing,for I am on the point of shedding tears. How I miss. Peiping! (2)凭窗站了一会儿,微微的觉得凉意侵人。 (冰心,笑) Standing at the window for a while,I felt a bit chilly. (3)It is hard to find out what any county can door will do next. (Lord Dunsany:The Greatest Invention) 很难预料一个国家能做什么或是接着会干什么。 2. 句式上的调整。 意合在形态上是平级配列,而形合在形态上是次级配列。汉语的句子以说话者的意念为主轴,形成一种意念机制,表

高级英语第二册段落翻译

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(完整版)高级英语第二册课文翻译

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英语期末考试句子翻译

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