外文文献汽车零部件出口 中文

外文文献汽车零部件出口 中文
外文文献汽车零部件出口 中文

关于扩大汽车零部件出口的思考

曲婕

汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,推动汽车零部件扩大出口是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。受国际金融危机的影响, 2008年下半年以来,我国汽车零部件出口开始由快速发展期进入调整期。本文深入分析了金融危机为我国汽车零部件出口带来的负面影响和契机,以及我国汽车零部件产业自身存在的问题,并在此基础上有针对性地提出了中国汽车零部件扩大出口的对策建议。

汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,汽车制造业的竞争在很大下汽车零部件企业通过出口,参与程度上是零部件产业的竞争。当国际分工,融入全球采购体系已经成为适应经济全球化发展趋势的必然选择。一国汽车零部件产业在国际分工中的地位也在很大程度上代表了一国汽车工业竞争力的强弱。推动汽车零部件扩大出口,在更高层次上参与国际分工,不仅有利于调整出口产品结构,转变外贸增长方式,而且可以统筹国际、国内两个市场、两种资源,加快汽车零部件产业结构调整与技术进步的步伐,是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。

1. 中国汽车零部件出口由快速发展期进入调整期

进入21世纪以来,我国汽车产业保持高速发展,2008年已成为世界第二大汽车生产国、第二大新车消费市场和第一大潜在市场。在高速增长的整车市场的带动下,我国汽车零部件产业在技术水平、质量水平及管理水平等取得了长足的进步。据统计,2008年,我国共有规模以上汽车零部件企业8 000多家,汽车零部件制造业实现工业总产值为9 480.7亿元,同比增长23.9%,占汽车工业总产值的36.6%。我国汽车零部件产业已初步形成与整车发展相适应、门类齐全、具有一定竞争力的配套体系。

在满足国内市场需求的同时,我国汽车零部件产品开始进入国际市场,并呈现出逐年递增的态势,出口金额从2000年的33.2亿美元快速增长到2008年的312.9亿美元,年增长率均保持在 30%以上,即便是在受金融危机影响的 2008年,仍保持了10.3%的增长。2005年,我国汽车零部件对外贸易首次实现顺差,此后贸

易顺差逐年扩大,汽车零部件是我国汽车产品出口的主导产品,2008年,汽车零部件出口占汽车产品出口创汇总额的76.5%,占全国外贸出口总额的2.2%。共向217个国家出口,其中美国、日本、韩国、德国等汽车工业发达国家是我国的主要目标市场,2008年向这4个国家出口的金额占汽车零部件出口总金额的48.7%。整车零部件出口以外资企业为主,但近年来国有和民营企业在零部件出口中的表现越来越活跃,在这一因素的带动下,汽车零部件以一般贸易方式出口的比例逐渐提高,2008年达到53.2%。

2008年下半年以来,随着国际金融危机的蔓延、加深,国际汽车市场需求不断萎缩,我国汽车零部件出口金额增速明显放缓。2009年上半年,我国汽车零部件出口的金额 119.8亿美元,同比下降25.4%,连续6个月出现同比负增长, 降幅高于同期机电产品出口20.8%的降幅。从出口市场情况看,我国对亚洲、北美和欧洲三大市场的出口均出现大幅度下降,降幅分别为30.0%、21.4%和 30.8%其中对日本和韩国的降幅分别达到43.6%和37.8%。从企业性质看,外商投资和国有企业的汽车零部件出口降幅均高于汽车零部件出口的平均降幅,分别为27.0%和29.9%,相对而言,民营企业降幅较小,为19.3%。这主要是因为外资企业主要以国际配套为主,且以欧美市场为主,而民营企业更多的是进入国际售后市场。从贸易方式看,一般贸易方式降幅为 32.2%,占比与2008年同期相比提高到53.3%,加工贸易方式降幅为 19.4%,所占比例较2008年同期下降到45.0%。

2. 中国汽车零部件出口面临的严峻形势和问题

我国汽车零部件出口已由快速增长期进入调整期,所面临的外部形势日趋紧张。

2.1 国际汽车市场需求萎缩

受金融危机影响,全球汽车产业遭受强烈冲击,从2008年下半年以来,以北美、欧洲和日本为代表的传统汽车市场均出现两位数以上的大幅负增长。通用、克莱斯勒迫部分停产。这导致我国以配套市场为主的汽车零部件企业订单难以为继, 陆续出现工厂开工不足、产品积压等状况。

2.2 信贷融资更加困难

当前,国外银行大多惜贷或提高贷款条件,导致当地采购商资金短缺,而市场

低迷又使资金回笼速度减缓,销售陷入困境。同时,不少国外银行已出现严重信用危机,出口企业收款期由平时的30天上升到60~90天。甚至出现拖欠现象,收汇风险明显加大。

2.3 国际贸易保护主义开始抬头

近期,我国汽车轮胎、轮毂、紧固件、轴承等产品已相继遭遇了来自美国、欧盟、印度、巴西、澳大利亚等国的反倾销调查。此外,各国关于车辆排放限值、车辆安全性等方面的要求日趋严格 , 国际贸易壁垒日渐升级。

2.4 人民币升值降低出口产品竞争优势

主要目标市场货币兑美元大幅贬值, 导致国际采购商难以消化我国汽车产品的进入成本, 采购需求减少。国内企业无法规避汇率风险 , 不敢签订较长时间的订单。而人民币不断升值的同时, 与我国汽车零部件出口存在竞争关系的国家货币却在贬值, 我国汽车零部件出口价格竞争优势不断被削弱。

汽车零部件企业出口陷入困境,固然有金融危机冲击这一不可抗拒的外因影响,但自身存在的深层次矛盾和问题才是主要原因。

一是企业规模效应不明显。国内整个行业的50%左右内资大型零部件企业占全部企业的比例不足1%,大中型企业不到15%,零部件企业总体层次较低,力量分散,专业化程度低,难以满足外商大批量采购需求。

二是内资企业缺乏具有核心竞争力的产品。由于我国汽车零部件企业规模普遍较小,全行业研发投入占销售收入的比例仅为0.6%左右,无法形成较强的开发能力,产品趋同、技术含量低,缺乏轿车主要总成和关键部件的核心技术。而像正时齿轮、电喷系统、发动机管理系统、分动器总成、同步器齿环、中央控制器等技术含量和附加值高的汽车关键零部件,占全国90%以上产量都集中在外资企业中。

三是出口结构性失衡问题严重。我国汽车零部件出口仍以铝车轮、水箱、玻璃、电线束、刹车盘等资源和劳动密集型产品为主,技术附加值低,缺乏自主品牌的状况没有明显改善。出口市场仍主要面向世界低端市场,OEM配套比例不足30%。

四是企业内耗激烈,出口秩序有待梳理,在产能过剩的前提下,由于出口主体过多、过杂,产品同质化严重,以低价作为主要竞争手段,导致出口企业内耗激

烈,扰乱国际市场竞争秩序,反倾销调查频频发生,同时也导致企业利润微薄,难以做大做强。

五是以低成本扩张为主,走的是一条粗放的增长道路部分出口企业为保证低成本、低价格扩张,降低了对产品质量的控制,牺牲了技术研发投入,弱化了营销网络、售后服务体系的建设,损坏了中国企业的整体形象,也导致了市场份额的流失。

3. 金融危机为中国汽车零部件出口带来新契机

在金融危机给我国汽车零部件出口造成诸多负面影响的同时,也为我国汽车零部件产业国际化发展带来了新契机。金融危机导致一些国际知名汽车零部件企业经营陷入困镜,这就为我国汽车零部件企业实施海外并购、引进高端人才和先进技术提供了难得的机遇。跨国公司在市场形势不好时,出于成本控制的考虑,会更多地采取竞争性采购,这有利于我国汽车零部件企业发挥比较优势,扩大出口。此外, 发达国家新车购买力下降,部分消费者将延长更新汽车的时间,旧车维修保养需求的增加,在很大程度上保持了售后市场的需求,为以售后市场为主的中国汽车零部件出口提供了广阔的市场。在国际金融危机的冲击下,我国汽车零部件出口在短期内的萧条是不可避免的,但国际汽车市场需求潜力仍然巨大,目前,主要国家汽车市场在政府扶植政策的激励下,产销降幅已呈收窄趋势,预计在2010年将止跌企稳, 出现回暖,届时我国汽车零部件出口也将恢复增长。

4. 关于中国汽车零部件扩大出口的对策建议

汽车零部件是“十一五”期间国家重点支持的出口产品之一。扩大汽车零部件出口也是我国实施科技兴贸战略和加快转变外贸增长方式的重要内容。为此,本文现对扩大我国汽车零部件出口提出如下对策与建议:

4.1 优化汽车零部件出口结构

积极调整出口产品结构,由单一的产品型出口开始向资本型出口

转变;由劳动密集型、材料密集型的低端产品出口开始向附加值较高的机电类产品出口转变;由售后市场逐步向配套市场转变。推进电子商务及进出口服务贸易体系的发展,不断提高零部件企业整体素质和参与国际竞争的能力。

4.2 坚持实施“引进来”和“走出去”战略

鼓励企业通过多种形式建立境外营销中心和营销网络。支持有实力的企业对外投资,在海外建厂,从单纯的产品出口向资本、技术和品牌出口转变。鼓励企业通过海外并购等方式获取相关技术、研发能力等国际优质资源。对于外国政府对我国企业的投资限制,通过包括

多边和双边机制交涉在内的多种方式积极加以解决。继续鼓励有实力的跨国公司来华投资建厂,有目的地引进我国尚不具备开发能力各种先进技术。通过引进先进的产品技术和管理,直接推动我国汽车零部件产业融入全球汽车零部件生产和供应体系。

4.3 支持企业加大自主创新力度,提高核心竞争力

鼓励汽车零部件出口企业和高等院校、科研院所加强合作交流,

增加研发投入,加快建立研发中心;充分利用国家现有政策,优先对国家汽车及零部件出口基地企业的产品研发和技改贷款贴息予以支持;支持汽车零部件生产企业加强研究开发体系建设,在消化引进技术的基础上,开发具有自主知识产权的技术;对于出口企业与国外研究机构合作开发的汽车零部件产品,进口样机,减免征进口环节税收等等。

4.4 加快国家汽车及零部件出口基地建设

国家商务部和发改委已经联合认定了12家出口基地和160家出口基地企业各出口基地管理部门应结合各自发展特点,研究提出加快出口基地建设的长远规划,完善有关管理工作,力争将国家汽车及零部件出口基地建设成为自主创新的基地、国际交流合作的基地、知识产权保护的基地,在全国汽车及零部件出口中起到示范作用。抓紧落实已有的政策,组织企业用好国家有关新政策,研究制定加快出口基地建设的政策措施,加大对基地建设的投入,完善配套设施建设,注重招商引资与开拓国际市场并举,完善出口服务体系。中央政府也应当对出口基地的建设给予更多的政策支持,如考虑出口退税向出口基地内企业和出口基地企业倾斜,出口基地内企业和出口基地企业在设备进口上享受国家产业政策鼓励类免税的优惠政策,对出口基地内企业和出口基地企业进行重点支持等。

4.5 加大对出口基地公共服务平台建设的支持力度

国家应进一步加大结构调整资金支持力度,重点支持国家汽车出口基地搭建

公共服务平台项目,为企业提供技术贸易、高新技术产品国际市场动态、行业发展、技术标准、出口管制、国别贸易政策等各类信息;鼓励和支持行业中介机构(行业标准化机构)及有条件的企业进入国际技术联盟和国际标准论坛,积极争取参与国际标准制、修订工作;支持企业就行业共性技术和通用关键技术进行独立研发或联合研发;增强现有检测机构的检测试验能力和综合服务能力,形成与我国汽车产品出口检测需要相适应的配置合理、服务优质的检测试验体系。

汽车后市场 外文文献翻译

The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011):14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期:14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准(电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC)。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上,在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全,稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统(DYC)是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定,防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系,转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合),现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计,具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下,才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统,这样不需要一个参

新能源汽车外文文献翻译

文献出处:Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726. 原文 The prospects for global green car mobility Patrick Moriarty, Damon Honnery Abstract The quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel. Keywords:Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution 1. Introduction Provision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures

外文文献翻译:汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法

附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

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外文翻译-汽车新能源现状与发展的探究

各专业全套优秀毕业设计图纸 The Investigation Of Car new energy'S Present Condition And Development As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars

汽车外文翻译

As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and

汽车制动系统(机械、车辆工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译)

Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.

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