高考英语冲刺语法讲解 省略和插入语(1)

2014届高考英语冲刺语法讲解省略和插入语

为了避免重复 , 使语言简练紧凑 , 在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下 , 往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。英语口语或对话中, 如果上下文已经明显表明了主语, 常常可省略主语；如果主语不同而谓语相同时，可省略后面相同的谓语。在时间、条件、让步、地点和比较状语从句中 , 如果谓语动词为 be, 主语或主句的主语为 it 时，也弯常省略主语和谓语部分。like, hope ,want, tell, try，be able to,be going to 等不定式后相同的动词, 也常常被省略．

一、具体用法：

1. 简单句中的省略

a)所有格之后的名词如果为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。

如：She is going to her uncle's 〈 house 〉 . 她要去她舅舅家 .

Today I met her at the tailor's(shop 〉 . 今天我在裁缝店碰见她了.

b) 主语和谓语的省略，此种情况一般多用于交际用语中。

如：(1)Feeling much better today. (2)Hope to see you again soon.

c) 疑问句和答句中的省略

(1)“You angry? ” “Not very”(2) “Going on holiday, are you?”

d)祈使句的省略

（1）On with the light.开灯！（2）Out of the room.

2. 并列句子的省略

(1 〉并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语 , 不管它在句子中作何种成分 , 都可以省略。

如 His father is a doctor, his mother ( is 〉a nurse.

They don't go to the Summer Palace, neither do I(go to the Summer Palace 〉 . 〈 2 〉特别是在动词 appear, believe, expect, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think 或词组 be afraid 后面 , 表示肯定时用 so, 表示否定时可用 not 。

如：I think you'll win the race; indeed we a1l think so.

我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛 , 事实上我们都这样想。

I'm not sure she isn't coming, but I suppose not.

我不能肯定她不来 , 但我想是这样。

3.不定式的省略

（1）使役动词let, make, have及感官动词see, watch , hear, notice, observe, feel. Look at, listen to 等后面作宾语补足的不定式要省去to, 但在被动句时应加上to

如：a) I saw the boy fall from the tree.

b) The boy was seen to fall from the tree.

(2)有时为了避免重复，表达相同意思的不定式符号to后的内容常承前省略，而只是保持不定式的符号 to. 常见的有三种情况：

①系动词（be）+ adj , 常见的形容词有：afraid, ready, glad, happy, willing…

---Could you go shopping with me? ---- I am glad to. (go shopping with you)

②mean, try, want, afford, decide, refuse, wish, like, need, would like, would love …等后面接不定式作宾语时，省略作宾语的不定式。只保留不定式符号 to , 但

如果该宾语是动词 be 或完成时态的不定式时，则须在 to 后加上be 或 have

如： ---Are you going there? ----Yes, I’d like to (go there).

---Are you an engineer? ----No, but I want to be.

③tell, warn, order, advise, ask, expect,等动词后接不定式作宾补时常省略不定式的宾语补足语。

如：The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to.(enter the lab)

④两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起由and / or 连接时, 第一个不定式带to, 后面的不定式可省去to. 但如表示对比（照）等，则不省 to.

如Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash c lothes.

It’s better to laugh than to cry.

⑤主 ( 宾 ) 语补足语中的 to be 往往省略。

如 He was thought 〈 to be 〉 the cleverest boy in the group.

大家认为他在小组中最聪明。

⑥.特殊结构中的省略

Would sooner, had better, do nothing but, have nothing to do but, there’s nothing to do but, can’t help but, rather than 等后不定式符号 to 常省略。

如：a) He would sooner die than surrender.

b) I’d rather look after the baby than wash dishes.

⑦.主语部分有一个表“做”的 do 的各种形式时，表语不定式常省“to”

如：What I really want to do is (to) go to the cinema.

4.从句中的省略

(1 〉宾语从句

以 which, when, where, how 和 why 引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时 , 可省略全部谓语 , 甚至主语也省略 , 仅保留一个wh-词。

如：She will go to Beijing, but I don't know when 〈 she will go to Beijing.〉〈 2) 状语从句

在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中 , 如果主语与主句主语一致 , 或者主语是 it. 那么动词 be 及其主语通常可省略,从而构成 "v-ing/v-ed/形容词 / 介词/ 副词 " 结构。常见的有以下几种 :

1. 时间状语从句 :Be careful when (you are)crossing the street.

2. 条件状语从句 :H e won't go to the party unless (he is)invited.

3. 比较状语从句 :Country music today remains much the same as(it was)before.

4. 让步状语从句:Whether (it is)right or wrong, his opinion should be paid attention to.

注意 :though, as 引导让步状语从句时,通常从句要倒装。从句倒装时, 如果从句的表语是可数名词单数, 将名词提前时,名词前面的冠词a/an 须省略。

例 :Child as/though he is, he knows much about the society.

=Though he is a child, he knows much about the society.

注意 : 有些由 if 构成的省略结构 , 已属固定短语 , 如 if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so 等。例：a) If necessary, ring me at home.

b) He may be busy’ If so, I'll ca ll later. If not, can I see him now?