化学专业英语复习资料

Naming Inorganic Compounds

Introduction：1.10 million known chemical substances.Need to establish a set of rules leading to informative, systematic name for each substance.2.Nomenclature: basic rules for naming simple compounds (organic compounds,inorganic compounds)

Contents of current section：1.Preparatory materials（names of common elements in the periodic table)；2.Ionic compounds (cations, anions,compounds)；3.Acids；4.Molecular compounds Common Elements：Ac-Actinium锕, Ag-Silver, Al-Aluminum, Ar-Argon, As-Arsenic, Au-Gold, B-Boron, Ba-Barium, Be-Beryllium, Bi-Bismuth, Br-Bromine, C-Carbon, Ca-Calcium, Cd-Cadmium, Ce-Cerium铈, Cl-Chlorine, Co-Cobalt, Cr-Chromium, Cs-Cesium铯, Cu-Copper, F-Fluorine, Fe-Iron,Ga-Gallium镓, Ge-Germanium锗, H-Hydrogen, He-Helium, Hg-Mercury, I-Iodine, In-Indium, Ir-Iridium铱, K-Potassium, Kr-Krypton, La-Lanthanum镧, Li-Lithium, Mg-Magnesium, Mn-Manganese, Mo-Molybdenum钼, N-Nitrogen, Na-Sodium, Nb-Niobium铌, Nd-Neodymium钕, Ne-Neon, Ni-Nickel, O-Oxygen, Os-Osmium锇, P-Phosphorus, Pb- Lead, Pd-Palladium钯, Po-Polonium钋,Pt-Platinum, Pu-Plutonium钚, Ra-Radium, Rb-Rubidium铷, Re-Rhenium铼, Rn-Radon氡, Ru-Ruthenium钌, S-Sulfur, Sb-Antimony锑, Sc-Scandium钪, Se-Selenium硒, Si-Silicon, Sm-Samarium钐, Sn-Tin,Sr-Strontium锶, Ta-Tantalum钽, Te-Tellurium, Ti-Titanium, Tl-Thallium, U-Uranium, V-Vanadium钒，W-Tungsten, Xe-Xenon, Y-Yttrium钇, Zn-Zinc, Zr-Zirconium锆

Ionic compounds

General rule :The names of ionic compounds are based on the names of the ions of which they are composed. The positive ion (cation) is always named first and listed first in writing the formula for the compound. The negative ion (anion) is named and written last.

Eg.：NaCl (sodium chloride)

Naming cations

Monatomic ions (take the name of the element itself)

Zn2+ (zinc ion), Al3+ (aluminum ion)

Note: for an element (especially transition metals) with more than 1 positive ion, the positive charge of the ion is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal: Fe2+ --- iron (II) ion, Cu+ ---copper (I) ion

If unsure, use the Roman numeral designation of charges as part of the name.

Naming cations

Note: A widely used older method to distinguish between two differently charged ions of a metal is to apply the ending –ous for the lower charged ions or -ic for the higher charged ions, respectively. They are added to the root of the Latin name of the element.

Eg.：Fe2+ (ferrous ion), Cu+ (cuprous ion)

Fe3+ (ferric ions), Cu2+ (cupric ion)

Naming cations

Polyatomic cations: Groups of atoms with a positive charge.

NH4+ --- ammonium ion Hg22+ ---mercury (I) ion or mercurous ion

Note: Hg2+ ---mercury (II) ion, or mercuric ion

Common ions：

Cations: ammonium, cesium, copper(I) or cuprous, hydrogen, lithium, potassium, silver,sodium.(+1 ions); barium, cadmium, calcium, cobalt(II) or cobaltous, copper(II) or cupric,iron(II) or ferrous, lead(II) or plumbous,magnesium, manganese(II) or

manganous,mercury(I) or mercurous, mercury(II) or mercuric, nickel, strontium, tin(II) or stannous, zinc.(2+ ions); aluminum, chromium(III) or chromic, iron(III) or ferric.(3+ ions) Naming anions

Monatomic anions (named by dropping the ending of the name of the element and adding the ending -ide ):

Naming anions

Polyatomic anions

Note: only a few polyatomic anions end in -ide:OH- hydroxide ion, CN- cyanide ion O22- peroxide ion, N3- azide ion

Naming anions

Oxyanions (polyatomic and oxygen-containing):when an element forms two oxyanions, the name of the one containing more oxygen ends in-ate; the name of the one with less oxygen ends in -ite: Eg.：NO2- nitrite ion, SO32- sulfite ion ,NO3- nitrate ion, SO42- sulfate ion

Naming anions

Note: when the series of anions of a given element extends to three or four members,prefixes are also employed. The prefix hypo-indicates less oxygen, and per- more oxygen:

Eg: ClO- hypochlorite ion, ClO2- chlorite ion ClO3- chlorate ion, ClO4- perchlorate ion chlor---root of chlorine

Naming anions

Practice: selenate ion (?); selenite ion (?) perbromate (?) , hypobromite (?)

Note: exceptions to rules: permanganate ion is MnO4-, manganate ion is MnO42-. ferrate-(or perferrate) FeO4-，chromate CrO42-, dichromate Cr2O72-

Naming anions

Polyatomic anions with hydrogen ions

These ions are named by prefixing the word hydrogen or dihydrogen, as appropriate,to the name of the hydrogen-free anion.Alternative way is to use the prefix bi-:

Eg.：HCO3- hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate ) ion; HSO4- hydrogen sulfate ( or bisulfate) ion; H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate ion

Common ions

Anions: acetate, azide, bromide, chlorate,chloride, cyanide, dihydrogen phosphate,fluoride, hydride, hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate, hydroxide, iodide, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, permanganate, thiocyanate, cyanate. (1- ions);carbonate, chromate, dichromate, ferrate,hydrogen phosphate, oxide, peroxide, sulfate,sulfide, sulfite, thiosulfate.(2- ions); nitride,phosphate, phosphide. (3- ions).

Naming ionic compounds

Write the formulas for ionic compounds by combining the names of cations and anions:

barium bromide- BaBr2

copper(II) nitrate or cupric nitrate- Cu(NO3)2

aluminum oxide-Al2O3

mercury(I) chloride or mercurous chloride

Hg2Cl2

ferric oxide, Fe2O3

Practice : Name the following compounds:

(a)K2SO4；(b) Ba(OH)2；(c) FeCl3 (d) NH4Cl；(e) Cr2O3；(f)Co(NO3)2

Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds:

(a)calcium carbonate; (b)sodium fluoride; (c) iron(II) perchlorate; (d)magnesium sulfate; (e) silver sulfide; (f) lead nitrate.

Naming Acids

An acid here is defined as a substance whose molecules yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

Rule : The name of an non-oxyacid is related to the name of the anion. Anions with the ending -ide associate with acids having hydro- prefix and an -ic ending:

Eg:Chloride (Cl-) to hydrochloric acid (HCl) sulfide (S2- ) to hydrosulfuric acid (H2S)

Note: only water solution of HCl is called hydrochloric acid, the pure compound is called hydrogen chloride.

Naming the acids

For acids derived from oxyanions (oxyacids)

Rule: If the anion has an –ate (-ite) ending,the corresponding acid is given an –ic (-ous) ending. Prefixes are retained:

Naming the acids

Exercises

Name the following acids:

(a) HCN, HSCN; (b) HNO3, HNO2 (c) H2SO4 (d) H2SO3

Give the chemical formulas for

(a)hydrobromic acid; (b) phosphoric acid.

Naming molecular compounds

Rule:The procedures for naming binary (two-element) molecular compounds are similar to those for naming ionic compounds. The element with the positive nature is named first and also appears first in the chemical formula. The second element is named with an–ide ending.

Eg.:HCl hydrogen chloride

Naming molecular compounds

Prefixes are used in differentiating several binary compounds formed between nonmetals.

Eg:CO -carbon monoxide CO2-carbon dioxide

Meaning of the Greek prefixes:

mono- (1); di- (2); tri-(3); tetra-(4); penta-(5);hexa-(6); hepta-(7); octa-(8); nona-(9); deca-(10)

Naming molecular compounds

Note: when the prefix ends in a or o and the name of the anion begins with a vowel (such as oxide), the a or o is often dropped. The prefix mono- is usually omitted for the first-named element.

Eg.:Cl2O - dichlorine monoxide; NF3- nitrogen trifluoride; N2O4- dinitrogen tetroxide; P4S10- tetraphosphorus decasulfide;

Exercises

Name the following compounds:

(a) SO2; (b)PCl5; (c)N2O3

Give the chemical formula for(a) silicon tetrabromide (b) disulfur dichloride

Exercises for Review

Sodium fluoride, magnesium bromide,hydrogen iodide, sodium azide , calcium phosphide,copper(I) chloride, potassium azide,manganese (IV) oxide

K2SO3, Ca(MnO4)2 , Ba3(PO4)2, H3PO4 ,H2SO4 ,HNO3 , ZnO , BaO2 ,FeO ,CuSO4?5H2O , Mn3(PO4)2

Metaphosphoric acid, phosphoric acid,hypophosphorous acid, phosphorous acid,(hypo)phosphite, (meta)phosphate

ammonium acetate, perbromic acid , potassium nitrite, sodium peroxide , ammonium dichromate ,sodium carbonate , silver nitrate , aluminum acetate, hydrosulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, perferric acid, perferrate ion, hypoiodite ion,iodic acid , chlorous acid, hydrochloric acid

B2O3, SiO2, PCl3,SiCl4, BrF3, IBr,N2S5, PCl3, SiS, S4N2

Exercise: learning for use

When ammonium thiocyanate and barium hydroxide octahydrate are mixed at room temperature,an endothermic reaction occurs.(write the chemical equation). As a result of this reaction, the temperature of the system drops from about 20°C to -9 °C.

The reaction of powdered aluminum with ferric oxide (known as the thermite reaction) is highly exothermic. Once started, the reaction proceeds vigorously to form aluminum oxide and molten iron. (write the chemical equation)

Nomenclature for Organic Compounds and Groups

Why Do We Need a Separate Set of Rules?

Examine some typical organic compounds (Name these using typical covalent rules)

CH4:Carbon tetrahydride C2H6:Dicarbon hexahydride

That wasn’t so bad, right?How about these:

C4H10:Tetracarbon decahydride C5H12:Pentacarbon hydride

See my point?

Memorizing too many prefixes for large numbers

Isomers：If that’s not enough, how about this one:

Rules

?Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbons

?Name it as normal

?Identify the branch

?Name it but give it a “–yl”suffix

?Put the names of all branches first, then put name of longest chain

?Put the number of the carbon the branch is on (start numbering from the closest single end) Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbons

a.Alkanes（CnH2n+2烷烃）---+ ane

for n<=4：methane (甲烷), ethane(乙烷),propane (丙烷), butane (丁烷).

Alkane

for n>4 , for normal alkanes

A Greek prefix + ane suffix (if “-aa-”, drop one “a”)

5 pent(a)-,

6 hex(a)-,

7 hept(a)-,

8 oct(a)-,

9 non(a)-,10 dec(a)-, 11 undec(a)-, 12 dodec(a)-, 13 tridec(a)-,14 tetradec(a)-, 15 pentadec(a)- 16 hexadec(a)-,17 heptadec(a), 18 octadec(a)-, 19 nonadec(a)-,20 eicos(a)-, 22 docos(a)-, 24 tetracos(a)-, 30triacot(a)-, 36 hexatriacot(a)-

Eg：nonadecane; C19H40 decanedithiol; HS-C10H22-SH

Alkanes

n >4 , alkanes’main chain with branches

The position and name of branch groups are added as prefixes to the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain. Use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of repeated branch group.

2-chloropentane, 2-methylbutane

2,2,4-trimethylpentane (or isooctane)

1-chloro-3,3-dimethylpentane

2-methylpropane (or isobutane)

Cyclo’alkanes, CnH2n (naming rule similar to the above-mentioned) + add cyclo

Start numbering from the most “important”branch in the ring

Supplements

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary carbon atom.

Normal hydrocarbon: n-hexane or https://www.360docs.net/doc/072965214.html,s of some groups derived from alkanes by replacing “ane”with “yl”:

Eg.：methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl

Practice

Draw the structural formula for each of the following compounds

(1) 3-hexyne

(2)1,3-pentadiene

(3)cyclcobutene

(4) 3, 4-diethylhexane

(5) 1-butyne

Nomenclature of aromatic hydrocarbons

The name of a single substituent is added to benzene as a prefix. Three structurally isomeric forms are designated ortho (o-), meta (m-), and para (p-).

Eg：ethylbenzene, p-nitrobenzoic acid, hexachlorobenzene, toluene, m-xylene.

group: phenyl-diphenylmethane.

Nomenclature for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Eg:

Nomenclature for functional groups

Halo (-X), hydroxyl (-OH), amino (-NR3. primary: RNH2,secondary: R2NH, tertiary: R3N), formyl (-CHO),carbonyl (-CO-), carboxyl (-COOH), a’mido (-CONH2),carbonyl halide (-COX), an’hydride (-COOCOR),ester(-COOR), nitro(-NO2), nitroalkane (R-NO2),sulfonic acid (-SO3H), cyano (-CN)

Functional groups with covalent single bonds

Alkyl (烷基）and aryl （芳基）halides (RX)

Eg:

Methyl bromide (bromomethane),methyl iodide (iodomethane), ethyl bromide(bromoethane), propyl bromide (1-bromopropane),propylene dibromide (1,2-dibromopropane), vinyl chloride (chloroethene), chlorobenzene.

Functional groups with covalent single bonds

commercial name：

methyl alcohol ( 甲醇) , ethyl alcohol (乙醇), propyl alcohol (1-propanol), ethylene glycol (乙二醇)，glycerol (甘油), isopropyl alcohol (异丙醇）

Functional groups with covalent single bonds

Nomenclature for functional group with double bonds

Esters (RCOOR’)in the two-word name for an ester, the first word is the name of the R’group (methyl, ethyl, …), the second word is the name of the carboxylic acid with the final -c ic replaced by –ate (回忆无机盐的命名）methyl formate (methanoate), methyl acetate (ethanoate), ethyl benzoate

Nomenclature for functional group with double bonds