车主英语

车主英语

在已开发工业化国家，日常生活中“行”的方面，平常一定要自己开车，出远门在外免不了要租汽车、搭飞机。这些方面的社会习惯与规范也有必要多了解一些，例如在美国考汽车驾照不是考“驾驶技术”，而是着重在”小心谨慎之程度及交通法规之遵守”；既始下小雨也要开大灯；STOP交通号志一定要遵守；酒醉肇事，不是赔钱了事，可能毁了自己一生；租汽车时的保险项目选择、哩程限制；搭飞机时的权利义务条款等。

驾照路考

●License Renew(换照), License Expiration(驾照到期), License Suspended(吊销驾照), License Revoked(取销驾照)

●Pre-Drive Checklist (路考前考官检查项目) :

(1) Drive Window(驾驶座旁窗户), Windshield(挡风玻璃), Rear View Mirrors(后视镜), Turn Signals(方向灯), Brake Lights(剎车灯), Tires(轮胎), Horn(喇叭), Passenger Door(乘客座的门), Seat Belts(安全带)，以上为一般项目，不合格，会扣分;

(2) Emergency Brake(剎车), Parking Brake or Foot Brake(我们所称的手剎车), Arm Signals(会不会用手打信号), Windshield Wipers(雨刷), Defroster(除雾), Emergency Flasher(紧急灯), Headlights(大灯)，以上是重要项目，要都合格才上路

●Automatic Disqualification (驾驶时立刻不通过的项目) : Intervention by examiner(监考人中断), Strikes object(撞到东西), Disobeys traffic sign or signal(不遵守交通号志), Disobeys safety personnel(不听安全人员指挥), Dangerous maneuver(危险动作), Speed(超速), Lane violation(换道违规)

●路考测验项目：

- Parking Lot Driving(停车场内之驾驶)，是否注意其它车与人)

- Curve(弯道)

- Intersection(路口)之Through(通过)、Stop(停止)、Start(激活)

- Turns(转湾)之Approach(接近)、Stop(停止)、Turn(转弯)

- Lane Change(换车道)

- Street Park(路边停车)，重新进入道路之安全注意

- Parallel Parking (路边平行停车)

- Backing(倒车) : the position of your car before backing(倒车前先把车弄直) ; moving into space smoothly(慢慢的); see through the rear glass, never use the rearview mirror for backing(回头往后看，不可用后视镜看) ; whether backs in a straight line(倒的直不直) ; backing at the right speed(速度正常)。

- Park on a hill(坡道停车) : leaving your vehicle in park or the correct gear(打档正确) ; turning the front wheels in the correct direction for parking(停车后轮胎的方向正确)。

- Freeway(高速公路驾驶)之Entering(进入), Merge(进入), Lane Use(车道使用), Exiting(离开)

- Business and Residential(商业及住宅区之驾驶)

●路考各个测验项目之评分标准：(以安全为主，不是考技术)

Traffic Check (前后左右交通状况之不断检视)

Speed (适当的速度，遵守路边交通标志)

Entering Speed (进入路口的速度)

Through Speed (通过路口的速度)

Driving Posture (驾驶姿势)

Lane Position (所驾驶汽车在车道中的位置)

Signal (灯号的操作，转弯及换道一定要提早打灯)

Steering control (驾驶方向盘的掌握，不要一副轻松状)

Yield the Right-Of-Way (路权的礼让，该让要让，该走要走)

Full stop (遇到STOP sign，要完全停下来)

Unnecessary Stop (不该停的时后，不要停)

Distance (与前车保持安全距离)

Wheels Straight (直行时，车轮要直直向前)

●应考规矩: There will be no tricks and you will not be asked to do anything that is illegal. You will be instructed where to drive and what maneuvers to perform; if not told otherwise, drive straight ahead. You must obey all laws, rules, signs, and signals. During the test, the Licensing Service Representative will confine their remarks to directions only. The LSR will not answer any questions about the driving task and will not engage in general conversation. At the

end of the test, the LSR will provide you with a copy of the score sheet and discuss the results with you. 照考官指示做，不要问任何问题

交通号志

●交通号志可分为三种：Traffic Signs(各种固定标示牌)，Traffic Lights(交通灯号)，及Road Markings(涂在路面上的标示)。

●Traffic Signs的标示牌形状有四种：

(1) 八边形表示STOP(祇此一种)；

(2) 倒三角形表示礼让YIELD(祇此一种)；

(3) 菱形表示警告Warning，通常是黄色，警告驾驶人前方可能状况，提醒注意，例如前方道路分叉，前方道路合并，前方有行人通过，前方可能路滑，前方可能有落石，前方有弯路，前方是陡坡等。

(4) 四方形表示规定Regulatory，例如NO LEFT TURN，NO FIGHT TURN，NO TRUCKS，NO U TURN，DO NOT ENTER，ONE WAY，SPEED LIMIT等。

●Traffic Signs颜色有六种：红色表示STOP，黄色表示警告，白色表示规定，橘色表示施工，蓝色表示服务，休息区，医院，露营等，绿色表示路标。

●Traffic Lights(交通灯号) :

(1) Red means STOP , Yellow means the red signal is about to appear(黄灯表示红灯马上就要亮了), Green means GO

(2) Flashing Red means same as STOP Sign , but after stopping, proceed when safe, observing the Right-Of-Way rules(闪动的红灯等于是STOP sign，车辆行进依照ROW的规矩)

(3) Flashing Yellow means becareful, slow down(闪动的黄灯表示小心慢行) ;

(4) Red Arrow(红色箭头) means STOP until green appears ;

(5) Yellow Arrow means(黄色箭头)注意下一个灯号;

Green Arrow means(绿色箭头) GO but yield to any vehicle, bicycle, or pedestrian still in the intersection(但要让别的任何方向的车或行人)

●Road Markings(涂在路面上的标示) :

(1) Solid Yellow Line(实黄线)，BrokenYellow Line(虚黄线)，Double Solid Yellow Line(双实黄线)，Broken White Line(虚白线)，Solid Yellow Line with Broken Yellow Line(一实一虚黄线)，Solid White Line(实白线)

(2) 白线是区隔车道(Lane)之标示，双黄线是严禁跨越(可当作是一道水泥墙)，Signal Ahead(前方有号志)。

5.2 汽车购买

汽车种类及等级

●载客汽车

Sports car 跑车Sedan 轿车Truck 卡车Station wagon 旅行车Luxury 豪华型Premium 大型车Inter-medium 大中型车Medium 中型车Compact 小车Jeep 吉普车Convertible 敞蓬车Hatchback 掀背式车Manual Transmission 手排Automatic Transmission 自排4WD (4 Wheel Drive)四轮带动Mini-VAN 旅行车Pick-up 敞蓬小货车Used car 旧车

●特别功能汽车

Cement Truck 水泥车Container 货柜Dump Truck 倾倒车Fuel Truck 油罐车

Garbage Truck 垃圾车Panel Truck 小货柜车Pickup Truck 小货车Tractor Trailer 货柜拖车

Tow Truck 拖吊车Moving Van 搬运车

车辆买卖手续

●Certificate of Title(车照)是车辆所有人持有的法律文件，俗称Pink Slip(因为以前是粉红色的)，是申政府发给，上面注明车辆之Vehicle ID Number(是一串17位的英文字母及数字)，Plate Number(车牌号码)，Year Model Make(车

型及年份)，Odometer Date 及Odometer Reading(购买时的哩程数)，及Registered Owner(车辆所有人，可以是两人)。

●车辆买卖时，卖方要在五天内填一份Notice of Release of Liability(责任解除通知书) 寄交车管单位，上面注明该车卖给何人，及卖出时的车辆哩程数，release the owner from civil or criminal liability for the parking, abandoning, or operation of the vehicle. In case of a suit or complaint, the courts are responsible to release owner of liability. 此通知书用以解除未来与此车有关的民事及刑事案件的责任

●买方则在取得的Certificate of Title 的反面的New Registered Owner 各栏内，填妥个人资料。并在10天内，前往车管单位注册，注册前，有些州政府会要求Smog Inspection (emission control)，并取得Smog Certificate(排烟的合格测试证明)，注册时，要缴税(Tax)及相关规费(Fees)，当场会收到Registration Card(注册卡) 大约几天后，会收到车管单位寄来的新的Certificate of Title(所有权状) 及Stickers(贴纸)，Plate (车牌)是不须要更换的。

●如果卖方是Dealer(汽车经销商)，Dealer 会代理州政府，向买方收取税(Tax)及相关规费(Fees)，并给买方一纸文件，暂时证明所有权，然后转交相关文件及费用至车管单位，大约6至8周时间，买方会收到车管单位寄来的新的Certificate of Title(车照)，Plates(车牌)，及Stickers(贴纸)。

5.3 汽车租用

租车之要点(Rent A Car)

●租车时当然先决定车的大小，名称有Compact 2-DR(两门的小车)、Compact 4-DR、Intermediate(中型房车)、Full size 2-DR(两门的大型房车)、Full size 4-DR、Premium(高级房车)、Luxury(豪华型轿车，例如凯迪拉克Cadilac)、Mini-van(厢型旅行车)等

●基本的Limited or Unlimited Mileage? 之选择

●有关保险的选择项目(options)：

(1)PAI(Personal Accident Insurance)? 人身意外事故保险

(2)PEC(Personal Effects Coverage) 或称为PEP(Personal Effects Protection) ? 个人财物保险

(3)DW(Damage Waiver) 或称为CDW(Collision Damage waiver) 或称为PDW(Physical Damage Waiver) 或称为LDW(Loss Damabe Waiver) ? 汽车损坏或碰撞责任免除

(4)SLP(Supplemental Liability Protection) 或称为ALI(Additional Liability Insurance) ? 增加保险额度的第三责任险

●(范例)If customer accepts the CDW, Customer‘s responsibility for the direct and accidental loss or damage to vehicle due to collision or upset will be waived. 如果缴付CDW，免负车辆损失之责任

●I know that if I decline the optional DW, I am responsible for all loss regardless of fault. 客户签名表示已了解到，如果没有购买DW，则不论任何人的过失，都要负担车辆损失的责任

●租车费用注意要点:

(1) Time and Mileage Charges : 租车时注意Mileage OUT? 还车时注意Mileage IN? Where vehicle is not returned to renting location, Customer shall also be responsible for payment of drop-off charges, where applicable. 车归还到其它地方，另外计费

(2) Refueling Service Charges : 注意油表指数Fuel out, Fuel in ? If vehicle is returned with less fuel than when rented, customer shall pay a refueling service charge.还车时汽油不足，要付加油服务费

(3) Collision Damage Waiver (CDW) 碰撞损失免除之保费

(4) Personal Accident Insurance (PAI) 个人事故险之保费

(5) Personal Effects Insurance (PEC) 个人财物险之保费

Collision and Vehicle Recovery Expenses

(7) Fines and Other Expenses : fines penalties, forfeitures, court costs, and other expenses that may be assessed against Lessor but which are due by reason of Customer‘s possession, or use of the Vehicle。罚款及其它因客户使用车辆所导致的费用

租车之保险要点

●了解DAMAGE WAIVER IS NOT INSURANCE (DW不是保险) : If Customer permits the use of Vehicle by persons other than other Authorized Operators as described herein, or uses or permits use of the Vehicle in violation of paragraph hereof, or off a paved road and/or in a reckless, abusive or wanton manner, Customer shall be liable for all direct and Accidental Loss or Damage to Vehicle, regardless of whether Customer has Accepted Collision Damage

Waiver。如果车子让未经授权者驾驶，或在非泊油路面驾驶，或胡乱开车等招致的损失，即使买了DW，承租人仍要负损害赔偿之责

●了解Liability Coverage(责任险承保范围) : Lessor provides liability coverage for Customer and any operator authorized by Lessor in accordance with the standard provisions of a Basic Automobile Liability Insurance Policy , as required in the jurisdiction in which the Vehicle is operated against liability for bodily injury, including death and property damage. 租车公司仅提供基本的责任险

●车开到国外地区: (1) Liability Coverage is VOID In Mexico (车开到墨西哥，保险失效) : Customer must obtain Lessor‘s written authorization and purchase liability and physical damage insurance before entering Mexico.承租人如果要开车到Mexico，要事先取得租车公司的核准，并另买保险; (2) Upon request Lessor shall provide Customer with proof of coverage and Vehicle ownership required by Canada到加拿大，要求开具证明

●NO Liability For Property (不担保财物损失) : Lessor is not responsible for loss or damage to any property left stored, loaded or transported by Customer. Customer and Authorized Operator release, indemnify and hold Lessor, its agents and employees harmless from claims for loss or damage to such property租车公司不担保财物损失，客户并同意免除其责任(除非令买PEC或PEP)

●你自己有汽车保险时，如要理赔时，算谁的？通常由你的保险先支付，范例条文如Lessee’s(承租人) insurance shall be considered primary insurance and any obligation of Lessor(出租人) hereunder shall be secondary. (Primary 意思是must be used first) 至于你的保险公司是否支付？各州法律不同，各公司规定不同，请先问清楚

5.4 汽车保险

财务责任

●It is illegal to drive without being financial responsibility (驾驶时，没有具备财务责任是违法的)，美国是联邦体制，各州政府有各自规定之”Financial Responsibility Law财务责任法”，以便意外发生时，车辆驾驶人(Driver)及车辆所有人(Owner)担付所应付的财务责任。各州政府规定不同，Driver/Owner可以有不同的方式达到法律上Financial Responsibility 的要求，

●例如美国加州规定的财务责任有下列四种：

(1) A Liability insurance policy ;

(2) A deposit of $35,000 with DMV;

(3) A surety bond for $35,000 ;

(4) DMV approved self-insurance。

●但绝大多数Drivers/Owners 选择找保险公司承保，通常法律规定Your liability policy must provide bodily injury and property damage，即第三人责任险。

●The Assigned Risk Plan : If no insurance company will sell liability insurance to a driver, then the state insurance commissioner will assign this driver to an insurance company who must then sell him a policy。针对某些驾始人，如果没有保险公司愿意承保，政府会指定一家保险公司承保

投保项目分析

●车险不外乎两种: 保对方，或保自己，有事故发生，自己的部份，法律不予干涉，但对他人的赔偿，法律则强制规定

●车辆保险项目区分有下列五大项目：

(1) Liability Coverage

(2) Coverage for Damage to Your Vehicle

(3) Medical Payments Coverage

(4) Personal Injury Protection Coverage

(5) Uninsured/Underinsured Motorists Coverage

以上五大类也通常是保险公司详细条款书内章节(Parts)的标题。每一类还有细分，是选择性的投保项目。

●Liability Coverage (我国称为第三人责任险)，即保对方的损失，简单的说，就是”赔对方”，当然假设你是肇事者，项目再细分为Bodily Injury (人身伤害)及Property Damage (财物损坏) :

(1) Bodily Injury Liability (人身伤害责任) : Pays for bodily injury and death to others when you are at fault in an accident。

(2) Property Damage Liability (财物损坏责任) : Pays if your vehicle causes damage to another person‘s property。

●Coverage for Damage to Your Vehicle ，即保自己的损失，因此法律并不强制要投保，再细分为:

(1) Collision (碰撞) : Pays when your vehicle is damaged by colliding with another vehicle or object. This coverage is subject to deductibles and coverage limits. 因碰撞而产生车辆之损坏，理赔金额依据自行负担部份及限额之不同而不同

(2) Comprehensive (综合损失险) : Pays damages if your vehicle is stolen or accidentally damaged by such things as fire, broken glass, falling objects or contact with an animal. This coverage is subject to deductible and coverage limits. 包含theft(失窃)，fire(火灾)，broken glass(玻璃破碎)，earthquake(地震)，falling objects(被任何落下物打到)，flood(水灾)等，但注意不包含collision(碰撞)，其实就是碰撞以外原因所产生的损坏，所以又称为Damage other than Collision (非碰撞损坏险)

●Medical Payments Coverage (医疗费用) : 保自已及车辆内的乘客因意外而产生的医疗费用。条款中如有列明NO-FAULT，意思是不论谁的错，保险都给付医疗费用

●Personal Injury Protection Coverage (是保自已因事故伤害而产生之经济收入损失)，通常祇有三年，金额多少由保险人与保险公司协议计算。

●Uninsured/Underinsured Mortorists Coverage (无保险驾驶人或保险不足驾驶人) : This coverage protects you, if injured by an uninsured or underinsured driver。Uninsured的意思是被没有投保第三人责任险的肇事者撞到或是Hit and Run(肇事者跑掉，不知是谁)，Underinsured意思是肇事者的保险赔偿额不够赔。

●Additional Coverages(其它附加的保险) :

(1) Towing and Road Service 车辆拋锚拖车及路边服务

(2) Loss of Use or Rental Reimbursement 无法使用损失，车辆因意外事故后送修期间的租车费用

(3)Death and Dismemberment 死亡和断肢

(4)Expenses 代表辩护的诉讼费用，例如court costs(法院费)、attorney fees(律师费)、investigator fees(调查费)、expenses of witnesses(证人费)、witness fees(作证费)等

●其它特殊说明:

(1)Territory covered (保险涵盖地域的限制) : 通常包含United States of America, Canada，但不包含Mexico。

(2)所谓Good Driver (优良驾驶) : a person licensed to drive for the previous 3 years who has not had more than one violation point charged against his or her license, or had been principally at fault for an accident resulting in bodily injury or death. 好驾驶在保险上的定义，各保险公司不同，通常过去三年没有违反交通法规记录，也没有肇事记录。

(3)Out-of-state Coverage (外州保险涵盖范围) : If an auto accident to which this policy applies occurs in any state or province other than the one in which your covered auto is principally garaged, we will interpret your policy for

that accident as follows：If the state or province has： A financial responsibility or similar law specifying limits of liability for bodily injury or property damage higher than the limit shown in the Declarations, your policy will provide the higher specified limit; A compulsory insurance or similar law requiring a nonresident to maintain insurance whenever the nonresident uses a vehicle in that or province, your policy will provide at least the required minimum amounts and types of coverage; No one will be entitled to duplicate payments for the same elements

of loss. 开车到外州，保险公司会提高保险至符合该州法定的条件

5.5 汽车保养与修理

车辆系统及零组件

车辆系统

引擎四行程Intake(进气)Compression(压缩)

Power(点火)Exhaust(排气)

Lubrication润滑Oil(机油), Oil filter(机油滤清器)

Fuel system

油路

Carburetor(化油器), Air filter(空气滤清器),

PCV filter, PCV hose

Ignition system

点火系统

Battery(电瓶), Spark plugs(火星塞), Coil(线圈), Distributor(配电盘)

Exhaust system

排气系统

Muffler(消音器), Tail pipe(排气管),

Exhaust pipe(排气管)

Cooling system

冷却系统

Radiator(冷却水箱), Recovery tank(储水槽), Coolant(冷却剂)

Electrical system

电路

Alternator(发电马达), Starter(激活器),

Fan belt(风扇皮带)

Transmission System

传动系统

Neutral gear(空档齿轮), First gear(一档齿轮), Second gear(二档齿轮), Third gear(三档齿轮), Fourth gear(四档齿轮),Reverse gear(倒档齿轮),

Clutch(离合器)

Mechical system

机械系统

Brake disc(剎车盘片), Brake drum(剎车鼓), Brake pad(来令片), Shock absorber(避震器),

Power steering pump(动力方向盘帮浦)

PCV System (Positive Crankcase Ventilation) PCV system相关零件有PCV valve, PCV hose, PCV filter

ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) 紧急煞车时，do not pump the brakes，just hold the brake pedal down and let the ABS work for you (将煞车踩到底别动就行了)

●汽车组件

Windshield 挡风玻璃

License plate 车牌

Trunk 行李箱

Rearview mirror 后视镜

Sideview mirror 侧视镜

Bumper 保险杆

Dashboard 仪表板

Chassis 车底盘

Body 车身

Wiper/Washer后窗刮水清洗器

Air Conditioning 双空调

Roof Rack 车顶行李架

Rear Window 后窗

Blinker 方向指示器

Parking Brake 停车剎车

Sunroof 天窗Roof rack 车顶架

Steering wheel 方向盘

AM/FM Cassette Stereo 收音机

Power Windows 电动窗

Power Locks 电动锁

Child-Safety Locks儿童安全锁

Air Bags 安全气囊

Tilt Steering 可调式方向盘

Privacy Glass 墨色遮光后窗

All-Season Tires 四季车胎

Tail lights 后车灯

Cruise Control 定速器

Head lights 前车灯

Stick shift 排档杆

Hood 引擎盖

3.0-Liter V6 Engine 3.0公升缸引擎

Automatic Transmission 自动排档

Rear Window Defroster 后窗除雾器

Swing-Out Rear Quarter Windows 外开型小后窗

Seating for Eight Passengers 八人空间

4-Wheel-Drive System 可附加四轮驱动系统

Polished Alloy wheels 拋光铝全金车轮

4-Wheel Disc Brakes 四轮盘式剎车

4-Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) 四轮防锁煞剎车系统Remote Keyless Entry System 遥控出入系统

●汽车零件

Gearshift 变速杆

Muffler 灭音器排气

Brake 剎车

Cylinder 气缸

Engine 引擎

Spark plug 火星塞

Hose clamp 管栓

Oil filter 机油滤清器

Coil 线圈

Fly wheel 飞轮

Spare Tire 备胎

Distributor 配电盘

Wiper 雨刷

Heater hoses 暖气管

Alternator 发电机

Fan belts 风扇皮带

Starter 激活器

Air filter 空气滤清器

Brake pads 剎车片

Radiator 冷却风扇与水箱

Carburetor 化油器

Shock absorber 避震器

Clutch 离合器

2003/10/18