英语写作过渡性词语大全

英语写作过渡性词语大全

(1)表示增加的过渡词：

also, and, and then, too, in addition, furthermore, moreover, again, on top of that, another, first/second/third等。

(2)表示时间顺序的过渡词：

now, then, before, after, afterwards, earlier, later, immediately, soon, next,

in a few days, gradually, suddenly, finally等。

(3)表示空间顺序的过渡词：

near(to), far(from), in front of, behind, beside, beyond, above, below, to

the right/ left, around, outside等。

(4)表示比较的过渡词：in the same way, just like, just as等。

(5)表示对照的过渡词：

but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in spite of,

even though等。

(6)表示结果和原因的过渡词：

because, since, so, as a result, therefore, then, thus, otherwise等。

(7)表示目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that等。

(8)表示强调的过渡词：

in fact, indeed, surely, necessarily, certainly, without any doubt, truly, to

repeat, above all, most important等。

(9表示解释说明的过渡词：for example, in fact, in this case, for actually等

10)表示总结的过渡词：

finally, at last, in conclusion, as I have shown, in other word, in brief, in short, in general, on the whole, as has been stated等。

二：提高听力的七个网上美语电台及收听指导

如果你真的想记住你所听到的内容，那么：

1. 你要确定你的兴趣是什么，它对你来说值不值得一听。

2. 真正用心听，集中精力听那些你想记忆的重要信息。

3. 不要把精力放在个别单词上，一定要听文章的全貌。只要你抓住了全文的意思，听不清或听不懂个别词也没关系。

4. 听完广播之后，立即做一做自我测试，检验你能回忆起多少听过的内容。

5. 把你从电台听到的东西向别人复述。

6. 找个朋友一起听。广播结束后，你和他可以谈谈所听的内容，看看你们听到的一不一样。

7. 如果你想隔较长时间再回忆你所听的内容，那么你最好把你所听的要点记录下来。

通过上面的种种方法，只要你能勤加练习就可以在短时间内突破广播英语，记住听完了以后一定要及时整理、检验你的成果，不能放到一边，否则你很难达到令你满意的水平。最后，向大家推荐练习口语听力7个网上美语电视台：

1、美国C-SPAN：

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3、美国一号电视台：

4、美国电影娱乐：

5、美国纽约时代广场监视器：mms://65.200.140.51/lennon

6、美国音乐台：mms://

7、中青网

坚持八条英文写作守则

anize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc. 下笔前整合思绪：脑力激荡，写出纲要等。

2.Write clearly. Be concise. Avoid wordiness. 写作清晰，务必精简，避免赘言。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/082924363.html,e good grammar and write complete sentences. 使用好的文法，写出完整句子。

4.Write simple sentences. Avoid a fancy style. 尝试简单句，避免花俏的句法。

5.Avoid slang、cliche and informal words. 避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

6.Avoid use of the first person (i.e. I/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece.除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的”。

7.Writing naturally. Read it aloud. Does it sound natural? Does it flow? 自然挥洒，大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗？通顺吗？

8.Move logically from one idea to the next. Don't skip steps. 上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

三：避免句子冗长的三种方法

根据国外学者的调查统计，一个以句号结尾的英语句子，单词的数量最好不要超过20个，否则的话，句子偏长，听话人的注意力有可能不集中，漏听一、两个单词，从而影响对整个句子的理解。为了避免句子冗长，通常采取两种办法，一种是将一个长句子，划分为几个短句子，每个短句子之间有语气上的停顿，让听话人有间歇的感觉，另外一种则是简化句子的单词构成，用一些简单的单词，代替一些复杂的单词。下面我就给各位介绍三种常用的简化方法。

第一种方法是用一个单词代替一组意义相同的单词，比如：

①用forget(忘记)代替do not remember(没有记住)

②用ignore(忽视)代替do not pay attention to(不注意)

③用now(现在)代替at this point in time(此时此刻)

④用because(由于)代替due to the fact that(鉴于下列事实)

第二种方法是省略同义词或近义词，比如在下面例句中，形容词important(重要的)和significant(有重要意义的)，就是两个同义词(也可以说是近义词)，我们可以省略important，只保留significant。

①The government project is important and significant.(这项政府计划是重要的，有重要意义。)

②The government project is significant.(这项政府计划有重要意义。)

第三种方法是在不改变句子含义的前提下，省略所有可以省略的单词，比如在下面例句中，the cover of the book(书的封面)可以省略成the book cover，is red in color(是红色的)可以省略成is red。

①The cover of the book is red in color.(书的封面是红色的)

②The book cover is red.(书的封面是红色的)

最后我们把这三种方法结合起来，将一个冗长、绕嘴的句子，改写成一个简短、易懂的句子。

①University malls must be accessible and free from congestion in order that students, faculty and employees may have unobstructed passage through those areas of the campus.(校内道路必须是便于通行的，不拥堵的，以便让学生、教师和职员能够无阻碍地通过，到达校园的各处。)

②University malls must be free enough from congestion to allow people to walk through easily.(校内道路不应当拥堵，以便人们顺利通行。)

四：段落发展的手段及结尾段的写法

在上一讲我们讲了主题句，推展句的写法；这一讲我们要进一步来谈一谈段落发展的几种手段以及结尾段的写法。

1、段落发展的几种手段

【列举法(details)】

作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。

Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.

根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。

【举例法(example)】

作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。

我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。

There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.

本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用的连接词有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。

【叙述法(narration)】

叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义，例如：

In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.

这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述的层次感强，结构紧凑。常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。

【对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast)】

将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如：

The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.

在这段文字上，作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较，"-- a thousand times faster than --" ;而后，又将这一概念具体到了"a problem"上，通过对比使读者从"-- a long time -- in one minute"上有更加直观的认识。常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有：than, compared with等。

【分类法(classification)】

在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识，如：

Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and

picture signs.

在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的"various forms of communication"，作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分。

【因果分析法(cause and effect)】

在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：

The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.

本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释。常用于因果分析法的连接词有：because, so, as a result等。

【定义法(definition)】

在科普文章的写作中，定义法是必不可少的。通过下定义，可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。

Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".

这一段文字使我们了解了"automation" 和"Second Industrial Revolution" 两个概念，分别由"refers to" 和"been called" 引出。常出现在定义法中的词语有：refer to, mean, call等。

【重复法(repetition)】

句子的一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力。比如：

Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; --

该段中反复应用了I was in mortal terror of …我经常处于恐怖之中。以上，我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落的几种方法。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。

五：结尾段

我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾的作用就是概

括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。但是，如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢? 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法：

【1】．重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。

(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.

(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.

【2】．作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。

(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.

(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.

【3】．应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。

(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "God helps those who help themselves."

(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."

【4】．用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。

(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?

(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health? 【5】．提出展望或期望: 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。

(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.

(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.

以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法，但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定。平铺直叙的记叙文，往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了，而说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文都应有一个正式的结尾。希望以上介绍的几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助。

六、开头段：

【芝麻开门】

开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。开头段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。

【写作要点】

写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题:1)开头偏离主题太远；2)使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；3)内容不具体，言之无物；4)使用不言自明的陈述。

【方法例释】

写作文时，好多考生也是觉得开头难，其实，写开头段有多种表达方法，如主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法，等等，下面分别讲解开头的几种展开方法:

【1.】主题句法：开篇点明主题，用主题句，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例如：Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.

【2.】提问法：提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。例如：

What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.

【3.】引语法：使用引语(use a quotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。例如：

“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.”Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.

【4.】数据法：使用具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。例如：

In the past 5 years, there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.

【5.】背景法：给出背景，描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等，例如：Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the

casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.

【6.】定义法：针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。例如：

It is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous. 从崇高到荒谬只有一步之遥。Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.

【他山之石】

开头段常用核心句型开头段的常用核心句型，选一选适合你自己的“武器”：

1) The arguer may be right about..., but he seems to neglect to mention the

fact that ....

2) Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that....

3) There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that....

4) It is true that ..., but this is not to say that....

5) The main / obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that....

6) It would be natural / reasonable to think that..., but it would be absurd to

claim that....

7) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally

overlooked / neglected.

8) There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that....

9) To assume that...is far from being proved.

10) A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless)

it is.

11) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem an attractive idea, but on

second thought, we find that....

12) Too much emphasis placed on...may obscure other facts....13) The

problem / fact is that....

14) However logical this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the

problem.

15) As far as I am concerned, I believe that....

16) Although I appreciate that..., I cannot agree with ....

17) Those who object to ... argue that.... But people who favor..., on the other

hand, argue that....

18) Currently, there is a general concern over....

19) Now it is widely acknowledged that.... But I wonder whether....

20) These days we often hear about ..., but is this really the case?

Ordinary people think merely of how they will spend time, a man of intellect tries to use it. 常人只想如何消磨时间，智者则努力利用时间。

七、中间段

【芝麻开门】

中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段的篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。

【写作要点】：

中间段的具体写作要点如下：

1)所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力；2)段落中一定具备主题句；3)段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节；4)内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；5)段落之间连贯自然；6)段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当；

7)词与句型运用合理并且有变化。

【方法例释】正如我们在第七天和第八天中所介绍的，段落展开的基本方法很多，这里简要介绍三种中间段中常用的展开方法：列举法、因果法、例证法。

1.列举法：用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章层次分明，眉清目秀，阅卷老师在疲惫不堪的状态下，看到这样的文章，往往会有种在清澈的小溪边小憩片刻的感觉，手一抬，分就高。下面这篇例文写的是“健身的几种方法”，脉络一目了然。例文如下：

2.因果法：说明原因，论述事理。下面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”，第一段提出问题“为什么受欢迎呢？”接下来在说原因时，用到了上面的列举法，只不过不是“first, second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，让人感觉不落俗套。例文如下：

3.例证法：举具体的事例来证明观点，这是议论文最常用的方法，尽量找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点，给人说服力。请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的是拳击运动的例子。例文如下：

【他山之石】

中间段常用核心句型中间段的常用核心句型，同样是20句，任你选！

1) The change in...mainly results from ....

2) The increase in...is due to the fact that....

3) Many people would claim that....

4) One of the reasons given for...is that.... What is also worth noticing is that....

5) There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in.... First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...

6) There is no evidence to suggest that....

7) Why are (is / do / did)...? For one thing, .... For another, ....

8) There are numerous reasons why..., and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.

9) It will exert remarkable effect on....

10) A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to) the change in....

11) With the development of..., vast changes awaits this country s society.

12) History is filled with the examples of....

13) The story is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples.

14) As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned

that....

15) There is (no) good evidence to....

16) We must admit the undeniable fact that....

17) No one can deny (brush aside) the fact that....

18) Experience (Evidence) suggests that....

19) The same is true of....

All lay load on the willing horse. 人善被人欺，马善被人骑。

20) As the saying goes,“....”

八、结尾段

【方法例释】：结尾段要干脆利落，深化主题。结尾段的写作方法很多，常用的有如下四种：

1.总结归纳：简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。例如：

In conclusion, I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won—by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.

2.重申主题：再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。例如：

Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man s energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.

3.预测展望：立足当前，放眼未来。例如：

It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government s popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall.

4.提出建议：提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。例如：

College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.

【他山之石】

结尾段的常用核心句型He who commences many things finishes but a few. 样样都搞，完成者少。开了个好头，结尾也要漂漂亮亮。下面是结尾段的常用核心句型，总共归纳精选了20句。

1) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion

that ....

2) Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion

that

3) It is high time that we place great emphasis on the improvement of ....

4) It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation (tendency /

phenomenon) of ....

5) There is no easy solution to the problem of ..., but ... might be useful.

6) Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that ....

7) Unless there is a common realization of ..., it is very likely that ....

8) There is no denying that serious attention must be called to the problem

of ....

9) It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the

situation.

10) It is fundamental that effective actions should be taken to control the

tendency.

11) It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth

of ....

12) It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding (developing /

improving) ....

13) It remains to be seen whether ..., but the prospect is not quite

encouraging.

14) It remains unknown whether ..., but the outlook is quite rosy.

15) Anyhow, wider education should be given to the possible consequences

of ....

16) Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of ....

17) To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires a different state of

mind towards ....

18) To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state

of attitude towards ....

19) For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that ....

20) To put all into a nutshell, I .... Courage and resolution are the spirit and

soul of virtue. 勇气和坚定是美德的精神与灵魂。