2014北交大路基路面作业3

2014北交大路基路面作业3
2014北交大路基路面作业3

作业三

1、路面的功能是什么?

答:路面结构的铺筑则一方面隔离了路基,使之避免了直接承受车辆和环境因素的破坏作用,确保路基长期处于稳定状态,另一方面,铺筑路面后,提高了平整度,改善了公路条件,从而保证汽车能以一定的速度,安全舒适而经济地在公路上全天候通行。

2、路面的行使质量与哪些因素有关?

答:路面的行使质量同路表面的平整度特性、车辆悬挂系统的振动特性,人对振动的反应或接受能力三方面因素有关。

3、路面的损坏以分为哪几类?

答:分三类①断裂和裂缝类;②永久变形类;③耗损类。

4、为了保证路面在使用时有更好的性能,对路面有哪些方面的要求?

答:对路面具有以下要求:

(1)具有足够的强度和强度

(2)具有足够的稳定性

(3)具有足够的耐久性

(4)具有足够的表面平整度

(5)具有足够的表面抗滑性

(6)具有足够的不透水性

(7)具有低噪声及低扬尘性

5、简述路面结构层及其功能?

答:路面结构层划分为面层、基层和垫层三个层次,各层功能如下:

(1)面层是路面结构最上面的一个层次,直接承受行车荷载垂直力,水平力和振动冲击力的作用,并受到大气降水、气温和湿度变化等自然因素的直接影响。(2)基层主要承受由面层传递的行车荷载垂直力,并将它扩散和分布到垫层和

土基上。

(3)垫层的功能是改善土基的湿度和温度状况,保证面层和基层的强度、刚度和稳定性不受土基的影响。

6、简述根据行车荷载作用下的力学特性划分的路面类型,及各自有点?

答:根据行车荷载作用下的力学特性划分的路面划分为柔性路面、刚性路面和半刚性路面三类。

(1)柔性路面优点:

柔性路面结构整体刚度较小,在行车荷载作用下产生的弯沉变形较大,路面结构层抗弯拉强度较低,行车荷载通过各结构传递给土基,因而使土基承受较大的单位压力。

(2)刚性路面优点:

水泥混凝土具有抗压、抗弯拉强度高,弹性模量高的特点,,他的板体刚度较大,具有较大的扩散应力的能力

(3)半刚性路面优点:

半刚性基层初期强度和刚度较小,具有柔性路面力学性质,后期强度和刚度增长幅度较大,具有刚性路面力学性质,但是最终的强度和刚度仍远小于水泥混凝土

7、我国沥青路面、水泥混凝土设计规范所采用的荷载设计标准是什么?轴载作用次数的等效换算原则?及换算公式,公式中各符号含义?

答:我国水泥混凝土路面设计规范和沥青路面设计规范均选用双轮组单轴轴载100Kn作为标准。

轴载作用次数的等效换算原则是:同一种路面结构在不同轴载作用下达到相同的损伤程度。

- i级轴载换算为标准轴载的换算系数

-标准轴载作用系数

轴载作用次数

i级轴载

-标准轴载/kN

同路面结构特性有关的系数

α-反映轴型和轮组轮胎数影响的系数

8、造成路面冻胀与翻浆的条件有哪些?

答:(1)土质—若采用粉质土做路基,便构成了动荡与翻浆的内因;

(2)水分—地面排水困难或地下水位较高的路段,为水分积聚提供了充分的水源;

(3)气候—多雨的秋天,暖和的冬天,骤热的早春等都是加剧湿度积累而造成翻浆的天气;

(4)行车—通行过大的交通量或超载汽车,能加速翻浆的发生;

(5)养护—不及时的养护会造成翻浆的出现。

9、简述粒料类路面的强度形成原理?

答:粒料表面的相互滑动摩擦,剪切时体积膨胀而需克服的阻力,粒料重心排列受到的阻力。

10、简述石灰稳定类基层的强度形成原理?

答:在土中掺入适量的石灰,并在最佳含水率下拌匀压实,使石灰与土发生一系列的物理、化学作用,从而使土的性质发生根本的变化。一般分为四个方面:第一离子交换作用,第二是结晶硬化作用,第三是火山灰作用,第四是碳酸化作用。

11、简述石灰稳定土基层缩裂的防治措施有哪些?

答:⑴控制压实含水率;

⑵严格控制压实标准;

⑶温缩的最不利季节是材料处于最佳含水率附近,而且温度在0~-10℃前一个月结束,以防在不利季节产生严重温缩。

⑷干缩的最不利情况是石灰稳定土成型初期,因此要重视养护,保证石灰土表面处于潮湿情况,禁干晒。

⑸石灰稳定土施工结束后及早铺筑面层。

⑹在石灰稳定土中掺加料,使混合料满足最佳组成要求。

⑺为了防止基层裂缝的反射,国内外常采用以下措施:

①设置联结层。

②铺筑碎石隔离过渡层。

12、简述水泥稳定土中水泥的水化与水泥混凝土中水泥的水化有何不同?

答:混凝土在搅拌过程及凝结硬化过程中,会产生一些凝状结构和空隙。在这些凝状结构和空隙中,包裹着很多拌合水,从而减小了水泥水化所需要的水量。当混个凝土中加入超细矿物后,因为超细矿物具有微观填充作用,可以填充于颗粒的间隙和那些凝状结构,占据原来水分的空间,从而释放出大量的水;另一方面,虽然超细矿物因为本身的表面积大,从而使得需水量大,但是这所需的水量与它所能释放出来的水量相比,还是较小的。所以,在配制高强混凝土水泥基材时,加入超细矿物掺合料能降低水胶比。

与不惨活性掺合料相比,水泥中加入掺合料后,其水化产物的主要不同点是,那些水泥中的活性掺合料在碱性条件下能发生二次水化反应,即活性掺合料中的二氧化硅组分与氢氧化钙反应生成C-S-H凝胶,从而得到更多的产物。

13、简述什么是二灰基层和二渣基层?

答:二灰基层是用石灰和粉煤灰按一定配比,加水拌和,摊铺/碾压及养生而成型的基层;二渣基层是用石灰和煤渣按一定配合比,加水拌和,,摊铺碾压养生而成型的基层。

14、简述沥青路面的分类?

答:(1)按强度构成原理分类:分为密实性和嵌挤性。

(2)按施工工艺分类:层铺法路伴法厂伴法。

(3)按沥青路面的技术特性分类:

①沥青表面处置路面;

②沥青贯入式路面;

③沥青碎石路面;

④沥青混凝土路面;

⑤乳化沥青碎石混合料;

⑥沥青马蹄指碎石路面。

15、简述沥青路面对基层的要求?

答:路基要有尽可能高的强度、路基要有尽可能高的稳定性、表面必须平整密实,拱度与面层以致、与面层结合良好。

16、简述沥青混合料黏结力各影响因素是如何影响其黏结力的?

答:粘结力指粘结剂与被粘结物体界面上分子间的结合力。沥青混合料黏结力各影响因素是:(1)沥青的粘度;(2)沥青的用量;(3)温度和剪切的速率;(4)细料。

当沥青层之间或沥青层与基层之间结合面上的摩阻力大大低于沥青混合料本身时,层间界面会存在抗剪强度不足的薄弱环节,当路面受到较大的水平剪切力时易发生剪切位移,使沥青面层发生水平推移、车辙及壅包等病害。粘结层对沥青层之间的拉应力和剪应力的传递有至关重要的作用,层间粘结力不足会导致层间推移及上面层层底拉应力集中,这种应力集中将加速疲劳开裂导致整个路面的破坏。为了保证沥青路面的优良路用性能,必须在沥青混凝土层间铺设粘结层或经过处理以提高层间的粘结力。

粘结层的作用是把上下沥青面层粘结起来,使荷载从上面的沥青层传递到下面的沥青层的同时没有层间滑移或分层现象发生。根据参考文献[1]中阐述的观点,试验温度为60℃时,在一定的范围内随着沥青用量的增加抗剪强度有所增加其原因在于,沥青混合料在基底表面击实后,沥青混合料与基底表面紧密接触,抗

剪强度源于沥青混合料中的骨料与基底的摩擦力及沥青的粘结力,由于沥青用量的增加,沥青混合料与基底的接触面增大,这样抗剪强度有所增加。粘结层沥青厚度超过沥青混合料纹理深度之后,沥青粘结层的粘结力降低,由于击实的作用多余的沥青被挤出试件,其粘结力降低的水平趋于稳定。试验温度30℃时,由于温度的降低,沥青的粘度增加从而粘结力有所增加,但随着沥青用量的增加多余的沥青被挤出,其粘结力趋于稳定。

17、简述疲劳破坏和疲劳寿命的定义,以及影响沥青路面疲劳特性的因素?答:疲劳破坏:岩土因重复荷载作用而引起的破坏。在现象学法中,把材料出现疲劳破坏的重复应力值称为疲劳强度,相应的应力重复作用次数称为疲劳寿命。影响沥青路面疲劳特性的因素:荷载条件材料性质环境条件

18、简述沥青路面的高温稳定性和低温抗裂性?

答:沥青路面的高温稳定性是指沥青混合料在荷载作用下抵抗永久变形的能力,低温抗裂主要是指温度下降时内部应力所致

19、简述弹性层状体系理论的基本假设?

答:(1)各层由均质、连续的均匀的各向同性的线弹性材料组成,用弹性模量和泊松比表征七弹性系数

(2)最下一层为水平方向和竖直方向下方向无限延伸的半无限体。

(3)各层在水平方向无限远处及最下层无限深处的应力、变形和位移为零(4)各层分界面上的应力和位移完全连续,或者仅竖向应力和位移连续,而层间无摩擦力

(5)不计各层材料自重

20、简述沉陷、车辙、疲劳开裂、推移、低温缩裂的概念?

答:沉陷指的是路基压实度不够或构造物地基土质不良,在水、荷载等因素作用下产生的不均匀的竖向变形。

车辙是车辆在路面上行驶后留下的车轮永久压痕。

开裂指的是路面在正常使用情况下,由行车荷载的多次反复作用引起的。

低温收缩开裂:沥青路面在低温时强度虽增大,但其变形能力却因刚性增大而降低。但气温下降特别是急骤降温时,沥青面层受基层的约束而不能收缩,产生很大的温度应力,当累计温度应力超过沥青面层某一薄弱点(或面)的混合料的抗拉强度,路面便发生开裂。这种开裂一般为横向间隔性裂缝,严重时才发展为纵向裂缝。这些裂缝从表层开始向下逐渐延伸,并形成对应裂缝。

21、简述沥青路面补强设计的内容?

答:沥青路面补强设计的内容包括现有路面结构状态调查、弯沉评定以及补强厚度。

注:掌握新建沥青路面的结构厚度计算P300~P320(重点)

路基路面工程作业题答题

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