2011年11月二级笔译真题汉译英(二)

2011年11月二级笔译真题汉译英(二)
2011年11月二级笔译真题汉译英(二)

我国控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻

(考试内容只节选了几百字,红色字体印象中有考到)

尽管我们在控烟和禁烟方面做了大量工作,取得了一定成效,但控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻。

一、普遍对烟草烟雾危害性认识存在四大误区。禁烟难、难禁烟,主要是对烟草烟雾的危害不认识或认识不足,甚至把吸烟说成好处多、贡献大、危害小、不伤害他人。

这些错误的认识包括:

吸烟“好处多”。很多烟民认为,吸烟可以消除疲劳、解除烦闷、振奋精神、刺激情绪;吸烟可以防止虫叮蚊咬,以毒攻毒消除某些病害;吸烟可以社交联谊、广交朋友、潇洒浪漫;吸烟可以帮助大脑启发思考、写作带来灵气等。

吸烟“贡献大”。吸烟是为国家做贡献、创造财富、增加税收、脱贫致富、解决就业。没有烟民,国家哪能每年收入几千个亿元税收,解决上千万人的就业,国家应感谢烟民,从而为吸烟找到所谓正当理由。

吸烟“无大害”。许多烟民和社会公众认为吸烟有点害但无大害。主要是尼古丁的毒害,这种毒害也是轻微的、漫长的、潜移默化的,只要自己身体好无大害,你看某位亲人一辈子吸烟活到九十九,不影响健康长寿。

其实,一些烟民只知道吸烟对人体的呼吸系统有影响,不知道烟雾中含有4000多种化学物质;只知道吸烟可能致癌,不知道烟雾中至少有40多种致癌物质;只知道吸烟有害,不知道烟雾还有毒,烟雾中含有许多有毒有害致病物质,如烟碱、二氧化氮、氢氰酸、丙烯醛、砷、铅、汞等。烟雾对人群的危害超过工业污染的化学气体,对人体的大脑、心肺、肝、脾、胃、肾,对人体的性功能、生殖功能都有不同程度的伤害,甚至将严重影响生育繁衍质量。

吸烟“不伤害他人”。这是在公共场所和工作场所禁烟难的一个重要原因。

烟民错误地认为,吸烟是自己的权利,自己的自由,不受他人干涉。对于烟雾污染环境、污染空气质量,对二手烟、三手烟、主动吸烟、被动吸烟造成对他人健康侵害和享有清新空气的环境权的侵害不认知、不支持,我行我素。有的认为有点影响问题也不大,缺乏共同营造文明环境的思想和道德素质。

二、控烟、禁烟法律法规不健全不完善。近年来,一些地方政府和行政管理部门曾对吸烟的范围从维护公众健康的角度做出了一些行政规定,但对控烟与健康做出发展规划,以及对设置吸烟区(室)、禁止吸烟标志、限制做烟制品广告宣传等做出相应规定,执行和落实的都不够理想。

2007年~2008年,为了迎接绿色奥运、创建无烟奥运,在奥运馆所、公共场所禁止吸烟,各个奥运主办和协办城市(北京、上海、天津、沈阳、青岛、秦皇岛)政府部门都做出了行政规定,有的地方人大常委会还做出立法规定,同时进行广泛宣传教育。在奥运会期间,应该说执行得很好,基本上实行无烟奥运,受到各国运动员的好评。但是在奥运会、残奥会结束后,这些规定的执行没有很好延续下来,巩固发扬成效,反而出现反弹。

在控烟、禁烟的执法过程中经常遇到4个突出问题:一是行政执法主体不明确,执行范围界定不严格,执法部门的力量、经费等不能适应执法要求;二是执法的惩罚规定不明确,对违法违规者不能执行惩罚影响执法力度和法规的权威性;三是社会监督没有形成氛围;四是执法效果不明显。

三、履约后采取的措施和工作力度不够。2003年11月10日,中国政府签订加入了世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》(以下简称《公约》);2005年8月28

日全国人大批准同意;2006年1月9日在我国正式生效。根据《公约》,我国庄重承诺:2011年,即《公约》生效5年后,对公众提供防止接触烟草烟雾的普遍保护,并全面禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助。根据《公约》,缔约国政府需要通过立法行成规定在公共场所无烟。现在,我们距实现庄重承诺的时间只有一年多了,迫切需要做好立法准备、宣传工作,以及法律知识、烟草知识、吸烟危害等方面的教育工作,形成在公共场所无烟的社会氛围。

四、公众参与控烟活动不广泛不深入,尚未引起社会的高度关注。控烟和在公共场所禁烟,不只是对烟民而言,要烟民戒烟需要社会、烟制品行业、每个社会公民的共同努力才能实现,更多的是关爱、理解、支持和帮助,和谐共建无烟公共场所。

公共场所禁烟立法已成社会和公众共识

2003年5月21日,第56届世界卫生大会一致通过了《烟草控制框架公约》,这是世界卫生组织自成立以来出台的第一部公共卫生法规,公约的出台标志着控烟工作已成为全球化的国际行动。截至2008年5月1日,全球已有154个国家签署了这一公约,覆盖人口超过世界人口的80%(中国已是履约国)。

《公约》的中心内容是“六个字”,即承认、告知、保护。承认烟草烟雾暴露会导致死亡、疾病和残疾;告知国民这些危险;保护国民在境内公共场所、工作场所和公共交通工具不受烟草烟雾暴露侵害。要实施《公约》的根本途径和手段就是立法。2004年3月,爱尔兰成为世界上第一个立法建立无烟公共场所的国家。无烟化的范围包括公共场所、所有的办公室、餐厅、酒吧和旅店。不到6个月,挪威的无烟立法也开始生效。在这两个国家的引领下,随后新西兰、意大利、西班牙、几内亚、毛里求斯和乌拉圭等12个国家相继开展了创建无烟场所和无烟公共场所的工作。到目前为止,澳大利亚和英格兰也已经实现了室内公共场所无烟化。80%的加拿大人和50%的美国人已经生活在无烟化的工作场所和包括酒吧和餐厅在内的公共场所。

中国的控烟禁烟工作开展的比较晚,但通过立法来实施公共场所无烟化已是大势所趋,并得到社会和公众的共识。目前,一些少数省市从行政法规的角度提出控烟和禁烟的规定。但国家尚无一部在一定范围内实行控烟、禁烟的法律。据了解,国家已在做这方面的准备工作,我们相信到2011年国家承诺到期时间会有相应的法律出台,推动中国禁烟工作深入开展。

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