汽车底盘构造

汽车底盘构造

简介

The layout of different types of vehicles is different. A private car which is to carry upto eight persons is generally four seats.由于汽车的型号不同汽车的设计也有所不同一辆私家车最多可以承载人数的上限是八个人一般的需要四个座位。

The layout of a car is shown in (Figure1). It shows the position of the main parts of an automobile. It consists of engine located at the front of the vehicle, followed by a clutch, gear box, propeller shaft, universal joint, differential, back axle ect. The radiator is located in front of the engine. Various other parts of the vehicle shown in the layout are dynamo, horn, steering box, fan, timing gear, carburetor, air filter, gear control, steering wheel, cylinder, petrol tank, rear axle, back axle. The drive from the gear box is conveyed through a short shaft to the front universal joint of the propeller shaft.From the propeller shaft.it is conveyed to the rear universal joint through a sliding splined type of joint.The bevel gear of the short shaft is driven by the rear universal joint.This bevel gear meshes with a larger bevel gear which drives the tow rearaxle shafts through a differential gear.如图1-1所示的汽车设计布局它表现了这辆汽车各个主要部件的位置

它是由位于汽车前边的发动机、紧接着有离合器、变速器、传动轴、万向节、差速器、后桥等部件布置组成。汽车的散热器位于汽车发动机的前边图中其他的各种不同的汽车零件分别是发电机、喇叭、转向机、风扇、正时齿轮、化油器、空气滤清器、齿轮传动控制装置、方向盘、汽缸、汽油油槽、后桥主动及被动齿轮、后车桥。驱动力由变速器传出通过一个短轴传达到前边传动轴的万向节上再从传动轴输出通过一个接头形式的可滑动花键传输

到传动轴后部的然后带动传动轴轴上的锥齿轮这个锥齿轮与一个大的锥齿轮相啮合

这个大的锥齿轮通过一个差速齿轮驱动着后桥的半轴。

1-Frame ; 2-Wheels ; 3-Radiator ; 4-Engine ; 5--Propeller shaft ; 7-Uniwersal joint ; 8-Differential , Rear Axle ; 9-Fuel tank ;10-Front axle ; 11-Steering ; 12- Road springs ; 13-Exhaust/silencer The layout also consists of independent front-wheel springing with quarter-elliptic leaf springs,steering column bevel-gear control and hvdraulic braking system. Power unit consists of an internal combustion engine.It is usually mounted at the point end of the car.The clutch and the gear box are placed immediately behind it.The three components,engine,clutch and gear box are assembled into a single unit.图1-1 车的总布置1-车架; 2-车轮; 3-散热器; 4-发动机; 5-离合器和变速器; 6-传动轴; 7-万向节; 8-差速器, 后桥; 9-油箱;10-前桥; 11-转向器; 12- 钢板弹簧; 13-排气管/消音器这个总布置设计同时还包括独立的1/4椭圆的树业形状的独立悬架系统的设计还包括转向杆的锥齿轮控制系统和液力制动系统. 能量的单元是由发动机构成的他通常安装在车底盘的较低点。离合器,发动机,离合器和变速器组装成一个独立的单位。Engine The role of the engine cylinder is to enable the importation of fuel combustion and a driving force. Hyundai Motor wider use of Reciprocating Engine, which generally organisms, with gas, crank linkage, fuel oil supply systems, cooling systems, ignition systems, launch systems and other components. Site to accept the engine driving force, so that a sports car, and to ensure that the driver of the vehicle in accordance with the manipulation of normal traffic.发动机

发动机的作用是使输入汽缸的燃料燃烧而发出动力。现代汽车广泛应用往复活塞式

的操纵正常行驶。

Clutch

The main function of clutch is cut off and realize the transmission of engine power transmission to ensure that when the car started the engine and transmission smooth joint, to ensure a smooth start car in the shift when the engine and transmission of separation, to reduce transmission of the shift Gear between the impact in their work by the larger dynamic load, we can limit transmission of the largest faced by the torque to prevent the transmission of some parts due to the overload and damage to effectively reduce the transmission of noise and vibration .离合器

变

Gear Box

A gear box is a speed and power changing device installed at some point between the engine and driving wheels of the vehicle.It provides a means for changing the ration between engine and driving wheels rpm to best meet each particular driving situation. The gear box is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels. An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain range.变速器

变速器是一个速力变化装置,安装在车辆的发动机和驱动轮之间.变速器用以改变发动机与驱动轮转速间的比率关系.以适应每种行驶状况. 传输装置连接到背面的发动机发出的功率,从发动机驱动车轮. 这样在一定的范围内汽车发动机的运行也会处于最佳状态。

前桥

Front Axle

Front axlw is used for steering front wheels carried on stubaxles swiveling upon king pins at the axle extremities. 前桥是用来控制与固定在车桥两端上的部件并通过相互连接的在前车桥末端的转向节上进行转动。为减轻整车的质量,让整车结构更紧凑,采用膜片弹簧离合器,高速旋转时其性能,传递的转矩较大而

,使用寿命长。

Seering Systems

Steering arms and a track rod link the two stub axles together for swiveling them by a steering wheel about the king pins.The steering wheel linked to one of the stub axles by a shaft,a gear box and a suitable linkage is opeated by the driver’s hand wheel.Previously the axle-a onepiece beam was used to support the vehicle through springs,An arrangement known ad independent front suspension has replaced the axle and spring arrangement.Under the control of springs,the wheels are free to rise and fall vertically independently of each other.

转向器

转向器以及转向拉杆将两根转向轴连接起来并通过与转向节相连的转向盘转向轮来

用独立前悬已经取代了车轴和弹簧的所一起布置形成的系统。在采用独立悬架内弹簧的控制

Drive Axle

For fixing rear wheels,a tube like shaft enclosing driving shafts with suitable bearings for rotating the wheels is useds.It is enlarged at the center for enclosing the final drive gears used for providing main speed reduction between the engine and the driving wheels. The change of

direction of the drive trom the fore and aft line of the propeller shaft to the transverse line of the axle shafts is also provided by this tube known as rear axle.

驱动桥

直线的传动轴的轴.

The differential is a device that splits the engine torque two ways, allowing each output to spin at a different speed. It is found on all modern cars, and also in many all-wheel-drive vehicles. These all-wheel-drive vehicles need a differential between each set of drive wheels, and they need one between the front and the back wheels as well, because the front wheels travel a different distance through a turn than the rear wheels. Part-time four-wheel-drive systems don't have a differential between the front and rear wheels; instead, they are locked together so that the front and rear wheels have to turn at the same average speed. This is why these vehicles are hard to turn on concrete when the four-wheel-drive system is engaged.

差速

部分四轮驱动车前后轮之间没有差速

Each wheel is provided with its own separate halfshaft connected by a differential gear and meeting at about the center of the axle.The wheels are free to rotate at different speeds although they are provided with equal by the differential gear. 每个车轮都设有自己单独的半轴

的齿轮提供同样的驱动.

Bake System

For controlling the movement of the vehicles or to stop them,efficient braking system is a necessity for a vehicle.Brakes attached to each of the four wheels are of two types.In the initial type,a pair of shoes carried on a stationary plate is expanded in contact with a rotating drum mounted on the wheels to arrest the motion of the drum.In the modern type of brakes,one or more pairs of pads are carried in a caliper attached tohe axle or wheel supporting linkage.The sides of the disk mounted on the wheel are griped by these pads.By applying pressure on a pedal,the brakes are applied.A hand lever acting through a separate linkage and locked in the on position is used

制动器

到刹车作用的部件有两

车。手动杠杆的作用是通过一个单独的连接来锁定定位器。

For operating the brake,either mechanical or hydraulic system is used.Mechanical system requiring gearing system for mechanical and hydraulic fluid for the hydraulic brakes are used 在

动系统需要通过机械传动和流体液压等过程进行液压制动来进行应用。

Propeller Shaft And Uniwersal Joint

For connecting the output shaft of the gear box to the rear axle,a long shaft known as propeller shaft is used.This shaft is either enclosed in a tubular casing or kept exposed or opened with a universal joint fitted at each end for allowing the changes in the shaft alignment with the rise and fall of the rear axle due to road surface variations.Universal joints cannot be eliminated even if the final drive gears are fixed to the frame with the wheel springing independently.Neither the misalignment resulting from the flexing of the vehicle structure over bumpy road surfaces can be avoided nor the precise alingnment of shaft can be ensured without them.传动轴和万向节

动齿轮是安装在固定在车轮独立悬架的弹簧的车架上。即可以避免因路上的颠簸未对准而导

For preventing the transmission of shock from uneven road surfaces to the vehicle,springs are used to support the vehicle on the axle.为了阻止在不平坦的路面上产生的振

顺性。

In order to allow for the vertical movements of the wheels relative to the frame as well as to allow the parts of the shaft to operate at different angle,another increasingly used arrangement is used.It consists of mounting the final-drive gears and the differential gear in a casing attached to the frame with independently sprung wheels attached to them by means of shafts through devices called universal joints.

为了使垂直运动的车轮相对车架以及允许的部分轴在不同的角度进行运动,

越来越多的这样布置已经被应用推广。由驱动齿轮和差速器组成的一个系统在驱动桥壳轴管

的装置称为万向节.

Wheels

The wheels which are four in number are fitted below the car chassis to support the load of the vehicle and passengers as well as to run the car.They arefitted with hollow rubber tyres filled with air in rubber tubes under sufficient pressure necessary for carrying the load.Theshocks caused by road irregularities are absorbed by them.By fitting springs between the wheels and the vehicle allowing the vertical movement of wheels in relation to vehicle,greater part of unevenness of road surfaces is taken care of.

车轮

簸。凭借安装在轮子与车辆之间的钢板弹簧以

的不均匀路面将会得到较好的行驶条件。

When going round a curve,the inner wheel has to travel a smaller distance in comparison to the outer wheel.But both the rear wheels would rotate at the same speed if they are connected by a shaft.This rotation of both the wheels would result in slipping of one or both of them on the road surface causing excessive tyre wear as wells severe twisting loads on the shaft.Moreover,the

two wheels of the exactly similar diameter(which is not usually so)can only turn at the same spdde witheout slip on the straight road.Tyres fitted on the opposite sides may be of different states of wear and even tyre of same nominal diameter made by different or same manufacturer may differ in actual dimensions or may not be exactly similar.Due to change of rolling radius(the distance from the wheel center to the ground)the effective size of the tyre many be altered by different inflation pressure also.

一起旋转通过在路面造成的轮胎过度磨损而将会导致其中的一个或两个轮子将会在路面上

相同的直径(即通常不是如此)能在同一个速度行驶的时候车轮没有打滑在一条笔直的路上。轮胎安装在两个对立面,可能会产生不同位置的磨损,

(距车轮中心与地面)

Through the above exposition know, Vehicle performance depends not only on the merits of the auto component parts of the performance, and to a large extent depend on the components of the coordination and cooperation depends on the overall layout; The overall design of the level of vehicle design quality, performance and vitality products play a decisive impact

和产品的生命力起决定性的影响。

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The three basic components of the automobile are the engine,chassis（底盘）and body.汽车由发动机、底盘和车身三个基本部分组成。

The engine converts the fuel energy into mechanical power.发动机的功能是将燃料的生物能转换成机械能。

an internal combustion engine powers our modern automobile.现代汽车的发动机主要是内燃机。

the engine burns its fuel within the engine proper,as compared to a steam engine where the fuel is burned externally.与蒸汽机燃料是在缸外燃烧相比，内燃机是在缸内适当的位置燃烧燃料。the gasoline and air mixture of the internal combustion engine is compressed by a piston inside an

airtight cylinder（密封环）and ignited by a spark.汽油和空气在内燃机内混合，并由带有密封环的活塞将其压缩，接着火花塞将其点燃。

the trapped air-fuel mixture burns fiercely,causing tremendous heat which expands the trapped gases and pushes the piston down.吸进的油气混合气在缸内非常猛烈的燃烧，那样将产生极大的热量，而这个极大的热量将导致气体膨胀因而推动活塞的下行。

this is the motive power of the automobile.这个就是汽车的动力来源。

the automobile engine is essentially a heat engine.汽车发动机本质上就是一个热动机。

it requires fuel to burn,a spark to ignite,lubrication（润滑油）to minimize friction, and a cooling system to dissipate unwanted heat.它需要燃料燃烧，火花塞点火，润滑剂减少摩擦，冷却系带走多余的热量。

The fuel system takes a correctly proportioned mixture of gasoline and air to burn and develop the power needed to push the piston down the cylinder.to store,mix,and deliver this air-fuel mixture is the duty of the fuel system.燃油系按照正确的比例产生油气混合气，并使之燃烧产生推动活塞沿汽缸壁下行所需要的动力。燃油系的功能是储油、混合和传递油气混合气。When the explosive mixture of air and gasoline is compressed tightly,a spark is sent through the mixture,setting it on fire,which results in the heat and expansion used to push the piston down the cylinder.the ignition system furnishes a spark to each spark plug when its cylinder is full of the compressed air-fuel mixture. 当易爆的油气混合气被严重压缩时，火花跳入混合气将之点燃，燃烧后产生的热膨胀将被用来推动活塞沿着汽缸壁下行。当汽缸里充满被压缩的油气混合气时，点火系给每个火花塞供电并使之产生电火花。

The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to all moving parts of the engine.the system consists of an oil pan to store the oil,a pump to circulate it,a filter to remove solid abrasive particles,and an oil gauge or light in the driver's compartment for checking purposes. 润滑系的功能是给发动机所有运动部件提供恒定流动的润滑油。润滑系由储存机油的油底壳、使机油运行的机油泵、清除固体磨砂颗粒的机油滤清器和在驾驶室内的仪表盘上检查机油油量的油量指示表或油量指示灯。

the engine derives its power from burning fuel.unfortunately,not all of this heat can be used,and,if allowed to remain in the engine,it would soon destroy it.the temperature of the burning air/fuel mixture is about 4 500°https://www.360docs.net/doc/0c18929191.html,pare this with the boiling point of water,212°F,and the melting point of iron,2 500°F.if this unused heat were not removed,the engine would soon melt. 发动机从燃烧的燃料中得到动力，但是不幸的是，并非所有这些燃料产生的热量都能被利用起来，不仅如此，如果让这些热量保留在发动机中而不散出，发动机将很快被烧坏。燃烧中的油气混合气的温度大概是4500华氏度。拿它与水的沸点212华氏度和铁的熔点2500华氏度比一下就知道，如果这些无用的热量不能够排出，那么发动机将很快被融化掉。

the coolant of the cooling system picks up the excess combustion heat as it is circulated through the block and heads by a centrifugal-type pump,delivered to the radiator where it is cooled,and then returned to the water pump for recirculation. the chassis comprises the drive line,running gear(undercarriage)and contol mechanisms.

离心式水泵将冷却系中的冷却液抽出，使其从气缸体进中流过，从而将燃烧时多余的热量带出去，然后这些带着高热量的冷却液再流回散热器，在这里冷却液得到冷却，接着得到冷却的冷却液再回到水泵里以进行再循环。the drive line consists of mechanisms and units which transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels and change torque and rpm in magnitude and direction.among these mechanisms and units are the clutch, transmission(gearbox),propeller shaft,and final drive comprising differential and axle shaft.

动力传动系统由机械装置组成，它的功能是将发动机传来的扭矩传递给车轮，并且改变扭矩和转速的大小和方向。在这些机械装置之中有离合器，变速器，传动轴和由差速器和后轴组成的后驱动器