新高考下的英语定语从句

定语从句

考纲要求：

掌握定语从句的基本知识；区分定语从句和名词性从句的性质和用法。

在具体的语境中考查非限制性定语从句的引导词以及“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句；设置语境，考查抽象地点或时间概念的名词作先行词时关系副词的选择，甚至通过增加先行词的隐蔽性来增加试题的难度；考查定语从句的特殊句型，即：特定词汇+of whom/which 引导的定语从句。

复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句叫做定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从的连接词有关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose, as 和关系副词when, why, where等。这些关系代词或关系副词有替代先行词，连接主句和从句，并在从句中充当成分三个作用。定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。

限制性从句是句子不可缺少的部分，主句和从句间不用逗号隔开。

非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，去掉不影响主句意思的完整性。一般用逗号把主从句分开。关系代词that不可以引导非限定性定语从句，其他可引导定语从句的连词均可引导非限定性定语从句。

先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。有时先行词是关系代词前的整个句子。

1.当先行词是人：

关系词要用who, whom, that, whose等，其中who/that 在从句中课充当主语或宾语，whom 在从句中只能充当宾语，whose在从句中充当定语,不可省略(of whom 可以代替whose指人，词序是名词+of whom。)

This is the man who/that can speak several foreign language.（who/that 在从句中作主语，不可省略）

I like the girl (who/whom/that)you referred to yesterday.(who/whom/that 在从句中作宾语，可省略）

The government tried to help the old woman whose son (of whom the son/the son of whom）died in the war. [注意：whose与所修饰名词之间无任何冠词，否则要用of whom]

注意：

?若连接词在从句中作介词宾语并且介词在前面，代替人必须用whom，且不可省略There is nobody in the street to whom I can turn for help.(turn to sb for help 求助于某人)

?若介词在后面，则who, whom或that均可引导从句，且可以省略。

There is nobody in the street that /who/whom I can turn to for help.

（填一填）The settlement is home to nearly 1000 people, many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.

?在下列情况下多用who或whom,而不用that

①先行词是all, anyone, one, ones, those, people等时

All who can dance well will be invited.（who在从句中作主语）

Those who (whom)he knows will be invited.(who/whom在从句中作宾语）

②在被分割的定语从句中

A new teacher will come who will teach us English.

③在there be句型中

There is a girl who wants to see you.

④一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个用that引导，为了避免重复，另一个用who.

Every student that is from China who likes English will have a chance to get a book.

2.当先行词是物：

连接词要用which，that，whose，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语；whose在从句中作定语，后直接跟名词，无冠词，若有则用of which。（whose是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中做定语,相当于my, his, her, its, their 等修饰人或物。of which可以代替whose指物，词序一般是名词+of which或of which+名词。）

The building which/that stands in the center is our school library.（which/that在从句中作主语，不可省略）

This is the book (which/that)you want.(which/that 在句中作宾语，可以省略）

The building whose window (of which the window)faces south is our school library.(作定语）（填一填）Look out! Don't get close to the house ________ roof is under repair.

注意：

?如果关系代词在句中作介词宾语并且介词在前面，必须用which，且不可省略。

The house in which I live is near yours.

The house (that/which )I live in is near yours.

?非限定性定语从句中不用that引导

（填一填）The newly-built cafe, the walls of _______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.

?宜用that，不宜用which的情况

①先行词是all, anything, everything, nothing, much, little, few, none ,the one等或被any ,no, the only, the very（恰好）,the last, just, every 等词修饰时，只能用that，但是先行词时something时，用that或which都可以。

Have you written down everything that Mr. Smith said?

There is nothing that will stop us making progress.

This is the very book that I want.

This is the only problem that we can't work out.

②先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时

（填一填）The first place _______ I visited in Beijing is the Great Wall, ________ is the greatest place _______ I have ever visited.

③先行词为特殊疑问词who，which等时

Who that can climb up to the top of the hill first will get the red flag.

Which is the T-shirt that fit me well?

④先行词既有人又有物时

We are talking about the man and his interesting stories that moved us all.

⑤当先行词为the way, the time, the period 等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。

This is the last time(that) I shall help you.

⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时

Our village isn't the small quiet place that it used to be.

?宜用which，不宜用that的场合

①引导非限制性定语从句which可代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”

Tom came back, which made us happy.

②一个句子中有两个定语时，为了避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

③在介词提前的定语从句中，只用which而不用that

This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.

3.when, where, why 引导的定语从句

关系副词在定语从句中充当状语，在定语从句中一般不可省略

I know the reason why he is late.（why在从句中作原因状语）

This is the house where I have lived for five years.（where 在从句中作地点状语）

I will remember the day when I was admitted into this university.（when在从句中作时间状语）（填一填）The girl was arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _______ she would stay for an hour.

1)when的用法

when代替"at/in/on/during +which"在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词通常是time, day, morning, hour, night, week, year等

I'll never forget the time when I won the prize.

October 1st ,1949 was the day when/on which the People's Republic of China was founded. 2)where的用法

where代替“in/at/on/under等+which”在定语从句中做地点状语。其先行词通常是表地点的词：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。

Is this the place where they fought the enemy?

Wenzhou is the city where I was born.

It has to be a place where we can do lots of outdoor activities.

3)why的用法

why 指原因，引导的从句修饰名词reason。Why代替表原因的“介词+which”，也可用that 替换或省略。

I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

注意：

?在适当的情况下，when和where可与in which，on which，at which等互换。

I will remember the day on which I was admitted into this university.

?当表示时间，地点和原因的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不用when/where/why，而用that/which

I will never forget the days(that/which)I spent with your family。

I know a place which/ that is famous for apples.

This is the house (which/ that) I have lived in for five years. （that, which 在从句中作介词宾语）

This is the house in which I have lived for five years. （which 在从句中作介词宾语，且介词提前）

The boss didn’t believe the reason (that/which) he explained.（that, which 在从句中作宾语）?Where作名词时，可与from连用

His head soon appear out of the window, from where he could see nothing but trees.

?It’s the first time that….句型中，that是习惯用法。

It’s the first time that I have been to Beijing.（同时要注意该句型中从句的时态必须用现在完成时。若主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。It was the first time that I had been to Beijing.）

?The reason why…is that 句型

The reason why he was late was that he missed the earliest bus.

4.as引导的定语从句

?as 用作关系代词引导限定性定语从句，构成such/so…as, the same…as 等结构

I like the same book as you do.

注意:the same 也可以和连词that，when，where连用。

as和that在从句中充当主语或宾语，但用连词as引导从句时上下文所提到的是类似的两个事物；that引导从句时，上下文所提到的是完全等同的一个事物。

This is the same bike as I lost.（as在从句中作宾语，且指两辆类似的车）

This is the same bike that I lost, so I take it home.（that在从句中作宾语，且指同一辆）where和when等连接副词在从句中充当状语，如：

This is the same place where we had the party that day.（where在从句中作状语）

?so /such 也可和that 连用，意思是“如此...以至于”；that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。如：

It is such a difficult problem as no one can work out.（as 在从句中作宾语）

比较：It is so difficult a problem that no one can work it out.（that在从句中不充当成分）?as 还可引导非限定性定性从句，在从句中作主语，表语或者宾语，代替整个句子意思。

As we all know, Taiwan belongs to China.

He ,as it is ,turned out to be first.

高考中与as有关的考法：

as与which在引导定语从句时的区别(二者区别是:as位置比较灵活，可放句首，可放句末，有时也放在句子相当于插入语使用，常构成句型：as is known to all; as is expected; as it turned out等。而which只可放在后面，as可翻译成“正如＂，而which从句与主句则有潜含的因果关系.)

as与which都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换

He married her, as(which)was natural.

as 位置比较灵活，下面是与which的具体区别

1)as引导的定语从句可以放在句首，而which则不能。

As we know, more than seventy percent of the earth is covered with water,

2)as表示“正如，正像”，而which无此意。

此时，as从句中常有know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest等单词或短语。

He came back home late, as we expected.

As is point out, this is a grammar problem.

3)当先行词被the same，such修饰时，定语从句需用as引导。

I’ll give you such things as you may need.

He is not the same man as he was.

4)as仍然保持作连词时的某种含义

David is tall, as are my brothers.

as 引导的定语从句，常见的结构有：

as is often the case情况常是如此

as often happens 这种情况常发生

as has been said before 这些以前都说过

as may be imagined 这可以想象的出来

as might be expected 这是可能预料到的

as has been pointed out 这是已经指出的

as is well known=as we all know这是众所周知的

as I can remember 正如我所记得的

as you see=as can be seen 看得出来

5)先行词为the same 时通常用as引导，有时也可以用that引导

I had the same difficulty as you had last year.

He told the same story here that she told in her house.

the same….as 和…同样的/相同的

the same…that和…同一个的

6)Such…as 引导的定语从句与such…that引导的状语从句的区别。

He is such a clever boy as everyone likes,（定语从句）

He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.（状语从句）

第一个句子为定语从句，因为从句中缺成分，而第二句为状语从句，从句不缺任何成分。

（填一填）______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.

5.“介词+关系代词”结构的用法

(which/that) he once studied in is very famous.

in which he once studied is very famous.

(which/ that) you asked for.

for which you asked.

We'll go to hear the famous singer(whom/who/that)we have often talked about.

We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.

①作用

代替when在定语从句中作时间状语

There used to be a time when the Chinese people struggled for freedom.=There used to be a time at which /during which the Chinese people struggled for freedom.

代替where在定语从句作地点状语

This is the office where/in which I used to work.

代替why在定语从句中做原因状语

I’d like you to explain the reason why/for which you were absent.

代替that在定语从句中作方式状语

There are varieties of ways that/in which we can solve this problem.

“名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构

此类结构常见的有：some/several/a few/a little/many /more/ most/ the largest(land)of which/whom等形式

Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you.

“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定于从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。

He lived in a big house ,in front of which stood a big tree.

“介词+which/whom+不定式“结构

The poor man has no house in which to live. = The poor man has no house to live in.= The poor man has no house in which he can live

The beggar has no money with which to buy food. =The beggar has no money to buy food with, =The beggar has no money that he can buy food with,

②关系代词前介词的确定

依据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定

I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.

依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定

I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.

根据所表达的意思来确定

The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.

注意：1）含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词扔放在短语动词的后面

[误]This is the right tape for which I’m looking.

[正]This is the right tape which I’m looking for.(这就是我正在找的磁带)

[误]The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.

[正]The babies(whom/who/that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.

常见的不可拆开的动词词组有：

care for喜欢，关心deal with处理对付look for/after 寻找/照顾send for 派人去请get through 通过,到达,接通电话hear from/of收到某人的来信/听说see to 照管,料理2）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom, 不可用who, that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that.关系代词是所有格时用whose

[误]The man with that/ who you talked just now is my neighbor.

[正]The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor.

[误]The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

[正]The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

3)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any , none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few

等代词或者数词。

He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

6.几种较为复杂的定语从句

Way 后面的定语从句

如果先行词way后面的定语从句中缺少宾语或主语，则用that或which。如果定语从句中缺少方式状语，则用in which，that或省略引导词。

that

The way which he explained to us was quite simple.

不填

（他向我们解释的那种方法很简单）

that

The way in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.

不填

（他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解）

当先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲，应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。

This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.

This was at a time when /during which there were no radios ,no telephones or no TV sets.

but引导的定语从句

but 引导定语从句，多用于否定句中，but 相当于that/which...not.如：

There are few of us but respect you.=that don't respect you.

There is not a single room in this hotel but is empty.= which is not empty.

7.定语从句中的主谓一致关系

1）.主句中的先行词和从句中的谓语动词的一致

The recorder that has been give to me is home-made.

I didn’t meet the guests who were here last week.

注意：有时先行词与关系代词隔开，这时先确定先行词

Henry is doing experiments in the laboratory which are important to his studies of certain chemicals.(which的先行词只能是experiments，而不是laboratory，因为which后的谓语动词是复数)

Peter and John often take their aunt in a car to the parks which has been given to them as a present.(which指的是单数的car，而不是复数的parks，因为一般car才能作为礼物送给人) 2）关系代词as或which作主语指的是它前面的整个主句时，动词要用单数

He comes early,as is always his habit.

3）当先行词是“one of the+复数名词（短语）”，并且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词通常用复数。

This is one of the questions that have been raised by the audience.

注意：当“one of the+复数名词”这个短语前有the only, the very 等时，关系代词所代表的是一个单数的概念。

The Schoolmaster is the only one of his short stories that is not well written.

4)其他情况

I, who am your teacher ,will try my best to help you .

To own a computer in families, which was thought impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true.

高考中的易错点

易错点1:选择定语从句的引导词要辨别出替代人还是物,在从句中担当什么成分,是否是

特殊句式结构

His movie won several awards at the film festival, which was beyond his widest dream.

易错点2:定语从句的主谓一致

定语从句的引导词有替代先行词的作用,因此从句谓语动词的数由引导词所替代的先行词的数来决定.

He is one of the boys who like English.(who 替代boys为复数，故用like的原形)

He is the only one of the boys who likes English.(who 替代the only one，是三单，故用likes) 易错点3:定语从句中介词的选用

定语从句通常从三个角度考察介词问题

1)介词有定语从句中的动词搭配决定,如turn to ,accuse sb of sth等

There is nobody in the street to whom I can turn for help.(turn to sb for help)

（改错）Wind power is an ancient source of energy from which we may return in the near future.

2)当从句提到的事物是从总数中分出的一部分时,常用介词of,或由整句话的意思决定.

I have many friends here ,some of whom are businessmen.

He graduated from the school, after which he went abroad.

The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days.

（选一选）The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80%______ are sold abroad.

A. of which

B. which of

C. of them

D. of that

3)介词由先行词决定

Is this the school in which you studied ten years ago.

易错点4:定语从句与其他从句的区别

1) 定语从句与并列句或短语.

这类题目的选项设置为的是让考生在连词与代词或副词之间进行选择.解决这类题目只需要判断是不是从句即可,是从句选连词,否则选代词或副词.如:

There are 200 workers in the factory, most of them women.

There are 200 workers in the factory; most of them are women.(;相当于连词）

There are 200 workers in the factory and most of them are women.(句中已有and）

比较：There are 200 workers in the factory, most of whom are women.

（填一填）Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _______they learn simple games and songs.

2) 定语从句与强调句

这类题目从三个角度分析问题。

①做题时要判断准确从句是定语从句还是强调句，然后选择恰当的引导词。（若把it is/was 和连词去掉，句子仍然成立，就是强调句）。如：

It was eight last night when he came back.(这是定语从句，关系副词代替时间，在从句中充当状语，故用when)

比较：It was at eight last night that he came back.(这是强调句，所以选用that)

②注意有时强调句中套定语从句。如：

It was in the factory where she worked（定语从句）that I got to know her(强调句）。

③强调句中套定语从句，但强调句承前省略。

---Where did you get to know her?

-----It was on the farm where we worked.(强调句that I got to know her承前省略了，可判断是定语从句）

3）定语从句与状语从句

注意in which 只用于引导定语从句，可与when或where互换使用，它不可以引导状语从句。

地点状语从句只要在where前加上to/in/from the place,便可变为定语从句。如：

This kind of plants can grow well where it is warm and wet.(状语从句)

比较：This kind of plants can grow well in the place where(in which)it is warm and wet.(定语从句)

（填一填）There were dirty marks on her trousers _____ she had wiped her hands.

4) 定语从句与同位语从句

这类题目主要设置考查which，that的选择。which不可以引导同位语从句。

Word came that he got first in the competition.(同位语从句)

This is the news that (which或不填) he told us yesterday.（定语从句)

易错点5：定语从句的插入现象

在定语从句中有时会出现插入现象（I think; I suppose; I know等),它丝毫不影响定语从句的正常语序和主谓一致。如：

I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.

I went to Mary, who I know will help me whenever I am in trouble.

You should call him first, who I am afraid will come, too.

易错点6：定语从句中的倒装

在where，介词+which引导的定语从句中，有时会出现倒装语序，where，介词+which 在从句中作地点状语。如：

This is our school, in front of which lies a lake.

We got to a farm where lived a farmer and his wife.

如何解题

方法1：准确判断是不是定语从句

考例1：George Orwell, __ was Eric Arthur, wrote man political novels and essays.

A. the real name

B. what his real name

C. his real name

D. whose real name

考例2：It is none of your business ___ other people think about you. Believe yourself.

A. how

B. what

C. which

D. when

(解析：由句子结构可知，it是形式主语，后面从句是真正的主语。what 引导主语从句，且在从句中作介词about 的宾语。）

提示：判断是什么从句是做有关从句题的关键。

方法2：充分利用定语从句引导词词的三个作用：替代、连接、在从句中充当成分根据替代的先行词和从句缺少的成分选择相应引导词与主谓一致问题。

考例：In an hour, we can travel to places___ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.

A. where

B. when

C. which

D. what

(解析：本体考查定语从句的引导词替代前面句子的意思，在从句中作主语。）

方法3：注意几个特殊的先行词后的定语从句引导词的选择

当先行词是point，business，case或situation时，若从句中主语和宾语完整，需用where 引导定语从句。

当先行词是occasion时，若从句中主语和宾语完整，需用when引导定语从句。

考例：We 're just trying to reach a point ___ both sides will sit down together and talk.

A. where

B. that

C. when

D. which

考场模拟

1.________ John Kennedy put it, "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."

2. ---What will you major in when entering college?

---Well, I choose law, to be a lawyer, _______ I have been intended for.

3.Ahead of me I saw a women ________ I thought was my aunt.

4.I'm glad to introduce Mr. Smith to you, without_________ consideration our project would have ended in failure.

5.There are many kinds of birds in Australia, and over 140 species of snakes, many of ________ extremely dangerous.

6.I hope that the little _________ I have been able to do does good to them all.

7.The small mountain village ________ we spent our holiday last month lies in ________ is now part of Hubei.

（改错）

1.On the long flight to Hawaii, the memory of my childhood, which I was my father's shadow, came flooding back.

2.These houses are sold at such a low price which people expected.

3.The bike is mine. This is the same bike as I have lost.

4. Quite a few use them to keep in touch with their families and friends, that, of course, is convenient.

5. It is working in a team instead of on m own who has freed me of trouble and made me work more efficient.

6.When the child was a little boy, the mother was so poor that she had to send him to a rich couple which had no children.

7.One evening, the lady died quietly of a serious illness and on her bed the doctor found a letter, in it he discovered the truth and felt the love of a great mother.

8. The job was hard and bored and seemed endless, it made me so tired that I nearly stopped it halfway.

9. Now, I understand that labor means.