高中英语语法系列谓语动词

高中英语语法系列谓语动词
高中英语语法系列谓语动词

非谓语动词补充材料

1.不定式的构成

不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般

主动式被动式

一般式to do to be done

完成式to have done to have been done

进行式to be doing /

完成进行式to have been doing / 1)

不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如:They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。

He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。

2)不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:

She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。

I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.

我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。

It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.

对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。

3)不定式的进行式

不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:

It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.你真好,这些天一直帮我们。

He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。

We didn’t expe ct you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我

4)不定式的完成进行式

如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。如:

They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。

We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。

5)动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如:

Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。

He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。

6)疑问词+动词不定式:

不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语,有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如:

On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.

听到这个消息,他不知道该哭还是该笑。

When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。

The most important problem is how to get so much money.

最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。

介词后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如:

Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。

I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。

但是but和except后面可以跟不定式。如:

He did nothing but wander on the street. 他除了在街上闲逛外,没有做什么。

I have no choice but to wait. 我除了等待以外别无其他选择。

7)不定式的被动式:

当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式,to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如:

It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.

对他来说,被老师责备是一件好事。

They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他们似乎对结果很满意。

He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。

She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.

她是会上最后一个被提到的人。

I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。

We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.

我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。

二.不定式不带to的规则:

前面我们已经谈到,在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时,不定式符号to常常省略,下面还有几种情况请大家注意:

①动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如:

Go tell her. 去告诉他。

Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。

②在why引起的一些疑问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:

Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱?

Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试?

③在had better(还是……最好), had best(最好,顶好), would rather(宁可,宁愿),

would rather…than(宁可……而不……), would sooner(宁可,宁愿), would sooner…than(宁可……而不……), cannot but(不得不,必然), cannot choose but

(只得), cannot help but(不得不)等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如:You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion.你最好听一听老师的看法。

I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。

Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.

他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。

Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。

One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.

一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。

④在介词but, except之前如有动词do的任一形式,其后的动词不定式不用to。如:

Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外,没有做其它的事情。

Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。

如but 之前没有do,其后的不定式则一般要加to。如:

I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi.恐怕我们别无选择,只好乘出租车了。

They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。

⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。如:

I really don’t know what to say and do.我真的不知道该说什么,该干什么。

Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?

你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?

但如果两个不定式有对比的意思,则不定式符号to不可被省去。如:

I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的,不是来骂你的。

The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.

新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艰难。

三.动词不定式的省略问题:

上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语,下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时,往往要省略动词不定式,但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to,一般有下面几种情况:

①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about

to等+动词原形结构时:

---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗?

---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的,我想你应该去。

She must go but you don’t have to.她必须走,但你没有必要。

②含有动词want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作宾语结

构时:

---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗?

---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的,但我太忙了。

You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话,你可以和他们一起去。

③含有动词如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不

定式做宾语补语或主语补语时:

Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to.除非你父亲叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。

---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗?

---No, I forbid you to. 不,我禁止你使用。

④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased,

afraid等+不定式作表语结构时:

---Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗?

---I’m willing to, but I can’t now.我很愿意,但我现在不行。

---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗?

---I’ll be glad to.我很乐意。

四.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别:

动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动,有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况:

①不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形

式。如:

Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗?

②不定式做后置定语,和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构

成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式,不定式为不及物动词时,其后应加

相应的介词。如:

Do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗?

He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。

③不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主

动形式,不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如:

The fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。

The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。

④在There be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形

式;如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。如:There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。

There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。(表示某人必须做这工作)

注意下面两个句子的含义:

There is a lot of work to be done. (强调有许多事情必须做。)

There is nothing to be done. (强调出了某事,现在没办法解决。)

五.高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词:

能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有:want(想要), like(喜欢), wish(希望), hate(憎恨,讨厌), prefer(宁愿), hope(希望), fail(失败), plan(计划), refuse(拒绝), ask(要求),continue(继续),manage(设法), try(尽力), offer(提供), start(开始), begin(开始), forget(忘记), remember(记得), promise(答应), mean(打算), pretend (假装), intend(想,打算), attempt(尝试,企图), decide(决定), learn(学会), desire (渴望,请求), agree(同意), care(关心,喜欢), choose(选择), determine(下决心), expect(期望), afford(负担得起,买得起)等。

能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有:感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等;使役动词make, let, have 等;还有一般的动词如advise(建议), allow(允许), ask, beg(乞求), command(命令,指挥), tell(告诉), invite(邀请), force(强迫), oblige(强迫), get(致使), help(帮助), wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage(鼓励), persuade(说服), permit(允许,许可), remind(使想起,提醒), request(请求,要求), order(命令), warn(警告,提醒), cause(引起)等。

六.高中阶段常见的不定式短语:

高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语,如:be able to do(能,会), be about

to do(即将做……), used to do(过去常常……), be glad to do(乐意做……), would like to do(想要做……),be likely to do(很可能做……), go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do应该等。

高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,也可以称它们为插入语。

如:to tell you the truth(说老实话),to be frank(坦率地说), to begin with(首先), to be brief(简言之), to make a long story short(长话短说), to be exact(精确地说), to say nothing of(姑且不说),to conclude(总而言之), to be sure(诚然、固然),to do him justice (说句对他公道的话),so to speak(可以这么说、打个譬喻说)等。

To tell you the truth, I hate him. 说老实话,我恨他。

To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said.坦率地说,我不同意你说的话。

一.. -ing分词的被动式:

-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如:The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。

Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后,他把烟戒了。

注意:在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如:

Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。

This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。

二.–ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别:

-ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于:在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词;在表示具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。如:

Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸烟)这里禁止吸烟。

It’s not good for you to smoke so much.(指你吸烟)吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。

My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。

My job is to teach you English this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。

三。. 高中阶段能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词:

mind(介意), suggest(建议), enjoy(欣赏,), admit(承认), appreciate(感激,欣赏), avoid (避免), delay(推迟), dislike(不喜欢,厌恶), escape(逃脱), finish(完成), forgive (宽恕), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(错过), practise(训练), resist(抵抗,抵制), risk(冒险), deny(拒绝,否认), consider(考虑)等。

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