汉英翻译讲义第2部分
第三章词语的翻译
3.1 词的指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)的理解与表达
A) 翻译下列句子，注意句中划线部分词语指称意义和蕴涵意义的表达
1. 他两岁就学会看表了。He could _________________ even when he was two.
2. 我能看出你在想什么。I can __________ your mind.
3. 你要是觉得这东西还看的过去，就买下来吧。If you think ________________________, then buy it.
4. 他看出了她的破绽。He ____________ her weak points.
5. 那是万万不行的。That’s _________________ out of the question.
6. 我万万没有想到。The idea ____________ occurred to me.
7. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the______________of the masses.
8. 他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some___________________ for the revision of the plan.
9. 大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of ____________________ about you.
10.他们就推举谁做下届总统侯选人取得了一致意见。
They have reached ___________________ on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election.
11.他们在会上闹起了意见.They got into _____________________ at the meeting.
12.两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged __________________on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.
13. 那件大衣的面子很漂亮。_________________________ of the coat is very beautiful.
14. 如果怕丢面子，就说不好英语。
If one is afraid of ________________________________, he cannot expect to speak English well.
15. 我是个爱面子的人，这种事我可做不出。I would not do such a thing---I’m _______________________________.
16. 不是我不买你的面子，实在是这事儿不好办。
I have shown _____________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you.
I’d like to ________________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you.
17. 南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to __________________________ by gong to the kitchen on the third day and _________ a fish, _____________ stands for fortune.
18. 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。
He _____ my father. This girl is ______beautiful. This man reads _________________________.
是古非今是可忍，孰不可忍。
________ the past to condemn the present. ___________ can be tolerated, what cannot?
B) 请判断下列汉语成语的蕴涵意义与英文的equivalent是否相符
1. 打草惊蛇——to alert the enemy by accidental events before carrying out the planned attack to beat about the bush-----try to say sth indirectly(旁敲侧击）
2. 亡羊补牢——to repair the stable after a sheep is gone, still in time to avoid further losses
to lock the stable after the horse has been stolen---贼走关门，为时已晚
3. 骨鲠在喉——to have an opinion that one cannot suppress
to have a bone in one’s throat-----to avoid making one’s opinion known
4. 同舟共济——to cooperate and help each other in order to overcome a difficulty
to be in the same boat-----to be in the same difficult situation or danger
5. 怒发冲冠——bristle with anger; to be in violent anger; fly into a rage
to have one’s hair stand on end-----frighten sb; to fill one with horror or fright
6. 翻天覆地——earth-shaking; epoch-making
to move heaven and earth-----do one’s utmost
7. 洗手不干——( of a thief. etc) to stop doing wrong and reform oneself
to wash one’s hand of sb/sth-----to refuse to take any more responsibility for sb/sth
8. 扯后腿——to hinder; to be a hindrance to sb
to pull somebody’s leg-----make fun of sb
C) 请选择最合适的表达来翻译各句中的“心”。
Heart mind brain intention wish popularity feeling 必要时可更改单复数形式
1. 心有余而力不足One’s ability falls short of one’s________________.
2. 您的建议我会永远铭记在心。I will always bear your advice in_________________.
3. 如果你忘了她的生日她会很伤心的。You’ll hurt her___________________ if you forget her birthday.
4. 居心叵测To nurse evil _____________________
5. 得人心者得天下Those who gain______________________ among the people will gain the power.
6. 劳心者治人，劳力者治于人。Those who work with ___________ rule and those who with their brawn are ruled.
7. 哀莫大于心死The greatest despair comes from a devastated ______________.
3.2 词语英译与语言语境
1. 我在学校读书的时候，有所谓的“强迫运动”，我踢破过几双球鞋，打断过几只球拍。因此侥幸维持下来最低的体力。
In my school days, ________________________the so-called “________________ physical exercises”, I went in for many sports ___________________ many pairs of sneakers and rackets, thus luckily building up a minimum of good physique.
2. 身体好，学习好，工作好。Keep____________, study________, and work_________.
3.《天下第一鼓------陕北安塞腰鼓》
译文1：No. 1 Drum in the World, Ansai Waist Drum of Northern Shannxi
译文2：The Majestic Ansai Waist Drum Dance of Northern Shaanxi
4. 布衣素食
译文1：wear clothes of cotton and eat vegetables 译文2：wear___________clothes and eat _______________ food
5. 西风，秋水，雁阵，衔着落日的远山，交融在一起，更增添打猎者的无限兴致。
译文1：The joy of hunters was enhanced by the west wind, the autumn stream and the wild geese mingled with the distant mountains that held the sinking sun.
译文2：An autumn stream ruffled by the west wind, and the lines of wild geese set against the background of distant mountains embracing the sinking sun, harmoniously merged to enhance the joy of hunters.
6. 他昨天擦破了皮，现在到医院换药去了。
译文1：He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change medicine in the hospital.
译文2：He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to ________________________ in the hospital.
7. 富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。
译文1：You will be enchanted by the unique European amorous feelings of Fuhua furniture.
译文2：You will be enchanted by the unique European _______________of Fuhua furniture. 8. 不搞改革，不坚持开放政策，我们制定的战略目标就不可能实现。这是一个关，这个关必须过。
译文1：We cannot reach our strategic goal unless we carry out reforms and adhere to the open policy. This is a barrier we must stride across.
译文2：We cannot reach our strategic goal unless we carry out reforms and adhere to the open policy. ___________________________________________________________________.
9. 宜昌是巴楚文化的发源地，诞生了屈原、王昭君等千古风流人物。
Yichang City is the birthplace/origin/ source of Chinese Bachu Culture ____________________ many great personalities through the ages, such as _____________________________ Qu Yuan and _________________________Wang Zhaojun.
3.3 请改译（假朋友）
1. 密码—secret code
2. 救火—save a fire
3. “银耳”汤—“white fungus”soup
4. (美国)大片—big movie
5. “金三角”经济开发区—a special economic development zone: a “Golden Triangle”
6. 早恋—early love
7. 青春痘—youth spot
8. 方便面—convenient noodles 9. 隐形眼镜—invisible glasses 10. 课堂测验—classroom exam 11. 流动资金—circulating funds
12. 拳头产品—fist product 13. 自学—self learn
14. 听电话—listen the telephone 15. 风凉话—cold word
16. 三角债—triangle debts 17. 来信写到—the letter writes
18. 赢得市场—gain market 19. 取得成就—make achievements
20. 学习知识—learn knowledge 21.文化程度—cultural degree 22. 社会工作—social work 23. 定向培训—training for certain direction
24. 抓紧时间—grasp time firmly 25. 民族委员会—national committee
26. 提高英语水平—raise the level of one’s English
27. 寒衣—cold clothes 28. 不冻港—non-freezing
port
请改译(冗长表达)
1. 难忘的记忆—an unforgettable memory
2. 不必要的浪费—unnecessary waste
3. 不切实际的幻想—impractical illusion
4. 毫无根据的诽谤—groundless slander
5. 耳朵听得见，眼睛看得见—audible to the ear and visible to the eye
6. 西边的落日—sunset in the west
7. 未来的前景—future prospects
8. 免费的礼物—free gift
9. 间接的引喻—an indirect allusion
10. 返回—return back 11. 不公正的迫害—persecute unjustly
3.4 词的搭配
1. 假花假牙假唱
假钞假酒假新闻
假冒商品假朋友
2. 大雨大风大雾
浓茶浓墨浓烟
3. 自我意识竞争意识文化意识
4. 恶性循环恶性肿瘤恶性通货膨胀
5.一次性拖鞋一次性付款
6. 发货发传单发言
发光发热发电发火
7.打电话打的打水
打井打圆场打毛衣
打农药（给车胎）打气
8. 治国治家
治病治水
9. 茶馆照相馆美术馆
展览馆科技馆
10. 基本工资基本建设基本设施
基本物质基本工业基本利益
11. 出口创汇型企业合资企业
劳动(资金、技术)密集型产业独资企业
12.经济法制化经济全球化
社会知识化国际关系民主化
国民经济信息化科研成果产业化
3.5 请填空(两个成语的比喻意义一致, 但比喻形象不同, 可套译)
1. 笑掉大牙laugh off one’s ___________
2. 乱七八糟at_________ and sevens
3. 东张西望look right and__________
4. 抛砖引玉to throw a sprat to catch a__________
5. 缘木求鱼to seek a hare in __________’s nest
6. 挥金如土spend money like______________
7. 胆小如鼠as timid as a_________________ 8. 瓮中之鳖like a ________________ in a hole
9. 无风不起浪no smoke without______________ 10. 挂羊头卖狗肉cry up ___________and sell vinegar
11. 新官上任三把火A new ______________sweeps clean 12. 偷鸡不着反蚀把米go for wool and come back ____
13. 大海捞针look for a needle in a bottle/bundle of _____________ 14. 一箭之遥at a _____________’s throw
15. 守口如瓶dumb as an ____________ 16. 面如土色as white as a ________________
17. 一模一样as like as two _______________ 18. 蠢得象猪as stupid as a ________________
19. 犟得像牛as stubborn as a _____________ 20. 睡得死沉sleep like a __________________
21. 对牛弹琴cast pearls before _____________ 22. 掌上明珠the __________________ of one’s eye
23. 满腹文章have a _________ crammed with knowledge 24. 聋得象石头as deaf as a ____________
25. 像没头苍蝇as blind as a _______________________
3.6 四字排比结构的英译处理。
汉语喜用四字排比，对仗工整；而英语喜用长句短句相杂。
A). 汉语并列关系——英语并列结构1. adj + n; 2. n / adj + in + n; 3. propositional phrases; 4. nominal phrases; 5. verbal phrases.
例1. 澜沧河河底低深，水流湍急，两岸高陡，令人望而生畏。
The Langcang River is very much awe-inspiring____________________________________________________________
B). 汉语形式上是并列关系，实为主从关系——英语译文把从属关系的四字结构处理为伴随结构或状语结构。
例2. 作为世界第一大洲，亚洲幅员辽阔、人口众多、资源丰富，有着巨大的发展潜力。
译文1：Asia, as the largest continent in the world, is a vast land with a huge population, abundant natural resources and enormous potential for development.
译文2：Asia, as the largest continent in the world, enjoys enormous potential for development with a vast land, a huge population, and abundant natural resources.
例3：TY型游梁式抽油烟机结构简单，安全可靠，制造简单，维修方便。广泛应用于世界石油生产。
译文1：Type TY beam pumping unit is simple in structure, dependable in operation, easy in manufacture and convenient in maintenance. Thus, it finds wide application in petroleum production all over the world.
译文2：Type TY beam pumping unit，simple in structure, dependable in operation, easy in manufacture and convenient in maintenance，finds wide application in petroleum production all over the world.
C) 汉语因果关系——英语译文中将原因部分放在前面，中间用“导致”或“形成”等类似的动词连接。
例4. 江中多滩，易阻行舟，然而急湍澎湃，惊涛轰鸣，气势磅礴。
Many hidden shoals in the river _____________________________________ to navigators. And the surges of the swift current and roars of the terrifying waves _________________________ great momentum.
例5. 和风细雨之时，片言只语之间，就能把人吹昏大脑，捧麻手脚。
A few mild words/ praises _________________________________people muddle-headed and lost in what to do.
D) 汉语喜同义重复以加强语气或修辞——英语译文中省略。有时删繁就简，高度概括原文核心内容。
例6. 这支歌唱遍了神州大地，唱满了50年悠悠岁月，余音袅袅，一曲难忘。
The song has been sung all over China for 50 years, and the melody still lingers in the air.
例7. 他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He was determined to ___________________________________________
例8. 建立办事高效、运转协调、行为规范的行政管理体系。
We should establish a ________________________________________________________________administrative system.
【解析】“办事、运转、行为”在汉语中纯粹是为了行文对称而增添的词语，在英语中却是冗余信息。
3.7.简答题：
1. Answer the following questions about idiom translation.
隔墙有耳: Walls have ears. 眼见为实: Seeing is believing. 肉中刺: a thorn in the flesh Questions: What kind of strategy is applied in translating the above group of idioms? Why can this strategy be considered? Try to translate the following idioms by using the same method.
浑水摸鱼趁热打铁空中楼阁
Key:
This strategy involves using an idiom in existence in English to translate a Chinese idiom. Such a strategy can be considered because an idiom in the target language conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom and, in addition, consists of equivalent lexical item. This kind of match can only occasionally be achieved.
浑水摸鱼to fish in troubled waters 趁热打铁Strike while the iron is hot. 空中楼阁castle in the air
2. Answer the following questions about idiom translation.
胸有成竹to have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth.
眉飞色舞to beam with joy
毛遂自荐to volunteer one’s service
Questions: What kind of strategy is applied in translating the above group of idioms? Why can this strategy be considered? Try to translate the following idioms by using the same method. 藕断丝连悬梁刺股
Key:
3. 春华秋实，硕果累累，两万多名教育教学人才走出学校大门，足迹遍及全国，桃李满天下。
1) Flowers bloom gloriously in spring, and fruits hand heavy in autumn. More than 20 thousand students have graduated from the university and are now teaching nationwide. Their footprints are all over the country and they bear fruits like peaches and plums all over the world.
2) As a reward to the teachers’ efforts, more th an 20 thousand students have graduated from the university and are now teaching nationwide.
Questions: Which English version do you prefer? Why?
Key:
4. Read the SL and TL versions below.
休息室rest room 食言eat one’s words 酸奶sour milk 海狗sea dog
Questions: The English equivalents of the above Chinese expressions are recognized as “false friends”. What are the characteristics of such false friends? Please find out the “true friends” for the above Chinese phrases and write them down on your answer sheet.
Key:
5. Answer the questions after you read the SL and TL versions below.
王利发：哎哟！秦二爷，您怎么这样闲在，会想起下茶馆来了？
Well, Master Qin! How can you spare the time to drop in on us like this?
Questions:
What meaning is conveyed in the expression “秦二爷”? What is lost in the translation? Is such a translation acceptable? Why?
Key:
Here, 秦二爷is combined by three characters “秦”、“二”and“爷”, denoting complex meaning: his family name “Qin”, being the second child in the family, and people’s respect for him. However, the translation Master Qin does not include the concept of seniority in the original. The meanings of the two collocations therefore do not map completely. But the change or loss here is not fatal since this is the addressing term in a performing drama, which requires naturalness and smoothness on the stage. Accuracy is no doubt an important aim in translation, but the use of common TL patterns which are familiar to the target readers also plays an important role in keeping the communication channel open. So a certain amount of loss, addition, or skewing of meaning is often unavoidable. The degree of acceptability of a change in collocational meaning depends on the significance of the change in the context.
练习（四字词组的翻译）
1. 校园依山傍水，绿树成荫，花香四溢，堪称求学胜地。
2. 每年农历六月为黄龙寺庙会，方圆几百里的各族人民前来赶会。届时，帐篷连营，人马喧腾，歌舞相杂，十分热闹。
3. 自此而下，江面宽阔，水流平缓，一叶轻舟，顺流而下，沿江景色，饱览无遗。
4. 南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和虎柄千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄一逞豪彦。（第八届“韩素英青年翻译奖”《可爱的南京》）
5. TEM 8（2003年汉译英；请注意四字词组的表达）
得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。
译文1：Before I illed, my parents spoiled me, I was like a tyrant (lorded it over, played the bully, run wild, acting as an overlord, ran amuck, crabbed at home, like a little emperor), but now
isolated, I was custodied in a small house in the garden hill, suddenly, I felt very cold like in the ice house (in the moon palace, just like a wife who had lost her husband’s love, drop to the bottom of ice hole, in a desert, in a limbo), very sad. A spring evening, flower bloomed in garden (a hundred of flowers angrily violently opened), my parents entertained guests in garden, at the moment the guests gathered like cloud (clouded over, crowded), laughed. I was in a small house, unfolded the curtain peered the garden’s scene, prosperous. My elder brother and sister, cousins, were also penetrating and inserting in it, they were very happy. At the very moment abandoned by everybody and forgotten by the world the sad feeling struck my heart, I couldn’t help crying bitterly.
译文2：
英汉翻译 第二讲 课后作业
9月20日作业 第二讲课后作业 Translate the following English phrases or sentences into Chinese. 一、一词多义、词的搭配 1. Take off The new dictionary has really taken off.(这本新字典很受欢迎。) Take off your wet shirt.（把你的湿衬衫脱下来。） The doctor took off his wounded left leg.（医生给他受伤的左腿做了截肢手术。） They had to take off the show because of poor audience.（观众太少令他们不得不取消演出）You can take only one day off.（你只能休一天假。） The officer leading the inquiry has been taken off.（主持这项调查的官员已经被撤职。） 2. But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.（但是他的攻击总是被一针拳打脚踢击退） 二、词序 1.定语的位置 1)We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). （我们用尽一切可能的方法去帮助他们） 2)This is the only reference book available here. （这是这里唯一的一本可用的参考书） 3)They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible （他们正努力地以可能的最快速度提高产量）. 4)This is the best solution imaginable. （这是能想到的最佳办法） 2. 状语的位置 1）A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. （一辆全速疾驰的吉普车溅了我一身的水） 2）North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single
英语翻译技巧选修课讲义
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义
第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位，那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下，进行语篇翻译时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时，即使是一个很长的句子，一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑，搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英，有时句子较长，可以根据意群进行切分，然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比，了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处，对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构，即S+V（主语+谓语动词）的结构，即使是祈使句，也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展，但总不外乎五种基本变化。 （1）S+V：He langhed. （2）S+V+Ｏ：Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3）S+V+Ｏ＋Ｏ.c. We heard them quarrelling. （4）S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. （5）S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构，而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构，其中主语一般是动作的发出者（doer\agent)或动作的承受者（doee)，即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式，有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例（1）至（5）的意思，中文也有与英文相似的结构，分别为： （１）Ｃ：他笑了。 （２）Ｃ：玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 （3）C：我们听见他们争吵。 （4）C：他给我一些一手资料。 （5）C：他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构（S + V ） 例1：他没来。（S + V ） He didin’t come. 例2：全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3：我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4：你能递给我那本书吗？( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5：他看上去很失望。（S + link. V + P） He looks disappointed.
中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
英语翻译练习上课讲义
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
英汉翻译复习资料
填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
商务英汉翻译讲义
1. 转换法--转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转换法--转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词（练习7） 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 3. 增词法 3.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1） 3.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2） 3.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3） 4. 减词法 4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1） 4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2） 商务英汉翻译讲义之词类转译法 目录 1. 转译成动词 1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1） 1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2） 1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3） 1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4） 2. 转译成名词 2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5） 2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6） 2.3 代词转换成名词 2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7） 词类转译 英汉两种语言存在着巨大的差异，语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。因此，要使译文既忠实于原义又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等翻译，必须采用适当的词性转译、句子成分转译及句型转译等翻译技巧，在本单元我们主要讲解翻译中词性的转译。 在一定程度上，词的形态及形式变化是否过于繁复多变决定了词性优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词性没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词作比较时，动词的动态感强、动势强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”，因此英译汉时名词转译成动词的情况常普遍。现
英语翻译讲义
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.
第二讲 翻译定义标准语义翻译
第二讲：翻译的定义及标准、语义翻译（2） 一．什么是翻译？ ---翻译是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是带着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。 ---翻译是技能，再现原文信息时，为避免信息的损失，力戒欠额翻译（undertranslation）和过载翻译(overtranslation)，译者要采用增词，减词，引申，并句和分句等技巧。 ---翻译是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先是意义对等，其次是文体对等。 二．翻译的教学标准 《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定，英汉翻译的评估项目标为： A．忠实：“原文信息全部传达，语气和文体风格与原文相一致”60% B．通顺：“断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴”40% 三．翻译技巧（2）： 语义翻译（2）---翻译时应当注意词义的褒贬。 翻译时，必须正确理解原作者的基本立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段译出。原文中词语的褒贬意义，要根据上下文恰如其分地表达出来，即使有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的。Eg. As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication. She is a demanding teacher, yet she’s very kind to her students. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 四．翻译练习（2） I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the choice of words. 1.She is fidgety and restless. 2.All the inventors have a restless mind. 3.They incited him to go into further investigation. 4.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 5.The general has the reputation of being courageous. 6.He was an honest man, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. II. Improve the following translations based on the principle of faithfulness and fluency. 1.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我拜读过你的文章，我期望可以找到一个年纪稍长的人。 2.They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们跑得像他们的腿所能载动他们那样的快。 3.I will go and attend the reception, if only to make some new friends. 我将去参加招待会，但只是为了交些新朋友。 4.When she and he met again, each had been married to another. 当再次相见时，每个人都结婚了。
英汉翻译讲义
E-C Translation Course Notes Definition Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) Significance of Translation Plays the key role in inter-cultural communication 1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations. 2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world. The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization. The Criteria of Translation Tytler (p.5) 严复：faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅) 林语堂：忠实，通顺，美 钱钟书：化境 傅雷：神似 The procedures of translation Accurate comprehension Adequate representation Careful proofreading Requirements on the translators Good command of the languages Wide scope of knowledge Sensitive to cultural differences Hard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interests Strong sense of responsibility Literal Vs. free translations The former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation. No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation. Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.
英汉翻译第一讲讲义
第一讲绪论 内容提要：时代呼唤翻译，翻译促进时代的发展。信息时代的特点之一是知识的交流与共享。翻译同一个民族的文明程度密切相关。中国的翻译事业任重而道远。介绍外国和对外介绍中国同样紧迫。翻译的理论研究、实践指导和课堂教学都亟待加强。 一、为什么要学翻译 翻译是语言工作者一项不可或缺的技能，是语言交流的一种手段，是不同语言使用者之间一种重要的交流工具。在今天这个信息化时代，随着社会的发展和进步，随着各国人民交流的日益频繁，翻译更是各国进行经济、文化、政治交流的有效工具，是世界各国谋求发展的重要途径。 二、翻译的定义、过程和性质 翻译是一种交际方式，可以从广义和狭义两方面来理解。广义上的翻译包括所有的符号之间、非符号之间、符号和非符号之间的转换行为。比如，一个手势变成一种语言，把汉语的文言文转变成白话文（语内翻译），把语言转化为计算机符号，甚至把你的所想所思诸于笔端，都是一种翻译。狭义上的翻译就是将一种语言转化成另一种语言，即语际翻译（interlingual translation）。这样的一种活动包括口头的和笔头的，即口译(interprettion)和笔译(translation)。 异化(foreignizing)指的是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。异化和同化具有相对性，随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。 归化（domestication）是指遵守目标语言文化当前的主流价值观，公然对原文采用保守的同化手段，使其迎合本土的典律，出版潮流和政治需求（Venuti,2001:240）〔1〕；或指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格(transparent, fluent style)，最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略 （Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:43-44）〔2〕。主张以目的语文化为归宿的“归化派”提出译文不仅要克服语言的障碍，还要克服文化的障碍，而译者的责任之一就是避免文化冲突。同时，译者也是“传播者”，他不应对读者的智力和想象力提出过高的要求，而应尽可能的是源语文本所反映的世界接近目的语文化读者的世界，从而达到源语文化与目的语文化之间的“文化对等”。 异化(foreignization)是指偏离本土主流价值观，保留原文的语言和文化差异(Venuti,2001:240）〔1〕；或指在一定程度上保留原文的异域性(foreignness)，故意打破目标语言常规的翻译（Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:59）〔2〕。主张在译文中保留源语文化的“异化派”提出翻译的主要目的是文化间的交流，源语文化将会丰富目的语文化和目的语的语言表达方式。读者的阅读目的也包括想了解异国文化，译者应相信读者的智力和想象力能理解异国文化的特异之处〔3〕。
汉英翻译中原文化
中原文化与中原崛起 解读中原文化，我们不难看出，历史上的河南之所以能够长期成为中国政治经济文化中心，成为中华崛起的高地，与根深叶茂的繁荣文化是分不开的。当历史的车轮进入21世纪后，我们要实现中原崛起，很重要的一个方面，就是要开发我们的文化，发展我们的文化，创新我们的文化，要把我们丰富的文化资源变为强大的文化力量，促进又好又快发展，推动中原崛起。所以省八次党代会明确提出要实现经济大省向经济强省跨越、文化资源大省向文化强省跨越。这两个跨越相辅相成、缺一不可。特别是随着经济文化化、文化经济化、经济文化一体化时代的到来，我们只有把这两大跨越有机结合起来，才能加快中原崛起的进程。这次我们举办“中原文化香港行和2007年豫港贸易洽谈会”，实际上就是要充分展示中原文化的魅力，发挥中原文化的潜力、增强中原文化的吸引力，形成推动中原崛起的新动力。为此，我们将坚持先进文化的前进方向，大力发展先进文化与和谐文化，坚持用科学理论引领中原崛起，用人文精神凝聚中原崛起，以文化产业支撑中原崛起，以人才智力支持中原崛起，以创新文化推动中原崛起，全面提升中原文化的引领能力、服务能力和创新能力，为实现中原崛起提供强大的精神支持、智力支持和不竭动力。现阶段，我们首先要把家底摸清，弄清到底有多少文化的“金矿”、“银矿”、“铜矿”、“铁矿”。这项工作，目前已经全面启动，在全省范围内展开了文化资源的普查，一俟普查结束我们就制定开发利用的规划。从当前掌握的情况看，我们至少有以下八大产业可以很好地发展，这就是传媒出版、文博会展、文化旅游、功夫娱乐、影视动漫、戏曲演艺、书法绘画、网络创意等八大产业。我省的这八大产业都是省委、省政府下一步将重点支持发展的产业，无论从资源禀赋看，还是市场潜力看，都具有明显的比较优势和可期的经济效益。比如书法绘画，我们商丘市有一个王公庄村，家家户户画老虎，一年卖画四百万。我们的开封市多数成年人都是书法爱好者或者是各级书协会员。书法绘画在河南不仅有广泛的群众基础，而且有全国领军人物，现任的中国美协主席和中国书协主席都是我们河南人。再如功夫产业，少林功夫影响已经波及世界，来自国内外学习武术的学员仅登封一地就有10万多人，俄罗斯总统普京访问中国时专程拜访少林寺。陈氏太极拳也已经走出国门，开始在澳大利亚、美国等国家设馆收徒，吸引了大量国外的年轻人。河南文化产业的发展前景由此可见一斑。在此，我真诚的欢迎香港的企业家和有识之士到河南去看一看，也欢迎大家积极参与到河南文化产业的开发中来。我相信，只要我们团结一心，措施有力，有9800万勤劳智慧的中原儿女的奋发进取，有包括香港同胞在内的海内外朋友的热情参与，中原文化就一定能够迎来发展的春天，就一定能够放射出更加瑰丽的光彩，成为推动中原崛起的强大动力。 The Culture and the Development of the Central Plain of China A close examination of Central China’s culture clearly reveals that its culture with long and deep roots has contributed tremendously to its central position as the heart of politics and economy in the history of China. At the turn of the 21st century, it is of vital importance to exploit, develop and rejuvenate our culture in the project of resurrecting Central China’s economy , thus giving
十 中国特色文化与汉英翻译
中国特色文化与汉英翻译 一.文化的概念及范畴 ? 1. Edward Tylor的定义： ?1871年在《原始文化》一书中提出的：“所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。”（“That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” ） ? 2.文化的涵盖面极广，几乎包括了人类社会生活的方方面面，对文化的分类因此林林总总。 从地域分，有本土文化和外来文化、城市文化和农村文化、东方文化和西方文化、大陆文化和港澳台文化； 从时间上分，有原始文化、奴隶制文化、封建文化、资本主义文化、社会主义文化等； 从宗教信仰分，有佛教文化、道教文化、基督教文化、伊斯兰教文化等； ?从生产方式分，有游牧文化、农业文化、工业文化、信息文化； 从生产工具分，有旧时器文化、新石器文化、青铜文化； 从人类把握世界的方式人，有科学文化和人文文化； 从性质分，有世界文化、民族文化、精英文化、通俗文化； 从结构层次分，有物质文化、制度文化、精神文化。 ?（参见王秉钦《文化翻译学》 ?3、奈达的分类 Ecological Culture 生态文化 Material Culture 物质文化 Social Culture 社会文化 Religious Culture 宗教文化 Linguistic Culture 语言文化 ?（参考邵志洪《汉英对比翻译导论》