【英语】高三英语阅读理解(科普环保)题20套(带答案)

【英语】高三英语阅读理解(科普环保)题20套(带答案)

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读理解

A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus, raising renewed hope of a vaccine for humans, say scientists. The US team say the results, published in Nature, are "striking" and should encourage research efforts.

Tests in humans could begin in months. But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk -such as pregnant women -would still be years away, experts advise. Zika has been spreading across Central and South America and, most recently, Africa. More than 60 countries and territories now have continuing transmission(传播) of the disease, which is carried by mosquitoes. The virus causes serious birth damages during pregnancy and has been declared a global public health emergency.

Now, developing a vaccine for pregnant women to protect their unborn babies is an international research priority(优先事项). US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice – one based on bits of genetic(基因的) code from the virus and another that is an inactive (and therefore harmless) copy of Zika. Both worked well, protecting every mouse that was immunised against the virus. In comparison, all of the mice not given the vaccine caught Zika after they were exposed to it.

Researchers say they will push ahead with developing the needed virus vaccine. There are many existing vaccines for other disease that use this type of technology, while there are relatively few DNA-based vaccines. Of course, future tests will need to check the vaccine is safe and effective in humans, as well as how long the immunity might last.

（1）If the tests in humans go smoothly, .

A. a vaccine for use in the laboratory will be still be years away.

B. pregnant women in Africa will be the first to benefit from the vaccine.

C. a licensed vaccine will still not be accessible in a short term.

D. The Zika virus will cause less serious birth defects during pregnancy in months.

（2）Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. many countries are actively involved in the research of the Zika vaccine.

B. US scientists have tested more than two types of Zika vaccine in mice.

C. None of the mice given the vaccine caught Zika.

D. It is still unknown whether the vaccine is safe and effective.

（3）Which can be the best title for the passage?

A. Zika vaccine 'works very well' in mice

B. Zika vaccine still has a long way to go

C. International researches into Zika have paid off

D. More attention has been paid to Zika vaccine

【答案】（1）C

（2）B

（3）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家发现一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk -such as pregnant women -would still be years away"可知，但是，即使这些进展顺利，一种广泛用于保护高危人群的授权疫苗仍需数年时间，也就是说如果人体试验进展顺利的话，短期内仍无法获得授权疫苗，故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice"可知，美国科学家在白鼠身上只测试了两种而不是两种以上的寨卡病毒，故选B。

（3）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus,"可知，一种实验性疫苗可以保护小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵袭，由此可知，本文主要介绍的是寨卡病毒疫苗对小白鼠非常有效，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解

If plastic had been invented when the Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, to North America-and their Mayflower had been stocked with bottled water and plastic- wrapped snacks, their plastic waste would likely still be around four centuries later. Atlantic waves and sunlight would have worn all that plastic into tiny bits. And those bits might still be floating around the world's oceans today, waiting to be eaten by some fish or oyster, and finally perhaps by one of us. Because plastic wasn't invented until the late 19th century, and its production only really took off around 1950, we have a mere 9.2 billion tons of the stuff to deal with. Of that, more than 6.9 billion tons have become waste. And of that waste, a surprising 6.3 billion tons never made it to a recycling bin-the figure that shocked the scientists who published the numbers in 2017.

No one knows how much unrecycled plastic waste ends up in the ocean, the earth's last sink. In 2015, Jenna Jam beck a University of Georgia engineering professor, caught everyone's attention with a rough estimate between 5.3 million and 14 million tons of plastic waste each year just come from coastal regions.

Meanwhile, ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine(海洋的）animals every year. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. Some are harmed visibly, stuck by abandoned things made of plastic. Many more are probably harmed invisibly. Marine species of all sizes, from zooplankton to whales, now eat microplas-tics, the bits smaller than one-fifth of an inch across.

"This isn't a problem where we don't know what the solution is, "says Ted Siegler, a Vermont resource economist who has spent more than 25 years working with developing nations on garbage." We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it. We know how to deal with it. We know how to recycle. "It's a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems, he says, ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.

（1）Why does the author mention the Pilgrims in paragraph 1?

A. To prove plastic was difficult to invent.

B. To introduce what marine animals like eating.

C. To tell the Pilgrims contributed a lot to the marine protection.

D. To show plastic waste has a lasting effect on the ocean.

（2）What's the main trouble marine animals face according to the text?

A. Lacking protection.

B. Being stuck by plastics.

C. Being caught by humans.

D. Treating plastics as food.

（3）What does Ted Siegler want to tell us in the last paragraph?

A. Some people don't know the solution of plastics waste.

B. Plastics will turn the ocean into a soup of plastic.

C. It's time to take measures to deal with plastic waste.

D. People should avoid using plastics to protect the ocean.

（4）From which is the text probably taken?

A. A biology textbook.

B. A travel brochure.

C. An environmental report.

D. A lifestyle magazine.

【答案】（1）D

（2）B

（3）C

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了塑料垃圾给海洋以及海洋生物带来的危害。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“their plastic waste would likely still be around four centuries later. ”他们的塑料废物很可能在四百年后仍会存在，可知作者提到the Pilgrims是为了说明塑料废物对海洋有持久的影响，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Some are harmed visibly, stuck by abandoned things made of plastic. Many more are probably harmed invisibly.”一些明显受到伤害，被塑料制成的废弃物品卡住了。可能有更多的人受到无形的伤害。可知选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“It's a matter of building the ne cessary institutions and systems, he says, ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.”他说最好在海洋变成塑料汤之前建立一个必要的机构和制度的问题，可推知选C。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本题介绍了塑料垃圾给海洋以及海洋生物带来的危害。是一篇环境保护类阅读，因此选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

Experts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of heart disease and stroke. So doctors urge us to eat healthy foods, get exercise, stop smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But there is something else you can do. And it is free and easy. Smile!

Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a

smile may be one way to help your heart. "When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more positive." He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and its sometimes harmful effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support his opinion.

When you feel stressed or under pressure, your body releases many natural hormones (荷尔蒙) including adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone. It increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you. They are part of what we call our fight-or-flight response. However, when we are stressed for a long period, these stress hormones are ever-present in our bodies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead to health problems.

Researchers say the connection between stress and heart disease is still unclear. However, they claim that when people are stressed for long periods of time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead to health problems.

Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to smile 20 times an hour. To some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might even feel foolish ... smiling for seemingly no reason. But a smile does not involve drugs. It is not invasive like a surgical operation. It is free and it has no bad side effects.

"Once people smile, they are relaxing. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels in the blood. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health." And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health.

（1）Which of the following agrees with Dr. Chockalingam's opinion?

A.Smile has the same effects as laughter.

B.Smile can be used to take the place of medicine.

C.Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle to health.

D.Smile can make our body produce beneficial chemicals.

（2）What can we know about the mentioned stress hormones?

A.They can lower our blood pressure.

B.They will surely lead to heart diseases.

C.They can benefit us when we are in danger.

D.They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.

（3）Why does Dr. Chockalingam think smiling is helpful to our health?

A.It can make us relax.

B.It increases sugar levels.

C.It has little bad side effects.

D.It can happen for no reason.

（4）What can be the best title for the text?

A.A Thorough Analysis of the Causes of Heart Diseases

B.One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your Heart

C.One Thing That Is Closely Connected with Stress Hormones

D.The Clear Connection Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议多保持微笑，他认为微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。同时说明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人们感到压力时的身体反应等情况。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more positive.”当我们微笑时，大脑的线路会发生变化。释放出的化学物质更积极。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑能使我们的身体产生有益的化学物质。故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you.”如果你真的有危险，这些荷尔蒙会帮助你。可知，当我们处于危险中时，压力荷尔蒙可以帮助我们。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health. And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health.”如果我们微笑，我们就打破了压力和健康之间的联系。而且它可能会为每个人的心脏健康提供一点额外的保护。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑可以使我们放松，从而有利于我们的健康。故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart.”哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议他的病人保持微笑。他说，微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。以及结合文章内容主要介绍了微笑能够让我们放松进而有利于我们的健康，所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

A new study suggests a link between exposure to greenery and reduced desires for alcohol cigarette and junk food.

The study is the first to investigate the possible relationships between exposure to nature and desires and negative emotions. Researchers at the University of Plymouth's School of Psychology surveyed 149 respondents (应答者) aged 21 o 65 about the proportion( 比例 )of green space in their neighborhood, the presence of green views from their home, their access to a garden and how often they use public green space. The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety, as well as desires for things like caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. Participants rated the intensity( 强度), imagery, and intrusiveness(侵扰性) of their desires on an 11-point scale.

Researchers found the presence of visible green space contributed to decreased desires for junk food. The effect was particularly noticeable when more than 25 percent of a respondent's view was greenery.

Previous scholarship(学术研究) has dealt mostly with exercise in nature: A 2015 study out of the University of Michigan found 90- minute group nature walks were effective at combatting depression and relieving other mood disorders. But for people who struggle with accessibility or don't have time for a 90-minute walk, this new study suggests just looking out a window at a tree can help fight off a bad habit.

"It has been known for some time that being outdoors in nature is linked to a person's well-being," lead author Leanne Martin said in a statement." But for there to be a similar association with desires from simply being able to see green space adds a new dimension to the previous research."

A 2018 study from Denmark's Aarhus University for example, found that. Having access to green space throughout childhood decreased a person's risk of developing mental health problems as an adult.

（1）What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?

A.The results of the new study.

B.The purpose of the new study.

C.The significance of the new study.

D.The content of the new study.

（2）What does the underlined word "combatting" in paragraph 4 probably mean?

A.Reducing.

B.Developing.

C.Understanding.

D.Encouraging

（3）According to the passage, the new study _____.

A.mainly referred to exercise in nature

B.has enriched the previous research to some degree

C.was carried out by the University of Michigan

D.found exposure to greenery helped cure mental problems

（4）n which section of a newspaper may this passage appear?

A.Entertainment

B.Business World

C.Tech &Science

D.Environment

【答案】（1）D

（2）A

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项新的研究成果---多看绿色植物和吃垃圾食品这两者看似风马牛不相及，可研究结构却表明它们之间存在着一种奇妙的关系：多看绿色植物能帮助人们克制吃垃圾食品的欲望。

（1）考查段落大意。根据第二段中的“Researchers …surveyed 149 respondents aged 21 o 65 about the proportion of green space in their neighborhood…”研究人员调查了年龄在21~65岁

之间的149名参与者小区内的绿植比例……；以及“The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety…”研究中还问了与抑郁及焦虑有关的问题……等可知，第二段主要介绍了新研究的调查内容，故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据常识可知，在大自然中散步对人体有各种各样的好处，再结合句中出现的“relieving other mood disorders(缓解其他情绪紊乱)”不难推断出，combatting depression应表示“减轻抑郁”。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“…adds a new dimension(方面) to the previous research”为以前的研究增加了新的方面，可知，新的研究在某种程度上丰富了之前的研究成果。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一项科学研究的研究成果，所以该文章最有可能出现在“技术与科学”版块。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

Words and the way we use them offer a rare window on social and cultural trends. Kory Stamper and Peter Sokolowski know that better than most.

The Merriam-Webster(韦氏词典) lexicographers(词典编纂者) are part of a team that edits the dictionary. In a recent interview, Sokolowski and Stamper talked about their job and what the way we use words says about us collectively.

So to know more about them, observers of the language, maybe we should start with some background.

What is a lexicographer?

Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editors-in- chief said, "Tell the truth about words," and that sums it up for me.

What do you guys do all day?

Stamper: The two main duties of a lexicographer are reading and defining. We read everything: books, journals, blogs, phone books, take-out menus, and so on. What we're looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions.

When we are writing or revising a dictionary, most of our time is spent defining. We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition.

Drafting definitions requires some training, some experience and a lot of concentration. It's very, very quiet on the editorial floor.

How closely do the most looked-up words on your online dictionary seem to be related to the news or trends?

Stamper: When our dictionary went online back in 1996, we could see for the first time which were the most looked-up words in English: Affect, effect and ubiquitous were the top words. It was fascinating to us-dictionary editors spend so much time writing definitions but never could have known if anyone ever read them. We could follow what people were thinking about according to what words they were looking up. Thanks to our online dictionary, we had data.（1）What do lexicographers do?

A. They collect as many words as they can and edit them into a dictionary.

B. They interview as many people as they can to collect new words.

C. They do research about language and edit the truth about words.

D. They make deep studies of social and cultural trends.

（2）What's the function of lexicographers' records during their reading?

A. The records show how large the dictionary is.

B. The records contain what kind of things they read.

C. The records are the main things to add to the database.

D. The records offer the raw material to the editors.

（3）Which of the following is the correct order of a lexicographer defining a word?

a. Write a draft of the definition.

b. Conclude the usage of the word.

c. Pay attention to the new words and new senses.

d. Decide whether the usage has been covered.

A. adbc

B. dbac

C. bdca

D. cbda

（4）What does this passage mainly talk about?

A. Observers of the language.

B. Process of making a dictionary.

C. Development of language.

D. Experience of editing new words.

【答案】（1）C

（2）D

（3）C

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文主要讲述的是语言的观察者——词典编纂者。

（1）细节理解题。根据What is a lexicographer?中Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editors-in- chief said, "Tell the truth about words," and that sums it up for me.(词典编纂者是编写或编辑词典的人。词典编辑的工作是准备和提出关于语言的研究。我们的一位前主编说:"说出关于文字的真相，"这就是我的总结。)可知，词曲编纂者研究语言，编辑关于文字的真相。故选C。

（2）推理判断题。根据What do you guys do all day?中What we're looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions.（我们要找的是能引起我们注意的词。我们记录这些单词的上下文和关于来源的信息。这些记录被添加到数据库中，它们是我们编写定义时使用的原材料。）可知，词典编纂者在阅读过程中记录的作用是这些记录为编辑提供了原始资料。故选D。

（3）细节理解题。根据第六段中We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition.（我们根据一个单词在记载的上下文中如何使用来定义它，决定这个用法是否已经被我们的字典所涵盖。一旦这样做了，你会看到新的单词和新的含义，然后起草一个定义。）可知，首先是总结出这个词的用法，第二步是决定是否涵盖了使用情况，第三步是收集新单词和新含义，然后写含义，故选C。

（4）主旨大意题。根据第二、三段The Merriam-Webster(韦氏词典)lexicographers(词典编纂者)are part of a team that edits the dictionary. In a recent interview, Sokolowski and Stamper talked about their job and what the way we use words says about us collectively.（韦氏词典编纂者是编辑该词典的一个团队的成员。在最近的一次采访中，索科洛夫斯基和斯坦普谈到了他们的工作，以及我们使用词语的方式反映了我们的集体特征。）和So to know more about them, observers of the language, maybe we should start with some background.（所以为了更多地了解这些语言的观察者，也许我们应该从一些背景知识开始。）可知，本文讲述的是语言的观察者——词典编纂者。故选A。

【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节理解题、推理判断题和主旨大意题三种常考题型。细节理解题可以从原文直接找或归纳答案。推理判断题结合上下文综合推理。主旨大意题找关键词，找出主题句。

6．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Plants are boring. They just sit there photosynthesizing (光合作用) while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution (协同进化) started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.

Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mаmmаl?. Тhе?е ?nсludе hollow thorns that аnt? will live ?n??dе, or ехtra nесtаr (琼浆) оn lеаvе? or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed—often in a nutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.

But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.

The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance.

Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.

（1）Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to ________.

A. reward the ants

B. make a fool of ants

C. provide nutrition for the seeds

D. get the seeds moved around

（2）What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us?

A. How plants and ants interact.

B. What ants do to protect plants.

C. How plants and ants survive attacks.

D. Why plants and ants need co-evolution.

（3）Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants?

A. Ants depended more upon plants.

B. It caused a race for better evolution.

C. How it got started was uncertain.

D. It was of little value for future studies.

（4）What's the author's purpose of writing the passage?

A. To introduce a science research method.

B. To inform readers of a latest research finding.

C. To arouse readers' interest in science research.

D. To criticize people's traditional views about plants.

【答案】（1）D

（2）A

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。蚂蚁和植物的共同进化始于蚂蚁以植物为食，植物进化出对蚂蚁友好的特征。（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use.”植物有许多不同的结构，这些结构是专门为蚂蚁使用的；“Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”可知，有些蚂蚁会偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些会留下来攻击任何试图伤害植物的东西。其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要讲了植物和蚂蚁如何互动，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“But scientists were n't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started.”但是科学家们并不确定蚂蚁和植物之间的进

化关系是如何开始的。由此可知C选项描述正确，故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。第一段中的“A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants.”一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。是全文的主题句，由此推断出，作者写这篇文章的目的是告知读者最新的研究结果，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Throughout our daily lives, we have known plenty of people and will know more. But how can we tell if someone is trustworthy? In a paper published recently in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researcher gave us the answer.

The researchers asked 401 adults from the United States to fill out a questionnaire measuring their guilt-proneness (内疚倾向) in different situations as well as several other qualities, and then play a short online game. In this game, Player 1 is given $1, which they can choose to give to Player2. Any money given to Player 2 is then automatically increased to $2.50. Player 2 can then decide whether to keep all of the money or behave in a trustworthy way by returning a portion of the money to Player 1. The researchers found more guilt-prone people were more likely to share the money with Player 1. Actually, in follow-up studies, guilt-proneness predicted trustworthiness better than other personality qualities the researchers measured.

Why might guilt lead to trustworthy behavior? The researchers found people who were guilt-prone also reported feeling an obligation to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互动) with their partners in the game. People who are guilt-prone tend to avoid engaging in behavior that might harm or disappoint others. If they do something bad, guilt encourages them to try to make things right again.

Then, how can we use this research to ascertain whether someone is trustworthy? "One way to do this might be observe how they respond to experience regret," lead author Emma Levine, assistant professor at the University of Chicago Levine, explains. Another way is to ask them to describe a difficult dilemma they faced in the past, suggests co-author Taya Cohen, associate professor at Carnegie Mellon University. This is particularly effective, Cohen and her colleagues have found, because it allows us to see if they're concerned about the effects their actions have on others.

（1）What may make others feel that we are reliable according to the text?

A. Our good qualities to help them out.

B. Our tendency to experience guilt.

C. Our kind attitude towards them.

D. Our team spirit in the game.

（2）What may connect guilt with trustworthy behavior?

A. A sense of responsibility.

B. A feeling of disappointment.

C. The way one interacts with others.

D. The ability to tell right from wrong.

（3）What does the underlined word "ascertain" in the last paragraph mean?

A. Ask

B. Express

C. Describe

D. Determine

（4）How is the text organized and developed?

A. By providing background.

B. By making a lot of comparisons.

C. By answering the raised questions.

D. By analyzing effects of guilt-proneness.

【答案】（1）B

（2）A

（3）D

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，生活中，我们会遇到各种各样的人，那如何确定一个人是不是值得信任呢？科学家做了一个实验，发现内疚倾向性格的人更值得信任。内疚性格能驱使人的行为更加合乎道德，具有责任感。所以看一个人后悔时的表现以及通过让他描述一个两难事件，就可以确定这个人是否可靠。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“ Then, how can we use this research to ascertain whether someone is trustworthy? ”我们如何用这个研究结果确定某人是不是值得信赖呢？”以及"One way to do this might be observe how they respond to experience regret," 给出了答案之一就是观察他们经历后悔的事情时的反应是什么。所以放在我们身上，我们内疚时的反应就能让别人看出我们是不是可靠。故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The researchers found people who were guilt-prone also reported feeling an obligation to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互动) with their partners in the game.”研究发现，内疚倾向的人在和伙伴玩游戏时，感觉自己有义务采取合乎道德，有责任感的行为。也就是感到内疚，就会有责任感，有了责任感行为就值得信赖。故选A。

（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“hen, how can we use this research to ascertain whether someone is trustworthy? ”我们如何用这项研究来确定那些人是可靠的呢？"ascertain"与首段首句中的"tell"以及"allow us to see"呼应，意为“确定”，故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。文章首段提出问题：我们如何确定一个人是否可靠？下文是通过研究发现内疚倾向的人行为更加可靠，又从心理学角度分析了为什么内疚倾向的人值得信赖。随后推荐给我们两种判断对方是否可靠的办法。最后一段的回答与首段中的问题呼应。故文章是通过问答方式编排的。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

Hacking isn't just for computers and smart phones. According to a study, scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results

could increase the number of food produced around the world.

Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is easy to change the plants' genes. Hacked plants are larger than normal plants.

Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Scientists say this is a very slow process. Plants use less than 1 percent of the energy. But by hacking a plant's genes, the scientists were able to increase the amount of leaf growth on plants between 14 and 20 percent. Scientists hacked the plant's protective system. Normally, this system starts when a plant gets too much sunlight. When the plant senses the light, it creates more leaves. When the plant is in shade, the protective system is turned off. But the process is slow.

The new study sped up the process by changing the plant's genes, the protective system turned on and off more quickly than normal. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased. Leaf growth on two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they think the genetic changes would produce the same results in corn and rice.

Agriculture professor Tala Awanda said the study makes sense, but cautioned the yield（产量）might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still, she added in an email,"this study remains a breakthrough,"

（1）Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1 ?

A. We can find hacking only in digital devices.

B. A plant's genes can be changed by hacking.

C. Hacking has been used in improving food production.

D. Hacking can be used to change whatever you want.

（2）Why did scientists choose tobacco plants to study?

A. Because they are very easy to get.

B. Because their genes are easy to change.

C. Because they are larger than other plants.

D. Because they can absorb sunlight quickly.

（3）What do we know about photosynthesis?

A. It helps plants to produce energy.

B. It is regarded as a productive system for plants.

C. It can increase leaf growth on plants by 14 percent.

D. It is made up of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.

（4）We can learn from Paragraph 4 that changing the plants' genes proved _______.

A. useless

B. deadly

C. effective

D. unrealistic

（5）What is Tala Awanda's attitude toward the study?

A. Doubtful.

B. Neutral.

C. Objective.

D. Critical.

【答案】（1）B

（2）B

（3）A

（4）C

（5）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了科学家通过研究发现了通过骇入植物基因使其

更快地利用阳光的方法,这种方法对提高粮食产量是个重大突破。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly."可知,科学家发现一种通过骇入植物基因使其更快地利用阳光的方法,由此可知,植物的基因可以通过骇入来改变,故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is easy to change the plants' genes"可知,科学家在研究中选择使用烟草植物是因为它们的基因很容易改变,故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food."可知,"光合作用"这个词用来描述植物如何利用阳光、水和二氧化碳制造自己的食物,由此可知,光合作用能帮助植物产生能量,故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased."可知,结果,科学家在研究中使用的植物叶片生长量增加了,由此可知,骇入植物基因的方法证明是有效的,故选C。

（5）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"the study makes sense,but cautioned the yield（产量）might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still,she added in an email,"this study remains a breakthrough,"可知,Awanda说这个研究很有意义,但她警告说对传统农作物来说,产量可能不会那么高,最后她还说不管怎样,这项研究仍是一个突破,由此可知Awanda 对这项研究持客观态度,故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Fairy tales perform many functions. They entertain, encourage imagination and teach problem—solving skills. They can also provide moral lessons, highlighting the dangers of failing to follow the social codes that let human beings coexist in harmony. Such moral lessons may not mean much to a robot, but a team of researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that AI (artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart.

The collected stories of different cultures teach children how to behave in socially acceptable ways with examples of proper and improper behavior in fables, novels and other literature. We believe story comprehension in robots can prevent the intelligent robots from killing humanity which was predicted and feared by some of the biggest names in technology including Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates. This system is called "Quixote" (堂吉诃德). It collects story plots from the Internet and then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave.

The experiment done by the designers involves going to a drugstore to purchase some medicine for a human who needs to get it as soon as possible. The robot has three options. It can wait in line; it can interact with the store keeper politely and purchase the medicine with priority; or it can steal the medicine and escape. Without any further directives (指令), the robot will come to the conclusion that the most efficient means of obtaining the medicine is to steal it. But

Quixote offers a reward for waiting in line and politely purchasing the medicine and a punishment for stealing it. In this way, the robot will learn the moral way to behave on that occasion.

Quixote would work best on a robot that has a very limited function. It's a baby step in the direction of teaching more moral lessons into robots. We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior. Giving robots the ability to read and understand our stories may be the most efficient means.

（1）What function do fairy tales perform in the robots?

A. They entertain robots.

B. They highlight dangers.

C. They make robots more intelligent.

D. They enable robots to behave morally.

（2）What is "Quixote" in the text?

A. A punishment system

B. A character in literature

C. A big name in technology

D. A software educating robots.

（3）What does the designer expect robot to do in the experiment?

A. To take advantage of its privilege.

B. To finish the task most efficiently.

C. To perform in a good mannered way.

D. To be rewarded by the storekeeper!

（4）Which of the follow can best express the author's opinion?

A. Robots will definitely have more functions.

B. Robots with human's emotions are perfect.

C. Training robots to be socially acceptable is necessary.

D. The development of robots is still in a baby step.

【答案】（1）D

（2）D

（3）C

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了神话故事将应用于人工智能以指导机器人的行为方式，使其行为更加道德。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"a team of researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that AI (artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart."可知乔治亚理工学院的一组研究人员认为，他们已经找到了一种方法，可以将童话故事作为一种道德课程，让人工智能(AI)能够将其应用于冰冷机械的心脏。故童话故事可以使机器人行为规范道德。故选D。

（2）考查判断推理。根据第二段中的"then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave."可知Quixote用故事来教机器人如何守规矩，故Quixote是一个训练机器人的软件。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"In this way, the robot will learn the moral way to behave on that occasion."可知在实验中，设计者希望机器人将学会在那种情况下的道德行为方式。因此推断即设计者希望实验中机器人行为有礼貌，故选C。

（4）考查观点态度。根据第四段中的"We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior."我们

认为人工智能必须接受培训，以适应特定社会的价值观，这样做，它将努力避免不可接受的行为。可知作者认为训练机器人为社会所接受是必要的，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和观点态度三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Nowadays six Amazon Scout delivery robots rolled out in a pilot program in Snohomish County, Wash. The robots carry meals, groceries and packages to homes and offices in this region just north of Seattle. They have appeared on the sidewalks of London, Beijing and other cities and communities worldwide. These machines must overcome pedestrian legs, naughty dogs and broken pavement, which raises some questions.

These services are gaining attraction as a growing number of city residents expect immediate or scheduled delivery for just about everything. Between 2017 and 2018 online retail sales in the U.S. increased by 16 percent. On the final step of all these deliveries, called the last mile, humans on bicycles, motorized scooters (电动车) or large delivery trucks typically deliver packages. All the vehicles compete for space on busy urban streets. "Deliveries are trending upwards in all crowded city centers, and if city and state leaders don't start thinking about creative solutions like robot deliveries, we can expect even worse traffic jams," says Paul Mackie, director of a transportation policy research center in Arlington.

A study by this center found 73 percent of delivery vehicles in Arlington were parked outside of authorized areas, often blocking bike lanes and crosswalks. By moving the last step of deliveries from the road to the sidewalk, cities could reduce traffic jams and solve the parking problem entirely, Mackie says.

Companies such as Amazon are not developing this delivery technology simply to clear up urban traffic. Self-driving vehicles and sidewalk robots could cut down last-mile delivery costs in cities by as much as 40 percent, according to a 2018 report by a consultancy firm. A delivery robot can cost thousands of dollars to manufacture, and most currently require human management and conservation. But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars, the report stated.

（1）Why does Amazon introduce delivery robots?

A. To amuse its customers.

B. To avoid pedestrians, dogs and broken pavement.

C. To meet the increasing demand of delivering packages.

D. To confirm the company's innovation spirit.

（2）What does Paul Mackie mean by his words in paragraph 2?

A. Retail sales in the U.S. increased fast.

B. Deliveries stay steady in all crowded city centers.

C. Regardless of robot deliveries, traffic jams will remain the same.

D. Robot can help ease the traffic pressure.

（3）What can robots delivery bring to the city?

A. Block bike lanes and crosswalks.

B. Relieve urban traffic as well as save delivery costs.

C. Increase danger to pedestrians.

D. Lead to traffic jams.

（4）Which word can best describe the future of the robot delivery?

A. Uncertain.

B. Hopeless.

C. Promising.

D. Unacceptable.

【答案】（1）C

（2）D

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了亚马逊引进送货机器人以帮助缓解交通压力，节约配送成本。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“These services are gaining attraction as a growing number of city residents expect immediate or scheduled delivery for just about everything.”可知，随着越来越多的城市居民希望几乎所有东西都能立即或按计划交付，这些服务越来越有吸引力，从而可以推断出，亚马逊要引入送货机器人其目的是以满足日益增长的包裹投递需求。故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Deliveries are trending upwards in all crowded city centers, and if city and state leaders don't start thinking about creative solutions like robot deliveries, we can expect even worse traffic jams ”Paul Mac kie认为，在所有拥挤的市中心，快递呈上升趋势，如果城市和州领导人不开始考虑机器人快递等创造性的解决方案，我们可能会面临更严重的交通堵塞。可知，机器人可以帮助缓解交通压力。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Companies such as Amazon are not developing this delivery technology simply to clear up urban traffic. Self-driving vehicles and sidewalk robots could cut down last-mile delivery costs in cities by as much as 40 percent, according to a 2018 report by a consultancy firm.和But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of doll ars”可知，机器人送货缓解城市交通，节约配送成本。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“But in the long run companies that use autonomous delivery vehicles in the next several years could end up saving billions of dollars, the report stated. ”从长远来看，未来几年使用自动送货车的公司最终可能节省数十亿美元，可以推断，送货机器人有广泛的前景。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。