药物合成反应(第三版)第二章课后翻译
第二章课后翻译
Preparation of cyclopropane 1,1- dicarboxylic acid环丙烷1,1-二甲酸的制备(1). To a 1-L solution of aqueous 50% sodium hydroxide(Note 1), mechanically stirred in a 2-L, three-necked flask, was added, at 25°C, 114.0 g (0.5 mol) of triethylbenzylammonium chloride（TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵）(Note 2).1L的50%氢氧化钠加入到2L的三口烧瓶中，加入TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵114.0g（0.5mol）在25℃机械搅拌。To this vigorously stirred suspension was added a mixture of 80.0 g (0.5 mol) of diethyl malonate and 141.0 g (0.75 mol) of 1,2-dibromoethane all at once.充分搅拌至混悬状，一次性加入丙二酸二乙酯80.0g（0.5mol）和1,2-二溴乙烷141.0个（0.75mol）的混合物。The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 2 hr (Note 3).反应混合物强烈搅拌2小时。The contents of the flask were transferred to a 4-L Erlenmeyer flask by rinsing the flask with three 75-mL portions of water.把烧瓶中的物质转移到4L的锥形瓶中，并用75ml清水洗涤烧瓶三次。The mixture was magnetically stirred by dropwise addition of 1 L of concentrated hydrochloric acid.混合物在磁力搅拌下缓慢滴加浓盐酸。The temperature of the flask was maintained between 15 and 25°C during acidification. 在酸化过程中烧瓶内的温度保持在15-25℃之间。The aqueous layer was poured into a 4-L separatory funnel and extracted three times with 900 mL of ether.反应物的水层在4L的分液漏斗中用900ml乙醚分三次萃取。The aqueous layer was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted three times with 500 mL of ether.水层用氯化钠饱和，并且用500ml乙醚分三次萃取。The ether layers were combined, washed with 1 L of brine, dried (MgSO4), and decolorized with activated carbon.合并乙醚液，用浓盐水洗涤，干燥，用活性炭脱色。Removal of the solvent by rotary evaporation gave 55.2 g of a semisolid residue.用旋转蒸发器出去溶剂得55.2g的半固体。The residue was triturateed with 100 mL of benzene.残渣用100ml苯磨碎。Filtration of this mixture gave 43.1–47.9 g (66–73%) of 1 as white crystals, mp 137–140°C.过滤的混合物为43.1-47.9g(66–73%)白色晶体熔点137–140°C
Preparation of mesitaldehyde (2,4,6- trimethyl benzaldehyde) 2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛的制备
A solution of 72 g. (0.60 mole) of mesitylene in 375 ml. of dry methylene chloride is placed in a 1-l. three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a stirrer, and a dropping funnel. 72g （0.60mol）的1,3,5-三甲基苯和无水的二氯甲烷放入配有冷凝回流、搅拌和滴液漏斗装置的三口烧瓶中。The solution is cooled in an ice bath, and 190 g. (110 ml., 1.0 mole) of titanium tetrachloride is added over a period of 3 minutes. 在冰浴的条件下，在三分钟内滴加190g （110ml，1.0mol）的四氯化钛。While the solution is stirred and cooled, 57.5 g. (0.5 mole) of dichloromethyl methyl ether 2 is added dropwise over a 25-minute period.之后再冰浴和搅拌下，在25分钟内滴加57.5g（0.5mol）滴加二氯甲基甲醚。The reaction begins (as indicated by evolution of hydrogen chloride) when the first drop of chloro ether is added. 当开始滴加氯代醚，则反应开始（有氯化氢放出）After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for 5 minutes in the ice bath, for 30 minutes without cooling, and for 15 minutes at 35°.在滴加完成后，混合物在冰浴下搅拌5分钟，移开冰浴反应30分钟，再在35℃下反应15分钟。
Th e reaction mixture is poured into a separatory funnel containing about 0.5 kg. of crushed ice and is shaken thoroughly.反应混合物移入分液漏斗，并加0.5kg的碎冰，充分振摇。The organic layer is separated, and the aqueous solution is extracted with two 50- ml. portions of
methylene chloride.弃去有机层，水层再用50ml的二氯甲烷分两次萃取。
The combined organic solution is washed three times with 75-ml. portions of water.合并萃取液，用75ml水分三次洗涤。A crystal of hydroquinone is added to the methylene chloride solution (Note 1) which is then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. 对二苯酚晶体加入到二氯甲烷溶液中，在加入无水硫酸钠干燥。After evaporation of the solvent, the residue is distilled to give the crude product, b.p. 68–74° (0.9 mm.).蒸去溶剂便得到粗品沸点68-74℃（0.9mm）After redistillation there is obtained 60–66 g. (81–89%) of mesitaldehyde; b.p. 113–115° (11 mm.), n20D 1.5538.重蒸馏得到60-66g（81-89%）的2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛沸点113-115℃（11mm）。
药物合成反应(第三版)第二章课后翻译
第二章课后翻译 Preparation of cyclopropane 1,1- dicarboxylic acid环丙烷1,1-二甲酸的制备(1). To a 1-L solution of aqueous 50% sodium hydroxide(Note 1), mechanically stirred in a 2-L, three-necked flask, was added, at 25°C, 114.0 g (0.5 mol) of triethylbenzylammonium chloride（TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵）(Note 2).1L的50%氢氧化钠加入到2L的三口烧瓶中，加入TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵114.0g（0.5mol）在25℃机械搅拌。To this vigorously stirred suspension was added a mixture of 80.0 g (0.5 mol) of diethyl malonate and 141.0 g (0.75 mol) of 1,2-dibromoethane all at once.充分搅拌至混悬状，一次性加入丙二酸二乙酯80.0g（0.5mol）和1,2-二溴乙烷141.0个（0.75mol）的混合物。The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 2 hr (Note 3).反应混合物强烈搅拌2小时。The contents of the flask were transferred to a 4-L Erlenmeyer flask by rinsing the flask with three 75-mL portions of water.把烧瓶中的物质转移到4L的锥形瓶中，并用75ml清水洗涤烧瓶三次。The mixture was magnetically stirred by dropwise addition of 1 L of concentrated hydrochloric acid.混合物在磁力搅拌下缓慢滴加浓盐酸。The temperature of the flask was maintained between 15 and 25°C during acidification. 在酸化过程中烧瓶内的温度保持在15-25℃之间。The aqueous layer was poured into a 4-L separatory funnel and extracted three times with 900 mL of ether.反应物的水层在4L的分液漏斗中用900ml乙醚分三次萃取。The aqueous layer was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted three times with 500 mL of ether.水层用氯化钠饱和，并且用500ml乙醚分三次萃取。The ether layers were combined, washed with 1 L of brine, dried (MgSO4), and decolorized with activated carbon.合并乙醚液，用浓盐水洗涤，干燥，用活性炭脱色。Removal of the solvent by rotary evaporation gave 55.2 g of a semisolid residue.用旋转蒸发器出去溶剂得55.2g的半固体。The residue was triturateed with 100 mL of benzene.残渣用100ml苯磨碎。Filtration of this mixture gave 43.1–47.9 g (66–73%) of 1 as white crystals, mp 137–140°C.过滤的混合物为43.1-47.9g(66–73%)白色晶体熔点137–140°C Preparation of mesitaldehyde (2,4,6- trimethyl benzaldehyde) 2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛的制备 A solution of 72 g. (0.60 mole) of mesitylene in 375 ml. of dry methylene chloride is placed in a 1-l. three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a stirrer, and a dropping funnel. 72g （0.60mol）的1,3,5-三甲基苯和无水的二氯甲烷放入配有冷凝回流、搅拌和滴液漏斗装置的三口烧瓶中。The solution is cooled in an ice bath, and 190 g. (110 ml., 1.0 mole) of titanium tetrachloride is added over a period of 3 minutes. 在冰浴的条件下，在三分钟内滴加190g （110ml，1.0mol）的四氯化钛。While the solution is stirred and cooled, 57.5 g. (0.5 mole) of dichloromethyl methyl ether 2 is added dropwise over a 25-minute period.之后再冰浴和搅拌下，在25分钟内滴加57.5g（0.5mol）滴加二氯甲基甲醚。The reaction begins (as indicated by evolution of hydrogen chloride) when the first drop of chloro ether is added. 当开始滴加氯代醚，则反应开始（有氯化氢放出）After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for 5 minutes in the ice bath, for 30 minutes without cooling, and for 15 minutes at 35°.在滴加完成后，混合物在冰浴下搅拌5分钟，移开冰浴反应30分钟，再在35℃下反应15分钟。 Th e reaction mixture is poured into a separatory funnel containing about 0.5 kg. of crushed ice and is shaken thoroughly.反应混合物移入分液漏斗，并加0.5kg的碎冰，充分振摇。The organic layer is separated, and the aqueous solution is extracted with two 50- ml. portions of
综合英语 1 课后翻译答案
Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题作好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he may confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad experience touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。(hand in hand) The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。(well up) When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。(in common) People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在3年内买一幢新房子。(look into) Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相帮助。(part) Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we used to. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon） At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（head） A government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa yesterday, starting a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching tools, for all your lessons as well as all the questions and all the answers can be shown on a screen. 4.张利的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人请来医生。（send for） Zhang Li’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday, so he sent for a doctor immediately.
药物合成反应课后翻译.
1、 About 216–224 g. (1.62–1.68 moles) of powdered anhydrous aluminum chloride is added to a 1Lthree-necked flask.在1L的三口烧瓶中加入大约 216-224g(1.62–1.68 moles)的无水三氯化铝。While the free-flowing catalyst is stirred (Note 3), 81 g. (0.67 mole) of acetophenone is added from the dropping funnel in a slow stream over a period of 20–30 minutes. 自由流动的催化剂边搅拌边用滴液漏斗缓慢滴加81g苯乙酰。Considerable heat is evolved, and, if the drops of ketone are not dispersed, darkening or charring occurs. 放热反应，假如滴加的酮不能被分散，就会变黑或是碳化。When about one-third of the acetophenone has been added, the mixture becomes a viscous ball-like mass that is difficult to stir.当三分之一的乙酰苯被滴加，反应混合物变成一个很难搅拌的粘性的球状团块。Turning of the stirrer by hand or more rapid addition of ketone is necessary at this point. 在这时，改用手动搅拌或快速滴加酮是非常必要的。The addition of ketone, however, should not be so rapid as to produce a temperature above 180°. 然而，速度不能太快，当反应温度超过180℃时。Near the end of the addition, the mass becomes molten and can be stirred easily without being either heated or cooled. The molten mass, in which the acetophenone is complexed with aluminum chloride, ranges in color from tan to brown.当快滴加完时，团块开始融化，表明苯乙酰已经和三氯化铝混合完全，颜色也逐渐从黄褐色变为棕色。 Bromine (128 g., 0.80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes (Note 4). 在40分钟内在搅拌下把溴缓慢滴加到混合物中。After all the bromine has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80–85° on a steam bath for 1 hour.溴滴加完后，熔融混合物在80-85℃蒸气浴下搅拌1小时。The complex is added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1.3 l. of cracked ice and 100 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 2-l. beaker (Note 6).反应物加入到1.3L碎冰和100ml浓盐酸的混合物中在2L的烧杯中混合均匀。Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to decompose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker.把部分的冰水层加入到烧瓶中洗涤残留物，然后合并到烧杯中。The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml. portions of ether 分四次把深色的油从混合物中用150ml萃取出来。The extracts are combined, washed consecutively with 100 ml. of water and 100 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask. 合并萃取液，用100ml 水和100ml 5%的小苏打洗涤，用无水硫酸钠干燥。The ether is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromoacetophenone is stripped from a few
药物合成反应(第三版)第三章课后翻译
2-Methyl-4-ethoxalylcyclopentane-1,3,5-trione. A solution of sodium ethoxide is prepared in a 2-l. three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a mercury-sealed stirrer, a reflux condenser carrying a drying tube, and a stopper by the addition of 69.0 g. (3 moles) of sodium to 950 ml. of absolute ethanol. 69.0g （3mol）钠和950ml无水乙醇在配有干燥回流冷凝管和汞封搅拌器的2L三口圆底烧瓶中制备乙醇钠。The solution is cooled to 0–5° in an ice bath and stirred.溶液在0-5℃下冰浴搅拌。The stopper is replaced by a dropping funnel, and a cold mixture (5–15°) of 108 g. (1.50 moles) of freshly distilled 2-butanone and 482 g. (3.30 moles) of diethyl oxalate(Note 1) is added gradually over a period of 30 minutes.瓶塞用分液漏斗取代，108g（1.5mol）的丁二酮和482g（3.3mol）的乙二酸二乙酯在5-15℃下低温混合，在30分钟内逐步滴加到溶液中。After the addition is complete, the thick, orange-red mixture is allowed to warm with continued stirring to room temperature, heated under reflux for 30 minutes, and cooled again to 0° in an ice bath. 完全加入后，橘红色的粘稠物继续搅拌至室温，加热回流30分钟后在冰浴中冷却至0℃。The mixture is decomposed by stirring with 165 ml. of sulfuric acid (1:1 by volume) added in portions.将165ml浓硫酸（体积比1:1）在搅拌加入，分解混合物。The sodium sulfate formed is filtered by suction and washed with ethanol (150–200 ml.) (Note 2). 硫酸钠抽滤后用乙醇（150–200 ml）洗涤。The washings and filtrate are combined and concentrated by evaporation .合并滤液和洗涤液后蒸发浓缩。The yellowish brown product which accumulates by slow crystallization is collected by filtration, washed with small quantities of ice-cold water, and dried in air.过滤缓慢析出的棕黄色产品用小剂量的冰水洗涤后在空气中干燥。The crude product weighs 140–150 g.粗产品 140-150g。Further evaporative concentration of the mother liquor followed by cooling furnishes an additional 40–50 g. of the keto ester,此外将母液用冷冻蒸发浓缩后又得到40-50g的酮酯。bringing the total yield to 180–200 g. (53–59%)产品总共180-200g（产率53-59%）(Note 2). This crude material (m.p. 120–130°) is used in the next step.粗品（熔点120–130℃）用于下一步中A pure sample can be obtained by crystallization from ethyl acetate after treatment with Norit activated carbon, m.p. 160–162°.纯品是经过活性炭处理后在乙酸乙酯中结晶得到，熔点160–162℃。 The procedure for 2- pyrrolealdehyde 2-吡咯甲醛 In a 3-l. three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with a sealed stirrer, a dropping funnel, and a reflux condenser, is placed 80 g. (1.1 moles) of dimethylformamide (Note 1).在配有封闭搅拌器、滴液漏斗和冷凝回流装置的三口圆底烧瓶中放入80g（1.1mol）的二甲基甲酰胺。The flask is immersed in an ice bath, and the internal temperature is maintained at 10–20°, while 169 g.
全新版大学英语综合教程课后翻译答案
1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 2.The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose. 3.每当她生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。 4.Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly. 5.教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最 好的私立学校上学。 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0d5957305.html,cation is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school. 7. 8.another 9. 些由他自己造成的痛苦经历 20.I find it ironic that Tom has a selective memory --- he does not seem to remember painful experiences in the past, particularly those of his own doing. 21.背离传统需要极大勇气 22.It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 23.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了 24.Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 25.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是可取的
药物合成反应(闻韧 第三版)课后答案第六章
第六章 氧化反应习题及答案 1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物 (1) 32o 3 (2) CCH 3 O SeO 2 (3) H 2CrO 4OH CH 3 CH(CH 3)2 丙酮 (4)HOCH 2CH 2CCH 2CH=CHCO 2CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 PCC (5) CO 2CH 3 32 (6)CH 3CH 2CHCCH 2CH 3 OH O MnO 2 (7)CH 3CH=CHCO 2C 2H 5 33 (8)(CH 3)2CHCH=CHCH=CHCH 2OH DMSO (9) O H HOH 2C 6 (10) O 222) KOH/MeOH
(11) 2) NaOH COOH 222 (12) O H 3C CH 3H H 3 C H 2SO 4 (13) 2233 3 (14) KMnO 4 (15) N O 3 2
2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。
(1) Cl CH 3 Cl COOH (2)PhCH=CHCH 2OH PhCH=CHCH=O (3) O (4) C H CH 2CO 2CH 3 H C(CH 3)2 H C H CH 2CO 2CH 3 H C H CHO (5) CH H 3CO 2C H 3CO 2C (6) OH OCH 3 O OCH 3 (7) 2H (8) CONH 2CH(CH 3)2 CONH 2CH(CH 3) 2O (9) OH OH (10)H 2C=CHCH(OC 2H 5)2 H 2C CHCH(OC 2H 5)2OH OH
综合英语3课后翻译答案解析
Unit 1 1. 听到他屡遭失败的消息，我感到很难过。（distress） It distressed me a great deal to hear the news that he had suffered repeated failures. 2. 他虽然失去了老板的欢心，但仍然装出了一副高兴的样子。（assume） He assumed an air of cheerfulness even though he lost favor with his boss. 3. 格列佛经历了冒险奇遇，见到了各色奇异的人物。（assortment） Gulliver met with extraordinary adventures and witnessed an assortment of strange people. 4. 如果你再犯同样的错误，他会很生你气的。（furious） He will be furious with you if you repeat the same mistake. 5. 我们都被他坦率的观点、幽默的语言和亲切的态度所深深吸引。（draw） We were all greatly drawn by his frank views, humorous words and genial manner. 6. 等到欢呼的掌声平息下来，那位诺贝尔奖获得者开始演讲。（die down） The Nobel Prize winner began his speech after cheers and applause died down. 7. 他天生有一种特别的洞察力和预见力，因此，他很少随大流。（run with the crowd） He is gifted with a special sort of insight and foresight, so he rarely runs with the crowd. 8. 我发现现实毕竟是非常严酷的，一个人难以完全按照自己的理想去生活。（live up to） I feel realities are after all very harsh, so one can hardly live up entirely to his ideals. Unit 2 1. 我的顶头上司是典型的工作狂，一年365天每天工作10小时以上。（workaholic） My direct superior is a typical workaholic, for he works for over ten hours each day all the year round. 2. 校长十分注重课外活动，他认为课外活动有助于培养学生对于外部世界的浓厚兴趣。（extracurricular） The principal attaches much importance to extracurricular activities and he believes that they will help to cultivate students’ tremendous interest in the external world.
药物合成反应(闻韧第三版)课后翻译
1、 216-224g(1.62–1.68 moles)的无水三氯化铝。While the free-flowing catalyst is funnel in a slow stream over a period of 20–30 minutes. 自由流动的催化剂边搅拌边用滴液漏斗缓慢滴加81g苯乙酰。Considerable heat is evolved, and, if the drops of ketone are not dispersed, darkening or charring occurs. 放热反应，假如滴加的酮不能被分散， mixture becomes a viscous ball-like mass that is difficult to stir.当三分之一的乙酰苯被滴加，反应混合物变成一个很难搅拌的粘性的球状团块。Turning of the stirrer by hand or more rapid addition of ketone is necessary at this point. 在这时，改用手动搅拌或快速滴加酮是非常必要的。The addition of ketone, however, should not be so rapid as to produce a temperature above 180°. 然而，速度不能太快，当反应温度超过180℃时。Near the end of the addition, the mass becomes molten and can be stirred easily 时，团块开始融化，表明苯乙酰已经和三氯化铝混合完全，颜色也逐渐从黄褐色变为棕色。 Bromine (128 g., 0.80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes (Note 4). 在40分钟内在搅拌下把溴缓慢滴加到混合物中。After all the bromine has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80–85° on a steam bath for 1 hour.溴滴加完后，熔融混合物在80-85℃蒸气浴下搅拌1小时。The complex is added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1.3 l. of cracked ice and 100 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 2-l. beaker (Note 6).反应物加入到1.3L碎冰和100ml浓盐酸的混合物中在2L的烧杯中混合均匀。Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to decompose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker.把部分的冰水层加入到烧瓶中洗涤残留物，然后合并到烧杯中。The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml. portions of ether 分四次把深色的油从混合物中用150ml萃取出来。The extracts are combined, washed consecutively with 100 ml. of water and 100 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask. 合并萃取液，用100ml 水和100ml 5%的小苏打洗涤，用无水硫酸钠干燥。The ether is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromoacetophenone is stripped from a few
(完整版)英语专业综合教程2课后题翻译答案
Unit1 1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。 Thanks to advanced technology, the film about the ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2. 在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来。（devastate）That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived. 3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。 The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake. 4．那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命。（leave behind） In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才完成。 The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money. 6. 1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。（meet up with） In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7.这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。 It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to find my way to the little firm. 8.在电影界要达到顶峰时非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。 It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director Xie Jin did it. Unit2 1. 如今很多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them. 2．当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（affair, fall apart） Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3.那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。(inspiration, deny oneself something) For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life. 4．我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨。(excursion, at the mercy of) I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is
药物合成反应习题集
《药物合成技术》 习题集 适用于制药技术类专业 第一章概论 一、本课程的学习内容和任务是什么？学好本课程对从事药物及其中间体合成工作有何意义？ 二、药物合成反应有哪些特点？应如何学习和掌握？ 三、什么是化学、区域选择性？举例说明。 四、什么是导向基？具体包括哪些类型？举例说明。 五、药物合成反应有哪些分类方法？所用试剂有哪些分类方法？举例说明。 六、查资料写一篇500字左右的短文，报道药物合成领域的新技术及发展动态？ 第二章卤化技术（Halogenation Reaction） 一、简答下列问题 1．何为卤化反应？按反应类型分类，卤化反应可分为哪几种？并举例说明。 2．在药物合成中，为什么常用卤化物作为药物合成的中间体？ 3.在较高温度或自由基引发剂存在下，于非极性溶剂中，Br 2 和NBS都可用于烯丙位和苄位的溴取代，试比较它们各自的优缺点。 4.比较X 2 、HX、HOX对双键离子型加成的机理、产物有何异同，为什么？ 5.解释卤化氢与烯烃加成反应中，产生马氏规则的原因（用反应机理）。为什么Lewis酸能够催化该反应？ 6．解释溴化氢与烯烃加成反应中，产生过氧化效应的原因？ 7．在羟基卤置换反应中，卤化剂（HX、SOCl 2、PCl 3 、PCl 5 ）各有何特点，它们的 使用范围如何？ 二、完成下列反应 三、为下列反应选择合适的试剂和条件，并说明原因。 四、分析讨论 1．试预测下列各烯烃溴化（Br 2/CCl 4 ）的活性顺序。
2．在乙胺嘧啶中间体对氯氯苄的制备中，有如下两条路线，各有何特点？试讨论其优缺点。 3．以下是三种制备溴乙烷的方法，其中哪种适合工业生产，哪种适合实验室制备？ 4．在氯霉素生产过程中，对-硝基-α-溴代苯乙酮的制备时， （1）反应有无催化剂？若有，属于哪种催化剂？ （2）将对硝基苯乙酮与溶于氯苯中,加热至24-25℃，滴加少量溴，当有HBr生成并使反应液变色则可继续加溴，否则需升温至50℃直至反应开始方可继续滴加溴，为什么？ （3）反应毕开大真空排净溴化氢，反应过程中溴化氢也不断移走，是不是移得越净越有利于反应？为什么？ （4）生产过程中，影响因素有哪些？ 第三章烷基化技术 (Hydrocarbylation Reaction ,Alkylation) 一、解释概念及简答 1．常用的烃化剂有哪些？进行甲基化及乙基化时，应选择哪些烃化剂？引入较大烃基时应选用哪些烃化剂？ 2．什么叫相转移催化反应？其原理是什么？采用相转移催化技术有什么优点？ 3．利用Gabriel反应与Delepine反应制备伯胺时，有什么相同与不同点？ 4．什么是羟乙基化反应？在药物合成中有什么特别的意义？ 5．进行F-C烃化反应时，芳香族化合物结构、卤代烃对反应有何影响？常用哪些催化剂？如何选择合适的催化剂。 6．若在活性亚甲基上引入两个烃基，应如何选择原料和操作方法？并解释原因。 二、利用Williamson法制混合醚时，应合理选择起始原料及烃化试剂，试设计下列产品的合成方法，并说明原因，掌握其中的规律。 三、完成下列反应 四、为下列反应选择适当的原料、试剂和条件，并说明依据。 五、利用所给的原料，综合所学知识合成下列产品 1．以甲苯、环氧乙烷、二乙胺为主要原料，选择适当的试剂和条件合成局麻药盐酸普鲁卡因。 2．以乙苯为主要原料，选择适当的试剂和条件合成氯霉素中间体对硝基-α-胺基
综合英语(一)课文翻译练习及答案Lesson02
Lesson Two [h?nz]?kr?st??n][??nd?s?n][o?n][?f?ri tel] Hans Christian Andersen’s Own Fairy Tale (I) [?dɑn?ld] [lu?iz] Donald and Louise Peattie 第2课汉斯·克里斯琴·安徒生自己的童话(1) 唐纳德·皮蒂和路易丝·皮蒂 [??p?n]['denmɑ:rk] 1 Once upon a time there was a poor boy who lived in Denmark. His father, a shoemaker, had died, and his mother had married again. 1从前，在丹麦有一个可怜的小男孩。他的父亲是一名鞋匠，已经去世，而他的母亲改了嫁。 once upon a time 很久以前 2 One day the boy went to ask a favor of the Prince of Denmark. When the Prince asked him what he wanted, ?po??tri]['θ??t?] the boy said, “I want to write plays in poetry and to act at the Royal Theater.”The Prince looked at the boy,at ?s?ns?b?l] his big hands and feet, at his big nose and large serious eyes, and gave a sensible answer. “It is one thing to act in plays, another to write them. I tell you this for your own good; learn a useful trade like shoemaking. “ 2一天，这个男孩去向丹麦王子请求帮助。当王子问他需要什么时，小男孩说：“我想用诗歌来写戏剧,并在皇家剧院演出。”王子 看着这个男孩，看着他的大手掌和大脚丫，看着他的大鼻梁和一本正经的大眼睛，给了一个明智的答案：“演戏是一回事，写剧本则是另一回事。我告诉你是为你好，去学一门像制鞋之类的有用的手艺吧！” ask a favor for sb. 请某人帮忙 look at 看着 it is one thing to do…and (it is ) another (thing) to do…用来表示两件事虽有相似之处，但后一件难度大得多，不可混为一谈。 for your own good 为了你好 3 So the boy, who was not sensible at all, went home. There he took what little money he had, said good-bye to his mother and his stepfather and started out to seek his fortune. He was sure that someday the name Hans