英语构词法

英语构词法
英语构词法

英语构词法

英语主要有三种构词法:转化、派生和合成,下面简要介绍一下这三种构词法。

1、转化构词法:

①有大量的动词可以转化为名词,有时意思没有太大的变化:

Let me have a try.我来试一试。

We stopped there for a swim.

He went off at a run to consult a doctor.

This is for winter wear. Don’t make it too tight.

I like a quiet read after supper。

This was a great surprise(strike,shock)to my brother.

Have a look(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,smoke,lie,read,run,dream,fight,walk,ride,drink,laugh,dance,bathe,wish,win,fear,love,debate,dispute,interview,taste,etc)

Make a study(guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,search,stay,smart,answer,reply,remark,fight,arrest,appeal,purchase,sacrifice,demand,show,deal,attempt,attack,advance,etc)

Come to a stop(end,pause)

有时意思有一定的变化:

He was about the same build as his brother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。

Last year’s catch was four times that of 1986.去年的捕鱼量为1986年的四倍。

This was a decisive move.这是一个决定性的步骤。

They can be used as a stock feed.它们可以作为牲口饲料。

Women have a equal say in everything.妇女在各方面都有同样的发言权。

He won two games;the other two were draws.他赢了两局,另外两局打平了。

②也有相当多的名词可以当动词用。许多表示物件的名词可以用做动词来表示动

作。

Have you booked your ticket?

Who chaired the meeting?

He pinned great hopes on us.

It can seat a thousand people.

We have mapped out plans for their utilization.

It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students.

He hurriedly penciled the time on it.

By noon he had bagged three hares.

The machine bottles15000 jars of cold cream a day.

The money was all pocketed by corrupt officials.

He hammered a nail into the wall.

有些表示身体部位的名词也可以用来做动词。

Hand in you exercise-books,please.

We’ll back you up. We should dare to face any difficulty and danger.

Who headed the delegation. (当团长)。We’ll headed for Yunnan tomorrow.

We should shoulder these responsibilities.(肩负)

She fingered the silk gently.(抚摩)

Soon the seedings shot up and began to ear.(抽穗)

I’m never interested in nosing out the details of someone else’s private life.(探听)They eyed him with suspicion.(注视)

一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词:

If so,we shall be badly fooled.(上当)

He insisted on staying up to nurse the child.(护理)

We were hosted by members of the embassy.(款待)

Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death.(医治)

The equipment was manned by three workers per shift.(操作)

He has soldiered in France in his youth.(当兵)

The army was officered by brave men.(担任军官)

He fathered many inventions.(有过)

一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词:

Each apartment can house a family of six.(居住)

I hope we can room together.(住)

This helped to bridge over our difficulties. (度过)

They flowered well but bore little fruit. (开花)

He floored the room.(装地板)

He manured the soil before sowing.(施底肥)

An aeroplane was used to dust insecticide.(喷洒)

We decided to dam the river.(筑河坝)

He is busy oiling the bicycle.(上油)

He wolfed down three great bowls of rice.(狼吞虎咽)

The pill is coated with sugar.(包有糖衣)

Executives,workers and technicians team up.(组织在一起)

此外,还有一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词:

Where do swallows winter?(过冬)

We summered by Lake Geneva.(度夏)

For six days and nights they battled to save his life.(苦战)

Through my childhood,I had hungered for education.(盼望)

This so angered us that we beat him up.(使气愤)

The attack must be properly timed.(选择时间)

The actual labor force numbered 12000.(计数有)

They breakfasted(lunched)at the guesthouse.(吃早饭)

Over 1000 students stormed into the Senate building.(冲进)

③有不少形容词也可以用做动词:

The train slowed down to half its speed.(减慢一半)

This is the chief way of narrowing the differences between them.(缩小)Please warm up the dish over the stove.(热一下)

The room gradually quieted down.(安静下来)

They periodically thinned out leaves.(打掉)

Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.(纠正)

Nothing dries sooner than a tear.(干)。Shelly was unable to calm her.

The results humbled him.(失体面)

Don’t idle away your time.(白白混掉)

They braved the bitter cold to complete the railway.(不顾)

Most of these rivers empty into the Pacific Ocean.(流入)

He adjusted the lathe and readied the cutting tool.(准备好)

She busied herself with household work. Don’t dirty your clothes.

They finally freed themselves from slavery.

Only thus can we better the life of the people.

He felt himself wronged.(受了委屈)His hair is beginning to grey.

The newspaper had been yellowed by sunlight.

He lowered his voice.

另外有个别其他词类的词可用做动词:

This helped to further their unity.(促进adv---v)

Truth will out.(大白adv---v)

3000 workers there downed tools.(放下工具罢工adv---v)

Please forward the letter to my new address.(转寄adv---v)

She will off and do her own things.(走掉adv---v)

I second the motion.(同意num---v)

④有不少形容词可用做名词:

Nobles constituted seven per cent of the population.(贵族)

He didn’t want to disturb the quiet needed by the patients.(安静环境)He’s a dear. When is your French oral?(口语课)

Their jobless total(总数)reached a record high(高峰)since 1940.

There is only one black in my class.

She is investigating the ancients’conception of the universe.(古人)

He is a natural for the job. (天生适合……的人)

It is necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong.

They are running in the final . Our six- year-old is at school.

In short,for short,in general,for free,in red,in public,in common,in particular 等.

⑤此外,还有个别其他转化的情况:

This is a repeat performance of their old policy.(故伎重演)

They held a fancy dress ball.(化装)We began to march north.

His arguments contains too many ifs and buts.

This book is a must for students of electronics.(必读书)

Have you considered the why and how of the plan?

Have you had a medical yet?(检查身体)

⑥有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类,但是重音发生变化.

Digest export import increase permit present progress produce record refuse suspect transport perfect content desert transport 等

⑦另外有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类,有的拼写无变化,有的拼写发

生改变:

use---use excuse---excuse house---house mouth---mouth practice---practise advice—advise belief—believe grief---grieve half---halves relief—relieve thief-----theft---thieve receipt—receive weight—weigh half—halve complaint—complain

还有一些词转化为另一词时元音或拼法也发生了变化:

bath---bathe breath---breathe blood---bleed food—feed gold—gild proof---prove speech—speak tale—tell sale—sell lose---loss fill—full choose---choice

2、派生构词法:派生构词法主要是有词根加后缀构成。

①构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这些:

-er 加在动词后表示人:adviser announcer thinker admirer baker barber founder learner player babysitter eye-opener speaker employer

trainer peace-lover deer-hunter wood-cutter landowner moneylender

onlooker miner passer-by supporter bread-winner labourer designer

school-leaver lawyer manager(经理) passenger (旅客)beggar

加在动词后表示工具或物品:air-conditioner can-opener cooker harvester eraser drawer duster recorder telephone-receiver timer counter pain-killer best

seller container best-seller heater(加热器) poster roller reminder 加在名词形容词后表示人:villager banker farmer Londoner New Zealander owner stranger foreigner southerner teenager photographer outsider

islander miller gardener, messenger

-or actor sailor transistor semi-conductor inventor governor operator editor visitor elevator calculator professor director collector competitor

inspector navigator

-ar beggar, liar, scholar, burglar

-ist Marxist artist pianist socialist communist capitalist dentist scientist tourist typist specialist 专家novelist tourist

-ee employee trainee trustee(理事)addressee(收件人)referee(裁判)interviewee appointee(被任命人)

-eer pioneer engineer profiteer(投机商)mountaineer volunteer

-ess hostess actress waitress lioness tigress princess goddess empress heiress mistress poetess priestess shepherdess fairness

-ian magician musician technician physician politician librarian comedian, pedestrian

-ier cashier soldier financier premier

-ary revolutionary, secretary

-ese Chinese Japanese Portuguese Pekinese

-ant dependant inhabitant contestant attendant(服务员)servant, immigrant, inhabitant, assistant, descendant

-ent agent, president, resident, student, correspondent

-man sportsman seaman fireman salesman spokesman statesman fisherman countryman postman

-ism socialism Marxism racism heroism optimism

-ness illness sickness happiness greatness coldness kindness goodness darkness sadness bitterness carelessness loneliness

-(a)tion dictation preparation operation liberation exception repetition pronunciation description explanation suggestion attention intention

introduction direction separation modernization consideration invitation

collection protection competition recognition translation realization

imagination reduction addition pollution exhibition connection

construction determination interruption congratulation satisfaction relaxation

reflection reception exception situation (形势,情况) temptation -ion discussion revision decision expansion persuasion comparison permission expression possession explosion admission impression

-ment development disagreement agreement judgment movement argument government disappointment astonishment amazement employment punishment improvement encouragement management enjoyment excitement settlement treatment announcement requirement refreshment statement basement entertainment assignment

-ing building smoking reading swimming feeling painting wedding freezing sleep-pills close-planting deep-ploughing English-speaking sight-seeing farming gardening printing earnings savings wedding surrounding fittings greeting bodybuilding aging blessing thanksgiving

-ship leadership friendship scholarship hardship citizenship membership warship seamanship ownership companionship relationship worship

-hood childhood boyhood falsehood(谬误)likelihood (可能性)motherhood (母性,为母之道)brotherhood

-age marriage carriage shortage leakage(泄露)baggage advantage passage storage percentage package 包装advantage

-ure failure pressure pleasure seizure(抓,没收)mixture moisture signature architecture creature departure literature

-dom freedom kingdom officialdom (官僚作风)wisdom

-ty safety cruelty(残酷)loyalty(忠诚)penalty(处罚)variety quality (质量) certainty poverty anxiety

-ity activity reality humidity(湿度,潮湿)possibility electricity nationality majority minority disability equality security necessity

-y(ry)difficulty slavery discovery inquiry(质询,调查)modesty honesty jewelry bribery(贿赂,行贿)rivalry (竞争,敌对)scenery bravery recovery entry treaty robbery mystery luxury bravery machinery scenery poetry bakery grocery cemetery brewery

-th truth warmth health length strength width depth growth death breadth width

-al arrival refusal denial(否认,拒绝)approval(承认,赞成)burial trial industrial

-ance(ence)acceptance allowance assistance reliance difference dependence confidence reference performance appearance occurrence existence obedience entrance remembrance intelligence(智力) experience 经验appliance(用具器具) insurance nuisance

-ful mouthful handful plateful busful spadeful bowlful basketful

-ette cigarette kitchenette

-let booklet(小册子)leaflet(传单)piglet(小猪)starlet(小星星,小明星)

-ce silence difference importance convenience distance patience

-ice justice正义, service服务

②构成形容词的常用后缀:

-ful cheerful useful grateful faithful wonderful beautiful careful helpful fearful painful purposely thoughtful hopeful plentiful pitiful colourful regretful awful

-less careless homeless fearless helpless homeless starless motherless useless priceless valueless harmless shameless meaningless thoughtless powerless windless speechless wireless nameless endless lawless cloudless

colourless hopeless fruitless cheerless doubtless formless penniless flightless aimless odorless regardless restless shapeless

-ish foolish childish(幼稚的) selfish Swedish feverish(狂热的)English Scottish Spanish bookish(好读书的) mannish brownish reddish yellowish

-ive active collective decisive destructive instructive progressive attractive effective creative expensive interactive (互动的) sensitive passive conservative progressive

-ous courageous(勇敢的)dangerous famous continuous generous(慷慨的)religious zealous(热心的)poisonous spacious(广大的,大规模的)prosperous (繁荣的)infamous(声名狼藉的)various mountainous curious prosperous zealous envious spacious cautious tremendous glorious numerous jealous

-able acceptable agreeable comfortable unforgettable washable valuable reparable reasonable reliable suitable remarkable believable numerable passable practicable excusable eatable evitable moveable estimable notable laughable dependable escapable considerable doubtable noticeable inevitable profitable durable(耐久的) comparable portable

-ible sensible responsible permissible visible terrible horrible inflexible flexible comprehensible audible admissible incredible indigestible

-ic realistic poetic energetic domestic dramatic fantastic linguistic economic(经济学的)classic electric historic(历史上有名的) technologic metallic academic arctic athletic politic(明智的狡诈的)

-ical classical economical(节俭的)historical(历史上的)technological(专门的)ironical physical medical chemical political(政治的)logical musical topical

-al critical historical (历史的) logical (逻辑上的) accidental continual exceptional national seasonal grammatical spiritual agricultural industrial personal mineral central professional naval emotional sexual virtual universal manual mutual

-y funny rainy noisy snowy dirty dusty thirsty hungry oily tasty(美味的)bony smelly worthy wealthy faulty healthy weighty dreamy(模糊的)foggy cosy greedy icy worthy spicy(有香味的)

-ly friendly lovely lively daily weekly lonely comradely brotherly orderly timely(及时的)costly(贵重的)cowardly(胆怯的)gentlemanly(绅士派头的)neighbourly worldly (世间的)slightly likely deadly homely(难看的随和的)

-ent dependent different obedient consistent(一致的)

-ary imaginary revolutionary secondary(次要的,第二的) honorary temporary elementary

-some troublesome burdensome(沉重的) lonesome tiresome quarrelsome handsome

-like childlike womanlike warlike(好战的)manlike

-en golden wooden earthen woolen silken leaden

-ed worried frightened terrified landed moneyed cultured talented pleased flooded salted disappointed interested limited advanced gifted coloured ragged underlined 底下划线的gifted bearded talented

-ing interesting frightening boring tiring leading freezing inviting promising encouraging surprising shocking missing amusing charming pressing willing

-ate fortunate affectionate (亲爱的, 挚爱的)passionate(充满热情的)considerate

-an European Indian American Canadian Australian African Asian Korean

-ar similar familiar polar popular

-ior inferior superior junior

-ory satisfactory contradictory preparatory(准备的初步的)

-proo f: fireproof bombproof waterproof airproof bulletproof

-ward awkward backward downward onward eastward homeward seaward ③构成动词数词副词的后缀:

-ize normalize modernize nationalize mechanize (机械化)industrialize collectivize(集体化)Americanize commercialize(使商业化)privatize magnetize(磁化)realize organize hospitalize(就医)apologize memorize popularize

-ate fortunate congratulate fascinate nominate

-en widen hasten strengthen lengthen loosen brighten fasten broaden blacken deepen redden thicken shorten straighten tighten weaken worsen harden sharpen ripen fatten sharpen

-ify simplify beautify amplify identify justify qualify simplify satisfy

-ish furnish punish publish

-ly really happily simply terribly wonderfully properly fortunately actually accordingly(因此从而) secondly probably thickly shadily secretly similarly naturally wildly repeatedly particularly especially partly mostly mainly deeply highly shortly lately merely simply nervously willingly

-wards onward forwards upwards downwards eastwards homewards towards afterwards backwards

-wise clockwise likewise(同样的)otherwise anti-clockwise length-wise(纵长的,纵向长的)

-ways always sideways

④常见的表示否定意思的前缀:

un-unhappy untrue uneasy unrest uncomfortable unusually unfair unfortunate unknown unfinished unanswered unexpectedly undress unlock uncover unpack untie unfold unload

dis- dishonesty disclaim(否认)disagree disconnect disabled disrespectful disinterested disadvantaged disapproving disorder discomfort disown(不承认)disinfect dislike discover disarm disclose disbelieve disobey disregard disappoint disprove disappear discourage disobey disadvantage

in- informal inconvenient indirect incorrect incomplete inadvisable inaudible incomparable incomprehensible inexact insincere invisible injustice insensitive injustice inexact

inbeing inborn incident include income indoor infect influence inject insert inquire inspect intake

im- immoral impolite impossible important immodest improper imprecise impassable

imply import imprison

ir- irregular irresponsible irresistible(不可抵抗的, 不能压制的)

il- illegal illogical illegitimate(违法的,庶子)illiterate

non- nonstop nonsmoker non-conductor non-existent nonmember non-natural

nonparty non-white non-violence non-payment non-confidence nonhuman non-union non-nuclear non-sexual nonsense

⑤表示其他意思的前缀

re- retell rewrite rebuild redesign recover return renew republic rearrange remarry reuse recycle reunite remind remain revisit

mis- misunderstand misspell mistake mispronounce misuse misfortune mislead mistrust misremember

co-co-operate co-exist co-editor coworker codevelop

counter- counteract counter-attack counter-revolutionary

anti-anti-tank anti-fascist anti-clockwise anticlockwise antiaircraft anti-feudal antibody

pro- pro-French pro-British pro-Common Market

over- overdo overwork over-estimate oversimplify overtime(超时的加班的)overexcite overambitious(野心太大的)over-proud overweight overpopulation overage overhead overpower oversight overhead overcrowd overproduce overtake overturn overflow overthrow overhear

ex-ex-husband ex-president ex-serviceman exchange export

pre-pre-liberation pre-school pre-reading precaution(预防, 警惕)

post-post-graduate post-war post-election

fore-forehead foreleg foretell forecast

semi-semi-final semi- automatic semi-circle semiskilled semidesert

semi-conductor semi-colonial semi-feudal

self-self-conceit self-confidence self-dependence self-defence self-help self-praise self-study self-support self-service self-esteem self-governing self-guided self-restraint

mal- maltreat malfunction(故障)malnutrition(营养失调)

mid-mid-autumn mid-term midnight mid-day mid-life(n. 中年)

super- superman supermarket superstructure(上部构造, 上层建筑)supernatural sub-subway subconscious(下意识的)subdivide(细分,再分)

inter-international internet interact inter-continental interview interrupt internal tele-telescope telephone television telegraph

trans-transport transatlantic transplant

micro-microphone microfilm microbiology microcomputer

mini-miniskirt minibus minicab

vice-vice-premier vice-chairman vicepresident

bi-bicycle bimonthly bilingual

tri-tricycle triangle

multi-multi-racial multi-national

auto-autonomous autobiography automobile

en- enlarge enrich enpower enrage encourage endanger enable encounter enclose entitle

be- belittle(轻视,使渺小)befriend(待人如友,帮助)behead (砍头)besmear (弄脏)

a- asleep awake aboard aside ashore alive alike alone away arise arouse(鼓励唤起)abide (忍受,遵守)

out- outlook outlaw outlet outcome outrun outlive outshine output outbreak outburst outfit outlook outnumber(超过数目)out-talk(压过别人的声音);)

with-withdraw(收回, 撤消vi.缩回, 退出v.撤退)withhold(保留抑制)

under-underestimate undervalue undercharge underpay underfed undersized underbelly undercurrent underclothes underpants undersea underwater under-feed under-estimate underpay underdeveloped(发育不全)undergraduate undertake undergo

3、合成构词法:

①合成形容词

形容词+名词+ed(或过去分词) noble-minded cold-blooded warm-hearted good-tempered absent-minded long-lasting longlegged longlived near-sighted single-handed one-eyed three-legged blue-eyed fair-haired simple-minded ill-formed noble-minded left-handed right-handed half-finished middle-aged deep-set ready-made ill-treated

形容词+现代分词good-looking fine-sounding ordinary-looking easy-going low-lying fun-loving slow-acting quick-acting

副词+现代分词hardworking far-reaching outgoing fast-moving

名词+现代分词peace-loving paper-making English-speaking epoch-making sightseeing mass-producing track-laying breathtaking oil-bearing law-making epoch-making world-shaking north-facing far-reaching far-seeing

名词+过去分词state-owned heartfelt air-dropped Chinese-designed radio-equipped machine-cultivated water-cooled hand-made man-made glass-topped(玻璃罩的)snow-covered horse-drawn sun-burnt clear-cut

副词+过去分词well-known widespread newly-built highly-developed widely-used wrongly-pronounced curiously-shaped poorly-dressed well-skilled highly-praised newly-discovered upset

形容词+名词large-scale high-class high-fat half-way old-style wide-awake above-mentioned

名词+形容词duty-free air-sick grain-short worldwide nationwide smoke-free tax-free salt-free ice-free world-famous red-blind snow-white homesick

②其他形式over-all ever-victorious all-round everyday first-rate

underwater underground out-and-out face-to-face down-to-earth open-air quick-service long-term out-of-the-way well-off(手头宽裕的)wait-and-see

(policy)nothing-can-be-done (attitude)back-to-front keep-fit high-rise part-time full-time(schools)half-open half-cook worthwhile long-term open-air extraordinary faraway ever-green ever-loving ever-victorious ever-increasing high-quality three-legged(tables)five-year(plans)two-faced

(people)three-hour(ride)second-hand(books)out-of-date(books)

word-for-word(translation)

③合成名词

名词+名词silkworm blood-test water-bird water-closet waterfall water-supply water-tower handbook handcuffs handcart weekend weekday workbook moon-cake pan-cake bookseller slave-owner gatekeeper shopkeeper firefighter bookshop sunshine moonlight daylight suitcase daytime hometown motherland fireplace tape-recorder cookbook fisherman bedclothes countryside seed-head headmaster headmistress fortnight salesman saleswoman airline airport film-maker streetcar headline sideway hillside weatherman businessman armyman gunpowder armchair seaside glasshouse greenhouse paperwork

housework homework battlefield coastline landowner housewife courtyard aircraft postman mailbox photocopier keyboard rainfall snowfall step-mother hairdressing hair-dye hairpin toothpaste nightlife nightgown nightmare rainforest timetable worktable railroad household neighbourhold farmyard schoolyard courtyard cupboard housewife battlefield

名词+动词handshake haircut earthquake headache stomachache toothache earache breakdown wartime peacetime network handstand

形容词+名词double-dealer shorthand full-name given-name loudspeaker long-wave short-wave wildlife free-way one-way blue-collar white-collar parttime

动名词+名词waiting-room dining-room swimming-pool sleeping-pills dressing-table

动词+名词pickpocket break-water playground workforce sunset sunrise daybreak cross-roads harvest-time

名词+动名词handwriting sun-bathing body-building

动词+副词get-together breakthrough leftover

副词+动词downfall outbreak

其他形式well-being commander-in-chief mother-in-law good-for-nothing touch-me-not by-product go-between take-off(起飞时间)turnover(营业额)handout nowadays income overcoat leftover handover handkerchief handmaiden passer-by go-between grown-up pick-me-up(兴奋剂),what`s-his-name (某某人)

④合成动词eavesdrop sleep-walk undergo overthrow whitewash blacklist

widespread broadcast overcome tiptoe

⑤合成副词maybe forever whole-heartedly whatever however moreover

nevertheless downstairs upstairs overseas sideways meanwhile indoors overhead outdoors somewhere anyhow somehow everywhere therefore nevertheless somewhat downtown uptown alongside

⑥合成代词myself everything forever nearby

⑦合成介词within without throughout underneath

10

英语构词法

Word Formation(英语构词法) 一,派生法: * 前缀(词性大多不变) im- impossible impatient impolite il- illegal illogical ir- irregular in-informal independent incorrect incomplete un- unfair unhappy unknown unnecessary unlucky unfortunate unusual unhealthy untie unlock uncover unfold unwrap dis- discourage disable disappear discover dislike disagree disobey mis- mistake misunderstand mislead misjudge en- encourage enable enrich enlarge ensure tele- telephone telegraph telescope television telegram re- remarry rebuild rewrite retell

reunite reappear reconstruction reuse recycle pre- preview pre-read inter- inter-school international internet non- non-smoker nonjudgmental non-stop mid- midnight midday midterm midsummer mid-autumn over- overhead overcharge overdress oversea * 后缀(词性大多有变化) -er teacher worker farmer learner reader loudspeaker writer player swimmer leader cooker heater ruler manager trainer driver -or visitor conductor competitor educator operator actor inventor -ment movement arrangement announcement government equipment agreement disagreement achievement

最新初中英语常用构词法归纳

英语专题讲座(一) 词汇的分类和构词法 一、复习要点阐述 我们学习的语言的每一篇文章都是由句子构成的。每一个句子都是由或多或少的词构成的。单词是语言构成的最基础内容,教英语的老师通常会说“一个学生记住的词汇是与他的英语成绩成正比。”这句话说明了一件事,就是词汇量的重要性。就像我们自己的国语中文,一个孩子从小到大,在日常生活中记住了大量的词汇,所以运用起来很自如。如何能记好英语的单词及其他们的用法,了解英语的词类和构词法对于一个考生来说是很重要的。所以在今天的专题中,我们将复习英语的词类和初中阶段我们所要掌握的几种构词法,使同学们对英语的词类及其简单的用法有一定的了解,并能正确的使用词汇。 二、要点复习的策略及技巧 (一)英语的词类 英语中的词类根据其语法功能分为名词、冠词、代词、数词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词、动词十类。根据意义又可以分为实词和虚词。实词指具有实际意义并能单独作句子成分的词。这些词是名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词和动词六类。虚词指没有实际意义或实际意义不明显、不能在句子中单独作句子成分的词。这些词是冠词、介词、连词和感叹词四类。 下面我们就词汇的分类、名称、作用及例词列表。

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①N+present participle(现在分词,简称ppr) 例:English-speaking 讲英语的,south-facing 朝南的 ②N+past participle(过去分词,简称pp)例:man-made 人造的,water-covered 被水覆盖的 ③N+Adj 例:snow-white 雪白的,day-long 整天的 ④Adj+N+-ed 例:warm-hearted 热情的,kind-hearted 好心肠的 ⑤Adj/Adv+ppr 例如good-looking 好看的 funny-looking 滑稽的 ⑥Adv+pp 例:well-known 出名的,deep-set(眼睛)深陷的 ⑦Adv/Adj+N 例:right-hand 右手的,full-time 专职的 ⑧Num+N 例:100-meter 100米的,million-pound 百万英镑的 ⑨Num+N+Adj 例:180-foot-high 180英寸高的,10-year-old 10岁的 ⑩Num+N+-ed 例:four-footed/legged 四脚的,one-eyed 独眼龙的 (2)合成名词(Noun Compounds) ①N+N 例:weekend 周末,classroom 教室,bookshop 书店

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英语常见构词法 一、常见的前缀 前缀一般会改变词义,但不改变词性;后缀一般不改变词义,而不改变词性。1.表示否定意义的前缀 1)纯否定前缀 a-, an-, asymmetry(不对称)anhydrous(无水的) dis- dishonest, dislike I类:in-, ig-, il, im, ir, Incapable(不能的,无能力的,不能胜任的), inability(无能力,无才能), Ignoble(不光彩的,卑鄙的,卑贱的), impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(不合法的), irregular(不规则的) ne-, n-, none, neither(either两者中一个), never non-, nonsense(胡说,废话;荒谬的)sense(感觉,观念,道理)neg-, neglect(疏忽,忽视) un- unable, unemployment(失业) 2)表示错误的意义 male-, mal-, malfunction(发生故障,不起作用;故障), maladjustment(失调) mis-, mistake, mislead(误导,带错) pseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience 注:pseudo(伪君子,假冒的) 3)表示反动作的意思 de-, defend(辩护,防护), demodulation(解调) dis-, disarm(裁军,解除武装), disconnect(拆开,使分离,断开) discover = uncover发现

re-,reverse反面的,反转,倒车 un-, unload(卸载,卸,卸货), uncover(发现,揭开) with-, withdraw(stop sth or stop making sth撤退,撤消,取款), withstand(抵挡,反抗,经得起,。。。站立不倒be strong enough not to be harm) withhold(阻止,。。。抓住不放to refuse to give sth to someone) 4)表示相反,相互对立意思 anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的) contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction(矛盾,否认,反驳), contro-flow(逆流) counter-, counterreaction(抵抗,发对的行动,中和), counterbalance(使平衡,自动抵消) O类(可以不记忆) ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object(物体;反对,拒绝), oppose, occupy 2. 表示空间位置,方向关系的前缀 1)a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”(与空间类名次搭配) aboard, aside, 2)by- 表示“附近,邻近,边侧” bypath(侧道,小路), bypass(弯路) 3)circum-, circu-, 表示“周围,环绕,回转” circumstance(环境,情况), circuit(电路,回路) 4)de-, 表示“在下,向下” descend(下降;沿。。。向下), degrade(使降级,贬低;降级;grade 年级,成绩,级别) 5)en-, 表示“在内,进入”(不记忆) encage(关在笼中,禁闭), enbed(上床) 6)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部,外”

英语学习中的构词法

英语学习中的构词法 Prepared on 22 November 2020

英语学习中的构词法 词是什么 “词”的英语是“Word”。依据词典“Word”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。人类在学习一种语言时最基本的两件事就是认识词和使用词来表达思想。那么“Word”是什么 我们先从表达思想来说。大凡人要把心中所感觉到的和所想的表达出来时,一个共通的表达模式就是“举出主题并说明它”。这种表达模式我们叫做“一句话”,在语言学上称为句子(Sentence)。例如: 例A:Your book is on the desk. 你的书在书桌上。 例B:Tom goes to school by bicycle every day. 汤姆每天骑自行车上学。 例C:The lady who has just passed by is our English teacher. 刚经过的那位女士是我们的英语老师。 解说:上面各例都是句子。例A是表示我们生活中周边的静态事物,例B是表达事物的动态现象,例C所表达的是两者都有。那么句子是由什么来组成的呢由上面各例可以了解句子的组成要素如下: 由上面的解说我们可以了解: 定义:词、短语、从句等称为句子组成的要素(Element)。 词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位(Sense unit)。 构词法

英文词和中文词的最大不同点在于中文词是属于象形文字语系,字形是固定不变,而且是一字一音;英文词是属于符号文字语系,其字形(拼写法)须配合语意和句意表达的条件并受其约束,同时有一字一音、一字二音、一字三音……等。请参考下列的中英文词对比。 上面对比表中所列示者只是英文词的基本变化部分,实际上英文词的词形变化还不止这些。语言学家把这种专门研究词形变化现象和规则的学问称为词形学(Morphology),通常简称为构词法(Word Formation)。 构词法基本上包括下列三项: 1.词根(Root) 2.派生词(Derivative) 3.合成词(Compound Words) A.词根(Root) 定义:英文词形成的“根基”部分称为词根(亦称字根)。 现以“like”为例列示如下: Root like................................................... 像 a-like.................................................... 相像 un-like................................................... 不像 like-ness............................................ 相像 un-like-ness............................................ 互不相像 解说:如例所示“like”就是“alike…unlikeness”等词的词根。因英文词源自拉丁语者约占五分之三,所以英文词的词根也大部分源自拉丁词根。词根大部分都是

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转化法(Conversion) 词形词义不变,词性改变。 动词名词相互转化:water. n.水, v.浇水; hand. n. 手, v.传递; color. n. 颜色, v. 给---染色; build. n. 体格, v. 建设; 形容词转化为动词: better v. 改善; clean v. 清洁; slow v. 放慢; 形容词转化为名词: daily a. 日常, n. 日报; high a. 高的, n. 最高水平; 副词转化为动词: down 向下 v. 打倒,放下; out Murder will out. out v.败露;缩略法(截短法) 截头: telephone---phone, airplane----plane; 去尾: mathematics----maths; examination---exam; kilogram---kilo; laboratory---lab; taxicab---taxi 截头去尾: influenza---flu; refrigerator---fridge; prescription---script; 首字母缩略(acronym formation): TV television; ad: advertisement; www: world wide web; DIY: do it yourself; WTO: World Trade Organization; HK: Hong Kong; BBC: British Broadcasting Cooperation GRE: Graduate Record Examination; TOEFL(托福):Test of English as a Foreign Language; IELTS (雅思):International English Language Testing System;

英语基本构词法

英语基本构词法 英语最基本的构词法(word formation)有三种:派生(derivation)、合成(compounding)和转化(conversion)。利用构词法记忆单词,可以记忆成串,举一反三。 Ⅰ.派生法 派生词缀和词根结合,或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法,叫做派生法(derivation),也称作缀词法。用派生法构成的词叫做派生词(derivative)。派生词的词缀法是英语构词法中最活跃的一种,在英语构词的历史上发挥极其重要的作用。另外,这种构词法也是我们可以发挥能动性借以扩大词汇量的一种构词法。词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。 A.前缀 1.表示“否定”、“相反”意义的前缀: de- decrease减少;decentralize分散;degrade降级,降低……的地位; dis- dislike不喜欢;disagree不同意;distrust不信任;disappear消失; il- illegal不合法的;illogical不合逻辑的;illegalize宣布……为非法; im- impossible不可能的;immoral不道德的;impractical不现实的; un- unwilling 不情愿的;unbelievable 难以置信的;unnecessary 不必要的等等。 2.表示时间先后的前缀 ex- ex-husband前夫;ex-president前总统; fore- foretell语言;foresight先见之明,预见;foresee预见,预知; mid- midterm其中的;midnight午夜; post- postwar战后的;postgraduate研究生;postdoctoral博士后的等等。 3.表示方向位置的前缀 ex- export出口;exclude把……排斥在外;external外部的; in- input输入;indoor室内的;inrush涌入;incoming进来的等等。 4.表示程度的前缀 extra- extraordinary非凡的,惊人的;extracurricular课程以外的; out- outnumber比……多;outrun超过,跑得比……快; sur- surpass超过,优于;surplus剩余的;surrealism超现实主义等等。 5.表示数量的前缀 bi- bilateral双边的,两边的;bipartisan两党的;bilingual两语的; mono- momocycle独轮车;monologue独白;monodrama独角戏,单人剧;

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2) 名词转化为动词。如: 你的票订好了吗? (句中book由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”) 请把你的刀子递给我。 (句中hand由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”) 2. 少部分形容词转化为动词。 火车速度减慢了一半。 (句中slow由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“减速”) (句中dirty由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“弄脏”) 3. 形容词和名词之间的相互转化。 那个时候,穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。 (句中poor由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“穷人”) 昨天他们把那个病人送进了医院。

(句中sick由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“病人”) 4. 有些词可以词形不变,只因重音变化而发生词类转化,有时词义也可能变化。如: record [re?k??d] v.记录record [r??k??d] n.记录 5. 有些词词形不变,只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化,有时词形也可以变化。如: excuse [?ks?kju?z] v.原谅excuse [?ks?kju?s] n.原谅 use [ju?z] v.用use [ju?s] n.用 2 派生 派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如:happy—unhappy (加前缀un-) happy—happily (加后缀-ly) 1. 通过加前缀构成另一个词。 前缀一般不造成词类的转换,但能引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词。常用的前缀有:

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记单词是让很多人头疼的事情,不过特别有心的人会发现:单词与单词之间其实是有联系的。这就是我们要说的——构词法。 英语的构词法主要包括:转化词、派生词、合成词、混成词、截短词、缩略词等,其中前三种最为重要,下面我们就分若干次给大家一一列举出来。 一、转化词 转化词就是词形不变, 由一个词类转化成另一个词类的词 1、转化动词,如: mark评分, stage上演, warm加热,使温暖, further促进, water 浇水 a. Warm the milk before drinking it. b. She waters the flowers every day. c. Cool the water before you drink it. d. The train slowed down as it entered the station. 2、转化名词,如: cause起因, use用处, native本地人, major主修科目 a. Let’s go for a drive next Sunday. b. You can ask for a help. c. They stopped there for a swim. 二、合成词 合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词 1、合成名词,如: workforce, haircut, postman, X-ray, mailbox, landowner, farmland, handstand, handshake, coastline, gunfire, short-wave, gentleman, newcomer, tightrope, best-seller, mainland, freeway, second-hand, midday, front-runner, pickpocket扒手, breakwater防波堤, runway, sit-downer静坐罢工者, breakthrough突破, runaround借口, runaway逃亡, sell-out售完, handout 传单, breakdown衰落 2、合成形容词,如: worldwide, nationwide, duty-free, snow-white, world-famous, lifelong, English-speaking, noise-killing, hand-made, peace-loving,

初中英语构词法大全

英语构词方法主要有三种:即合成、派生和转化。 一. 转化 英语单词的词性非常活跃,名词用作动词,动词转化为名词,形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词,只要抓住单词的原始意思,结合句子成分,就容易弄清它们的引申义。 1. 动词和名词之间的相互转化。有时意思变化不大,有时有一定的变化。 1) 动词转化为名词。如: Shall we go out for a drive next Sunday? 下个星期天咱们出去驱车旅行,好吗? 句中的drive由动词转化为名词(词意引申为“驱车旅行”)。 I often go there for a walk. 我经常去那里散步。 (句中walk由动词转化为名词) 2) 名词转化为动词。如: Have you booked your ticket?

你的票订好了吗? (句中book由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”) Hand me your knife, please. 请把你的刀子递给我。 (句中hand由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”) 2. 少部分形容词转化为动词。 The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度减慢了一半。 (句中slow由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“减速”) Don't dirty your clothes.别把你的衣服弄脏了。 (句中dirty由形容词转化为动词,词意引申为“弄脏”) 3. 形容词和名词之间的相互转化。 The poor were not allowed to go into this park those days.那个时候,穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。 (句中poor由形容词转化为名词,词意引申为“穷人”)

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