英语语言学复习资料
英语语言学复习资料
注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题.
2.未标习题的章节为一般了解.
Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview
1.1 What is language?
1.2 Features of human languages
(i) Creativity (or productivity)
Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
_________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
A. Duality
B. Arbitrariness
C. Creativity
D. Displacement
(ii) Duality
( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. (iii) Arbitrariness
( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.
(iv) Displacement
( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.
( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.
(v) Cultural transmission
(vi) Interchangeability
(vii) Reflexivity
1.3 Functions of language
(i) The ideational function
(ii) The interpersonal function
(iii) The textual function
Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by
M.A.K. Halliday?
A.Ideational function
B. Interpersonal function
C．Textual function. D. Logical function
1.4 Types of language
( ) Chinese is an agglutinating language.
1.5 The myth of language: language origin
1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language
1.6.1 Linguistics as a science
1.6.2 Branches of linguistics
(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions
(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisions
1.6.3 Features of modern linguistics
Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds
2.1 The study of speech sounds
The study of speech sounds is called ________.
A. Phonetics
B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Phonology
D. Acoustic Phonetics
2.2 The sound-producing mechanism
2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation
2.3.2 Phonetic symbols
2.4 Description of English consonants
2.5 Description of English vowels
( ) Not all vowels are voiced.
2.6 Phonetic features and natural classes
I. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (10%) Example: vowel front high [i:]
1．bilabial nasal
2．voiced labiovelar glide
3．literal liquid
4．voiced bilabial stop
5．front high lax
II. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. (10%)
Example: heat [i:] vowel front high
1．write
2．actor
3．city
4．worry
1．yes
Chapter 3 Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns
3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns
( ) The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.
3.2 Phonemes and allophones
3.3 Discovering phonemes
3.3.1 Contrastive distribution
Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.
A. minimal pairs
B. minimal sets
C. allophones
D. phomes
3.3.2 Complimentary distribution
( ) The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.
Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? (10%)
3.3.3 Free Variation
( ) If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.
3.3.4 The discovery procedure
3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features
3.5 Phonological rules
3.6 Syllable structure
Every syllable has a(n) _______, which is usually a vowel.
A. onset
B. nucleus
C. coda
D. rhyme
3.7 Sequence of phonemes
3.8 Features above segments
3.8.1 Stress
3.8.2 Intonation
3.8.3 Tone
( ) Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.
Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?
B.Stress B. Intonation
C. Tone
D. Syllable
3.8.4 The functioning of stress and intonation in English
I.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10%)
Column I Column II
a. a bluebird a blue bird
b. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeper
II.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10%)
1. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.
2. A woman murderer
Chapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure
4.1 Words and word structure
1.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.
A. Morphology
B. Syntax
C. Lexicon
D. Morpheme
4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language
4.3 Classification of morphemes
4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes
( ) In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.
In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
4.3.2. Inflectional and derivational morphemes
4.4 Formation of English words
4.4.1 Derivation
4.4.2 Compounding
( ) The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds. ( ) A greenbottle is a type of bottle.
( ) Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.
4.4.3 Other types of English word formation
Tell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (10%)
a) flu
b) OPEC
c) Nobel
d)televise
e) better (v.)
_____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.
A. Clipping
B. Blending
C. Eponym
D. Conversion
Chapter 5 Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure
5.1 Grammaticality
5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure
5.3 Different approaches to syntax
5.4 Transformational-generative grammar
5.4.1 The goal of a TG grammar
5.4.2 Syntactic categories
5.4.3 Phrase structure rules
5.4.4 Tree diagrams
Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence. (10%)
Pat found a book on Wall Street.
5.4.5 Recursion and the infinitude of language
5.4.6 Subcategorization of the lexicon
5.4.7 Transformational rules
5.5 Systemic-functional grammar
5.5.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice
5.5.2 The three metafunctions
5.5.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experience
Material processes
Relational processes
Mental processes
Verbal processes
Behavioral processes
Existential processes
Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences. (10%)
1. John washed the car.
2. John likes the car.
5.5.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction
5.5.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of message Chapter 6 Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning
6.1 The study of meaning
6.2 Reference and sense
6.2.1 Reference
6.2.2 Sense
6.3 Classification of lexical meanings
Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.
A. collocative
B. social
C. affective
D. reflected
6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning
6.3.2 Types of associative meaning
6.4 Lexical sense relations
6.4.1 Synonymy
6.4.2 Antonymy
6.4.3 Homonymy
6.4.4 Polysemy
6.4.5 Hyponymy
Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river) and bank2(the financial institute). (5%)
6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis
6.6 Words and concepts
6.6.1 Categorization
6.6.2 Prototypes
6.6.3 Hierarchies
6.7 Semantic relations of sentences
Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.(15%)
a)My uncle is male.
b)The spinster is married.
c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.
d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.
e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.
6.8 Metaphors
6.8.1 From rhetorical device to cognitive device
6.8.2 The components of metaphors
6.8.3 Features of metaphors
Chapter 7 Pragmatics: Analysis of Meaning in Context
7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaning
7.2 Deixis and reference
7.3 Speech Acts
What are the three dimensions that a speech act consists of?
7.4 Cooperation and implicature
What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?
7.5 The politeness principle
7.6 The principle of relevance
7.7 Conversational structure
______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.
A．Adjacency pairs B. Turn-talking
C．Preferred second parts D. Insertion sequences
Chapter 8 Language in Social Contexts
8.1 Sociolinguistic study of language
How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?
8.2 Varieties of a language
1. ______ is a term widely used i n sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”
A. Register
B. Field
C. Mode
D. Tenor
2. British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.
A. functional
B. social
C. regional
D. standard
8.3 Grades of formality
8.4 Languages in contact
How do you distinguish pidgin from Creole?
8.5 Taboos and euphemisms
8.6 Language and culture
8.7. Communicative competence
Chapter 9 Second Language Acquisition
9.1 What is second language acquisition?
In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.
A. telegraphic
B. two-word
C. holophrastic
D. babbling
9.2 Factors affecting SLA
9.3 Analyzing learners' language
_____ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.
A. Metalanguage
B. Interlanguage
C. Sign
D. Esperanto
9.4 Explaining second language acquisition
Chapter 10 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching
10.1 Foreign language teaching as a system
10.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications
10.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design
10.4 Method as integration of theory and practice
10.5 Linguistics in the professional development of language teachers
《新编简明英语语言学教程》章期末复习
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language
英语语言文学专业基础
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）
“英语”语言学概论第六章笔记
Chapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学 1.What is pragmatics? 什么是语用学？ Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. It places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used. 语用学研究的是说某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。 由于交际的过程从本质来说是在一定的语境中表达意义的过程，因而语用学的本质是一种意义研究。它是一种将语言置于使用的语境中去的意义研究。 2.Pragmatics and semantics 语用学和语义学 Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning, but they are different. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning, the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. 语用学和语义学都是对意义的语言学研究，但两者是不同的。它们的本质区别在于研究意义时是否考虑了语言使用的语境。没有考虑到语境进行的研究就没有超出传统语义学的研究范围；相反，考虑到语境进行的研究就属于语用学的研究范围。 3.Context 语境 Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境是语言的语用研究中不可缺少的概念。它一般被理解为说话者和听话者所共有的知识。The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 共有的知识包括他们所使用的语言方面的知识和双方对世界的认识，包括对世界的总的认识和对正在进行的语言交际所处的环境的具体认识。 4.Sentence meaning and utterance meaning 句子意义和话语意义The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, while utterance meaning is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 句子的意义是抽象的，非语境化的，而话语的意义是具体的，受语境制约的。话语意义基于句子意义；它是一个句子的抽象意义在特定语境中的具体体现，或简而言之，在一个语境中的具体化。 5.Speech act theory 言语行为理论 Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。它最初是由英国哲学家约翰.奥斯汀在20世纪50年代提出的。 According to speech act theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking.
《语言学教程》中文笔记(完整)
语言学教程笔记 第一章语言学导论 语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。 1. 任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核 心特征。例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作 a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pe n/。 任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。（2）句法层面上的任意性。 （3） 任意性和规约性。 2. 二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成， 每层都有自身的组合规则。话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是 相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产 性。 3. 创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性 和递归性。利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。 4. 移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的 物体、时间或观点。因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而 后者位置距我们非常之远。语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。移位性赋予人 们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化 的语境中。他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。 5. 文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6. 互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。 元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考"。所以只有人类才能提问：元语言功能对交际、思考及人类的意义是什么？
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
英语语言学笔记讲解
第一章 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Teaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics. Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics Teaching procedures https://www.360docs.net/doc/0f313578.html,nguage 1.1Why study language?为什么学习语言 A tool for communication交流的工具 An integral part of our life and humanity 人类生活和人性中不可或缺的一部分. If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.如果不能完全理解语言的本质和结构,我们就会对人类的本质一无所知. 1.2What is language?什么是语言 1.2.1different senses of language 语言的不同意义 1. what a person says( concrete act of speech) a person’s consistent way of speaking or writing a particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial language an abstract system 2. A Webster’s New Dictionary offers a frequently used sense of the word “language”: a. human speech 人类的言语 b. the ability to communicate by this means 通过言语来交流的能力 c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; 用来表达或交流思想和感觉的一套声 音及这些声音互相结合的系统 d. the written representation of such a system 系统的文字表达 3. the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.最简洁的定义:语言是言语交 流的一种方式. Language is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiostic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles. Language distinguishes us from animals.因为说和写的交流方式是一种有目的的行为,所以语言是实用性的;因为语言 是社会符号,语言的交流只能在所有参与者广泛理解了人类的那些非言语的暗示,动机,社会文 化角色等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进行,因此语言又是社会的,约定俗成的.语言使人类 区别于动物. 1.2.2definitions Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. What is communication? A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener). A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) bkli (×) Why do we say language is arbitrary? Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. This explains and is
新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题
Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
[资料]-英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt.
英语语言学复习重点
英语语言学复习重点1 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It ai ms to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0f313578.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a s ocial activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： ⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别 ⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家