高考英语阅读专项技能训练及指导

高考英语阅读专项技能训练及指导

高考阅读理解要求考生在规定的时间内完成对3至5篇不同题材、体裁的短文的理解，它是高考试题中难度最大、区分度最高的题型。它不仅考查考生对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查考生快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。考生不仅要正确理解文章的表层意思，还要能通过表层意思去合理推断、挖掘文章的隐含意义。它是对考生的知识和心理素质的综合检验。

高考英语命题特点

一、突出语用，体裁多样，题材丰富

1．新课标地区的阅读理解涉及的体裁分布比较均匀，其中记叙文、议论文和说明文所占的比重较大，以考查考生对记人记事、评论说理以及介绍说明类文章的理解能力；同时，试题中多穿插应用文体裁的文章，旨在考查考生捕捉事实信息的能力。

2．高考阅读理解注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化，所选文章多为时文，题材多样，信息丰富。选材皆源于国外的英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，原汁原味，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点。

二、词汇灵活，句子优美，结构复杂

高考阅读理解对考生运用词汇的能力的要求逐年提高，凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词性和词义的都不视为生词，不再给出汉语注释；纯超纲词汇也偶有出现；一词多义、熟词僻义现象更是频繁出现；活用词比比皆是。另外，高考阅读理解的材料大多数出自国外的报刊，虽然在语言上经过了一定的加工，但是最大限度地保持原文语言地道的特点，文章的语篇结构有一定的难度，如在阐述问题时使用了多种语篇手段和修辞方法；文章不全是按顺叙的方法来展开的，而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式；一词多义，多种时态混用；简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等也随处可见。考生只有在平时多积累词汇，阅读时才能不断克服理解词义和篇章的困难。

三、题型稳定，细节为主，主旨突出。高考阅读理解的题型一直比较稳定，分为四大题型。一是主旨题，包括主要内容（main idea）、标题( title)和目的( purpose)三种小题型。二是释义题，包括词义题、句意题和指代题。三是细节题，它的考查范围是最广的，例如：人名、地名、时间、地点、具体事物、具体动作等等。四是推断题。

掌握应试策略，提升解题能力

结合对高考阅读理解的命题分析可知，考生要想在高考中战胜阅读理解，除了平时应注意拓展知识面，扩大英语课外阅读量，关心时事，提高逻辑思维能力与分析解决问题的能力外，还应注意以下几点：

1．讲究词汇记忆质量，提升阅读理解能力。英语阅读能力高低在一定程度上取决于掌握的词汇量的大小，所以考生一定要注意词汇记忆的质量，注意积累并培养处理词汇的四个基本能力：(1)根据构词法判断派生词和合成词的词义和词性的能力。(2)根据篇章语境推断一词多义、熟词僻义的语言能力。(3)透彻理解篇章中语言的借代现象的能力。(4)准确判断与阅读理解密切相关的一些功能词如逻辑连词、递进衔接词和语法连接词等的用法的能力。2．精读泛读相结合，确保能力，开阔视野。精读的目的是弄清每个词的确切含义和其语言功能，熟悉文章的语言结构，以便整体把握篇章，了解谋篇布局。考生可通过精读促进词汇记忆和应用，也可达到学习他人的写作方法的目的。泛读的目的是开阔视野，增加英美文化背景知识，扩大知识面。泛读有助于提升考生的阅读理解能力及处理语言信息的能力。3．提升阅读速度，提高理解精度。近年来的高考阅读理解篇幅较长，对考生的阅读速度和理解精度要求较高。因此，考生应采用正确的阅读方法，把自己的注意力集中在语意上，准确领会作者的写作意图。考生应用“意群理解”的阅读方式，多用略读、跳读和扫读的快速阅读方法，在最短的时间内找到关键词、主题句及作者意图等重要信息。另外，为提高阅读速

度，考生最好坚持有针对性的限时阅读训练，以提升阅读速度、提高理解精度。针对高考阅读理解的命题原则和设题思路，考生应在阅读理解解题策略上下工夫。

四大题型重点突破

一、主旨题，包括主要内容（main idea）、标题( title)和目的( purpose)三种小题型。

1、概括文章的主旨大意

命题者常以以下方法设置主旨大意题的干扰项，从而误导考生选择错误选项：选项以偏概全，选项内容过于笼统，选项内容是命题者杜撰的，选项内容是无关信息。

MY father was Chief Engineer of a merchant ship, which was sank in World War II. The book Night of the U-boats told the story.

Memories

In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father’s ship was getting ready to sail. We brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe.

Then I remember my mother lying face down, sobbing. She had heard from a friend that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo (鱼雷).

I can remember the arrival. Of the telegram (电报), which in those days always brought bad news. My grandmother opened it. It read, “Safe. Love Ted.”

My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my father’s knee, his arm in a bandage.

He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.

The years later I read Night of the U-boats and was able to complete the story.

Torpedo

One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned.

By the time he got on deck (甲板) he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm. He had no choice but to jump ---still with the photograph in his pocket.

Three days later, he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow. All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.

A Toast

In my room is the book and this photograph. Often, glass in hand, I have wondered how I would have dealt with an explosion, a sinking ship, a jump into a vast ocean and a wait for rescue? Lest (以免)we forget, I have some more whisky and toast the heroes of the war.

65. What is the passage mainly about?

A. A group of forgotten heroes.

B. A book describing a terrifying battle.

D. A merchant’s memori es of a sea rescue.

William Butler Yeats, a most famous Irish writer, was bon in Dublin on June 13,1865. His childhood lacked the harmony that was typical of a happy family. Later, Yeats shocked his family by saying that he remembered little of childho od but its pain”. In fact, he inherited (继承) excellent taste in art from his family – both his father and his brother were painters. But he finally

settled on literature, particularly drama and poetry.

Yeats had strong faith in the coming of new artistic movements. He set himself the fresh task in founding an Irish national theatre in the late 1890s. His early theatrical experiments, however, were not received favorably at the beginning. He didn’t lose heart, amd finally enjoyed success in his poetical drama.

Compared with his dramatic works, Yeats’s poems attract much admiring notice. The subject matter includes love, nature, history, time and aging. Though Yeats generally relied on very traditional forms, he brought modern sensibility to them. As his literary life progressed, his poetry grew finer and richer, which led him to worldwide recognition.

He had not enjoyed a major public lift since winning the Nobel Prize in 1923. Yet, he continued writing almost to the end of his life. Had Yeats stopped writing at age 40, he would probably now be valued example in literary history of a poet who produces his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75. After Yeats’s death in 1939, W. H. Auden wrote, among others, the following lines:

Earth, receive an honoured guest:

William Yeats is laid to rest.

Let the Irish. Vessel(船) lie.

Emptied of its poetry.

71. What is the passage mainly about?

A. Yeats’s literary achievements.

B. Yeats’s historical influence.

C. Yeats’s artistic ambition.

D. Yeats’s national honor.

[指导归纳] 高考试题涉及主题类试题的常用提问方式如下：

(1) What is the main idea/topic of the passage?

(2) The author is mainly concerned about…

(3) What does the passage mainly discuss？

做这类试题时应注意以下几点：

l）通过文章的首尾句抓主题句。大多数文章的主题句放在文章的开头，但有时文章的主题句也安排在文章的结尾。抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的中心，因此要概括这类文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首尾句。

2)在段落中抓主题句。有些文章的主题句出现在文章的中间，这种文章往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现以后再陈述细节或进行论述。

3)归纳分析，概括出主题句。有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，但字里行间会体现文章的主题。这就要求考生在阅读的过程中要根据文章所叙述的事实来概括文章的主旨大意。2、精确归纳标题

考生要想做好标题归纳题，就要把握好文章结构。首先，了解每个段落的大意。其次，把它们概括起来，浓缩成一句话或一个短语，这样便归纳出了文章的标题。

Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband’s income. So this year she did something more than a hobby: She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden, Ms. Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetab les. The family’s old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month. Last year, Ms. Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because, she said, “ The cost of everything is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds, too; so it’s a win-win situation all around. “They are among the growing number of Americans who, driven by higher living costs and a

falling economy , have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time. Others have increased the size of their existing gardens. Seed companies and garden shops say that not since the 1970s has there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home. Now many gardens across the country have been sold out for several months. In Austin, Tex., some of the gardens have a three-year waiting list.

George C. Ball Jr., owner of a company, said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40% over last year, double the average growth of the last five years. Mr. Ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years. The big one is the striking rise in the cost of food like bread and milk, together with the increases in the price of fruits and vegetables. Food prices have increased because of higher oil prices. People are now driving less, taking fewer vacations, so there is more time to garden.

66. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?

A. Family Food Planning

B. Banking on Gardening

D. Gardening as a Hobby

Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when rulers tried to conquer (征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921, the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland, in the north, is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland, in the south, is an independent country.

In the 1840s the main crop, potatoes, was affected by disease and about 750 000 people died of hunger. This, and a shortage of work, forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.

For many years, the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. . . .

71. What can be the best title for the text?

A. Life in Ireland

B. A Very Difficult History

C. Ireland, Past and Present

D. The Independence of Ireland

[指导归纳] 标题特征：

1．概括性。文章的标题能最大程度地概括全文，直接指向文章的主要内容，体现文章主旨。2．醒目性。标题要能吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章的阅读兴趣。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂，要简洁、突出、新颖。标题的好坏往往影响读者阅读的兴趣。读者一般会通过阅读标题来取舍文章，故标题要醒目，以吸引读者的注意力。所选择的标题除了要满足概括性的特点，还要满足醒目性的特点。

解题方法：要做好标题归纳题，需要了解标题的归纳方式。一般来说，标题的归纳方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法原则浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。

比如某文章的中心句子为：Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world.

话题：Coffee

控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world

标题:Coffee Around the World

注意：做此类题时，要避免下列三种错误：1.概括不够（多表现为部分替代整体，从而导致范围太小）；2．过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；3．以事实、细节替代文章大意。实战应用 A

In the fall of 1985, I was a bright-eyed girl heading off to Howard University, aiming at a legal career and dreaming of sitting on a Supreme Court bench somewhere. Twenty-one years later I am still a bright-eyed dreamer and one with quite a different tale to tell.

My grandma, an amazing woman, graduated from college at the age of 65. She was the first in our family to reach that goal. But one year after I started college, she developed cancer. I made the choice to withdraw from college to care for her. It meant that school and my personal dream would have to wait.

Then I got married with another dream: building my family with a combination of adopted and biological children. In 1999, we adopted our first son. To lay eyes on him was fantastic – and very emotional. A year later came our second adopted boy. Then followed son No. 3. In 2003, I gave birth to another boy.

You can imagine how fully occupied I became, raising four boys under the age of 8! Our home was a complete zoo – a joyous zoo. Not surprising, I never did make it back to college full-time. But I never gave up on the dream either. I had only one choice: to find a way. That meant taking as few as one class each semester.

The hardest part was feeling guilty about the time I spent away from the boys. They often wanted me to stay home with them. There certainly were times I wanted to quit, but I knew I should set an example for them to follow through the rest of their lives.

In 2007, I graduated from the University of North Carolina. It took me over 21 years to get my college degree!

I am not special, just single-minded. It always struck me that when you’re looking at a big ch allenge from the outside it looks huge, but when you’re in the midst of it, it just seems normal. Everything you want won’t arrive in your life on one day. It’s a process. Remember: little steps add up to big dreams.

44. What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph?

A. Failure is the mother of success.

B. Little by litter, one goes far.

C. Every coin has two sides.

D. Well begun, half done.

B

We know the famous ones—the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells —but what about the less famous inventors？What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper（雨刮器）？Shouldn’t we know who they are?

Joan Mclean thinks so．In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that she’s developed a course on the topic．In addition to learning “who” invented “what”, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and “how” question s．According to Mclean, “When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try．”

Her students agree. One young man with a patent for an unbreakable umbrella is walking proof of McLean’s statement. “If I had not heard the story of the windshield wiper’s invention,” said Tommy Lee, a senior physics major, “I never would have dreamed of turning my bad experience during a rainstorm into something so cons tructive.” Lee is currently negotiating to

sell his patent to an umbrella producer.

So, just what is the story behind the windshield wiper? Well, Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to New York City．The day was cold and stormy, but Anderson still wanted to see the sights ,so she jumped aboard a streetcar．Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldn’t be a built-in device for cleaning the window．Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham, Alabama, Anderson started drafting out solutions．One of her ideas, a lever（操作杆）on the inside of a vehicle that would control an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper．

Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations. It’s hard to imagine driving without Garrett A．Morgan’s traffic light．It’s equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J.Blodgett’s innovation that makes glass invisible. Can you picture li fe without clear windows and eyeglasses?

59．Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage

A．How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers

B．How to Design a Built-in Device for Cleaning the Window

C．Shouldn’t We Know Who In vented the Windshield Wiper

D．Shouldn’t We Develop Invention Courses in Universities