英美文化

一．A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning （告别辞：莫悲伤）

Whilst some of their sad friends do say ,

The breath goes now , and some say, no: (ABAB)

Moving of th'earth brings harms and fears, earthquake--caused by God's anger Men reckon what it did and meant, calculate/count up But trepidation of the spheres, trembling

(Whose soul is sense) cannot admit Absence, because it doth remove

Those things which elemented it. composed physical love (DFDF)

But we by a love, so much refin'd, purified That our selves know not what it is, Inter-assured of the mind, mutually assured

Our two souls therefore, which are one,

Though I must go, endure not yet, yet not to suffer

If they be two, they are two so

As stiff twin compasses are two,

To move, but doth, if th'other do. (JKJK)

And though it in the center sit, fixed foot Yet when the other far doth roam, does move far It leans, and hearkens after it,

And grows erect, as that comes home.the foot that draws the circumference (LFLF)

Such wilt thou be to me, who must Like th'other foot, obliquely run;

And makes me end, where I begun (MNMN)

主题：The poet and his lover is going to separate. The poet would like to comfort his lover that their love is sacred and they will never be inseparable as the soul will never be inseparable from the body so that she shouldn’t show grief to his leaving.

主人公：The poet loves his lover very much. Although they are going to separate, he still knows clearly that no matter where he goes, their souls will always be together and their love will always be pure as well as sacred.

二．A Red，Red Rose （by Robert Burns）

O, my luve’s is like a red, red rose, Array That's newly sprung in June;

(use the beauty of red rose to outstand the

lofty character and beauty of poet’s lover/

describe a love that is both fresh and long

lasting）

O, my luve’s is like the melodie

That's sweetly played in tune.

(Outstand the gentle and soft of lover)

As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,

So deep in luve am I;

And I will luve thee still, my dear,

Till a' the seas gang dry.

Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,

And the rocks melt wi' the sun;

And I will luve thee still , my dear,

While the sands o' life shall run.

(No matter how vast the space is and how long the time is, their true love is forever and

loyal)

And fare thee weel, my only luve!

And fare thee weel awhile;

And I will come again, my luve,

Though it were ten thousand mile!

(Their true love can overcome all kinds of difficult.)

主题：The poet expresses his true sentiments toward his beloved and extols the beauty of his lover and forever, faithful as well as loyal of their true love.

韵律：quatrains(四行诗) Iambic tetrameter(四音步抑扬格):

O, /my luve’s /is like /a red, /red rose,Iambic trimester(三音步抑扬格) That's new/ly sprung/in June;

三．When we two parted (by Lord Byron)

When we two parted 昔日依依惜别，

In silence and tears，泪流默默无言；

Half broken-hearted 离恨肝肠断，

To sever for years，此别又几年。（ABAB）

Pale grew thy cheek and cold 冷颊向愕然，

Colder thy kiss，一吻寒更添；

Truly that hour foretold 日后伤心事，

Sorrow to this！此刻已预言。(CDCD)

The dew of the morning 朝起寒露重，

Sunk chill or my brow 凛冽凝眉间———

It felt like the warning 彼时已预告：

Of what I feel now．悲伤在今天。(EFEF)

Thy vows are all broken，山盟今安在？

And light is thy fame；汝名何轻贱！

I hear thy name spoken，吾闻汝名传，

And share in its shame．羞愧在人前。(GHGH)

They name thee before me，闻汝名声恶，

A knell to mine ear；犹如听丧钟。

A shudder comes o'er me 不禁心怵惕———

Why wert thou so dear？往昔情太浓。(IJIJ)

Thy know not I knew thee 谁知旧日情，

who knew thee too well：斯人知太深。

Long，Long shall I rue thee 绵绵长怀恨，

Too deeply to tell．尽在不言中。(KLKL)

In secret we met—昔日喜幽会，

In silence I grieve 今朝恨无声。

That thy heart could forget，旧情汝已忘，

Thy spirit deceive．痴心遇薄幸。(MNMN)

If I should meet thee 多年惜别后，

After long years，抑或再相逢，

How should I greet thee ？相逢何所语？

With silence and tears．泪流默无声。(KBKB)

主题：the poem is about a man’s feeling towards his beloved who left him. Although they

are broken, he still loves her from his inner heart and his feeling of regretful that they could not get together finally.

一．Hamlet哈姆雷特（by William Shakespeare 来自莎士比亚）

1.the relative work：Soliloquy (独白)

A soliloquy is a dramatic device (装置、策略、图案)which allows a character to reveal h is thoughts to the audience but not to the other characters in the play. In Shakespeare’s time soliloquies were widely used. When an actor was alone on the stage he could speak aloud his thoughts, thus giving the audience clearinsights into his character and his intention.

2. belongs to drama（戏剧）

The drama concludes of tragedy（悲剧），comedy，and tragicomedy（悲喜剧）

3. Plot（情节）：

Major plot: revenge

Sub-plot: love between Hamlet and Ophelia（奥菲利亚）

Crisis: putting on the performance

4.The theme of the work：

It reflects the cruel reality of England in 19th century. Helmet represents the justice and truth, and it is a great triumph that he finally defeats the forces of darkness.

5.the language points：

How does Hamlet explain what is “to be”and what is“not to be”? Quote his own words,

and then try to explain what was meant by the phrases.

①“To be” :

to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.

to live by enduring the injustices and miseries of the life.

②“Not To be” :

to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them.

to fight against and end “ a sea of troubles ” at any cost (including, by taking his own life).

③"Tis a consummation devoutly to be wish`d.”---What is this ideal state, according to Hamlet?

Hamlet longed to end all his sufferings, and death seemed a perfect solution .

④What is death compared to ? What makes one hesitate to end the troubles of life by death ?

Death is compared to sleep. The thought of what dreams may come in that sleep of death makes one hesitate to end the troubles of life by death.

⑤ What“puzzles the will ”of death ?

The dread of something after death.

⑥ What influence, according to Hamlet, do thoughts have upon resolution and action ?

Too much thinking has weakened the resolution and delayed the action.

6.content:

二、Sonnet（十四行诗）18

（by William Shakespeare 出自莎士比亚）

Sonnet is a poem of 14 lines usually in iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) with various rhyming schemes. It was first written by the Italian poet Petrarch （彼特拉克）and was introduced to England by Thomas Wyatt（怀雅特）.

1.The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.

hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? a（introduction 起）

Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, a

And summer’s lea se hath all too short a date. b

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c（Elucidation

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; d

And every fair from fair sometime declines , c

By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d. d

But thy eternal summer shall not fade, e（transition 转）

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, f

Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, e

When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st. f

So long as man can breathe or eyes can see, g（commission

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. g

3.the metre（韵律）:

Shall I compare thee to a s ummer’s day ? a

Thou art more lovely and more tem perate. b

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, a

And sum mer’s lease hath all too short a date. b

【Iambus（抑扬格Iambic Foot（抑扬音步）

5-foot Iambus(Iambic Pentametre) （五步抑扬格）】

4.Subject: beauty

①Temporary/transient （短暂的）beauty:

②Eternal （永恒的）beauty:

③Conclusion:

④eternal beauty＞transient beauty

5.Theme：Literature will keep transient beauty ever lasting.

6. William Shakespeare：

① a landmark in the history of world culture.

②one of the first founders of realism and a master hand at realistic portrayal（肖像）of human characters and relations.

③the greatest dramatist （剧作家）in human history

④the supreme （至高、权威）poet of the English language

7.What figures of speech are used in this poem?

①Simile（明喻）

②Rhetorical（修辞的）question: a question to which no answer is expected

③Metaphor （暗喻）

④Personification（拟人）

⑤Synecdoche(提喻)：a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole; the specific for the general.(以局部代表整体，以特殊代表一般)

三．Of Studies （by Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根）

1.The content of the work：

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

读书能给人乐趣、文雅和能力。人们独居或退隐的时候，最能体会到读书的乐趣；谈话

的时候，最能表现出读书的文雅；判断和处理事务的时候，最能发挥由读书而获得的能力。 For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.

读书不为争长论短，不为轻信盲从，也不为高谈阔论，而旨在衡情度理。

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention.

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。

Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

历史使人聪明，诗歌使人富于想象，数学使人精确，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑学和修辞学使人善辩。

2.About the author：

①Lord Chancellor during the reign of James （詹姆斯时期统治的大法官）

②being charged of bribery （受贿）and corruption ③Being convicted（有罪的）

④Being kept in prison⑤spending his last five years in the pursuit of literary and

philosophical（哲学的）work death of anecdote

⑥Due to his stress on the importance of experience or experiment, he was praised by Marx as "the father of English materialism (唯物主义) and modern science of experiment"

⑦a Shakespeare's contemporary（同时期的人）; his essays began the long tradition of

the English essay in the history of English literature.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/105664186.html,nguage Features:

Conciseness（简明）Brevity（简短）Simplicity（简易）Forcefulness（有力）Parallelism （对应)

4.theme：

It is of great importance for us to have a proper attitude towards studies. Firstly, we should think twice of what the book said instead of taking it for granted.Besides, it is

advisable for us to read the classical works intensively, while we can just skim through the books which are of less work.