自考英语本科 高级英语 参考词典

自考英语本科 高级英语 参考词典
自考英语本科 高级英语 参考词典

英文字典的种类很多, 有综合词典、学术词典、专门词典、学生词典等, 下面便对这四种词典做一下介绍。

1.综合词典(general-purpose dictionary)综合词典的范围很广, 即使被称为“综合词典”, 每本词典也是以一定范围的读者为目标的。一般收五万词条左右的是袖珍字典, 七八万词条的是简明字典。十五万词条左右的是中型词典, 二十万词条以上的是大型词典。

2.学术性词典(scholarly dictionary)学术性词典以其大而全为特征。最为突出的是《牛津英语词典》和其美国的姐妹篇A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principle《按照历史原则编纂的美国英语词典》。

3.专门词典(specialized dictionary)专门词典的种类繁多, 几乎关于词汇的每一领域都有专门词典。例如:词源词典(其中最为有名的Walter W. Skeat编的Etymological Dictionary of English Language 和Charles T. Onions编的The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology)。同义词词典(例如:A Dictionary of English Synonymous Expressions, Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms)。成语词典(例如:Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, Dictionary of American Idioms)。用法词典(例如:Henry Watson Fowler编的A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Bergen Evans等编的A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage)。

4.学生词典(learner's dictionary)英语学生词典细分起来, 有两种不同类型: 一种是供本国学生使用的, 如:Chamber's Students' Dictionary 《钱伯斯学生词典》, The Oxford School Dictionary 《牛津学生词典》, Collins COBUILD Learner's Dictionary 《柯林斯合作学习词典》。另一种是专为外国人学英语而编纂的, 如:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English 《牛津现代英语高级学生词典》, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 《朗文当代英语词典》, Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary 《柯林斯合作英语词典》, Cambridge International Dictionary of English 《剑桥英语国际词典》, Collins COBUILD English Learner's Dictionary《柯林斯合作英语学习词典》。

(一)几项原则

1.熟悉各种词典每个人都知道自己有什么词典, 但并不见得都知道图书馆、阅览室里有多少词典可供使用。多熟悉一部词典就如同多结识一位老师, 对外语学习十分重要。在选择词典时要注意它的出版时间和地点。由于语言在不断变化和发展, 作为词汇记录的词典内容也必然随之变化。同时英语存在不同的种类, 如美国英语, 英国英语, 因此英语国家的词典内容也不尽相同。因此, 了解一部词典的出版时间和地点并非无益, 尤其要注意该词典最后一次修订的时间。在使用词典之前, 一定要仔细阅读前言和用法说明, 这番功夫非下不可。在前言部分可以知道这部词典的编纂目的, 收词范围, 编纂方法, 使用对象等。只有看了用法说明才能清楚地了解和有效地使用词典。

2.选择有针对性的词典对各种词典和工具书有所了解之后, 遇到疑难问题就可以有针对性地选择所需的词典。先说查一般词典。英语专业二年级以上的学生就应尽量使用英语单词词典, 因为用英语解释英语的词典可以对所查的词有比较完整的说明, 使读者在查词典的过程中还接触了英语解释, 从而增加了学习英语的机会。当然对初学者来说, 有的词在读完英语解释以后, 对其意义可能仍然不十分清楚, 再查一查英汉词典也是有帮助的。只知道中文, 想找英语的对应词就要求助于汉英词典。只有个大约的概念, 想找个适当的词, 可以找词库(thesaurus)。想对几个同义词进行词义辨析, 或从中找到一个确切的词,可以找同义词词典。总而言之, 有针对性地选择词典或工具书可以免走弯路, 提高工作效率。

(二)推荐四部常用的词典

1.《英汉大词典》先后约百余名学者参加编纂, 由陆谷孙教授主编的《英汉大词典》上下卷于1989年和1991年由上海译文出版社出版, 共收词20万条, 共约2000万字。英汉大词典》

是我国第一部独立研编的大型英汉双语详解词典。它保证了多方面和多层次的使用性。2.《汉英词典》由北京外国语大学英语系《汉英词典》组编的《汉英词典》于1978年由商务印书馆出版, 修订版于1995年由外语教学与研究出版社出版。修订版共收单字和多字条目共8万条, 共1,435页, 约550万字。这部词典凝聚了我国英语界一大批优秀专家学者的心血, 是同类词典中最丰富的一部。

3.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 《朗文当代英语词典》《朗文当代英语词典》自1978年问世以来受到各国读者的欢迎并普遍被认为对外国学生学习英语很有帮助。《朗文当代英语词典》第二版于1987年出版, 共收词56,000条, 增加了不少新词新义, 尤其使对语法的标注方式进行了彻底的改革, 使用了一般语法书常见的代码和术语, 给读者带来了更大的便利。1995年推出的第三版除保持了前两版的优点外, 还使用了英国国家语料库和朗文语料库的资料, 突出了口语的特点, 采用原始的例句, 标志词语的使用频率, 比较英美用法, 附有500张插图, 使这部词典更具特色。

4.Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary 《柯林斯合作英语词典》《柯林斯合作英语词典》共收词75,000条, 实例达100,000条, 适合中高级读者使用。这本由柯林斯出版公司推出的词典是利用柯林斯出版公司和伯明翰大学联合开发的语料库。这个语料库里收集了各种类型的书面语和口语资料, 经由软件编制人员设计各种程序, 使编纂人员可以方便地查找。这样以来, 编纂的效率明显提高, 词典的出版周期明显缩短。而且词典更加准确地反映了当代英语的特点, 更具使用性, 更适合读者地需要。速度快, 语料新, 定义准, 信息。

《朗文当代英语辞典》(英语版)第3版(1995年)信息量非常大,全面反映了当代西方社会生活新面貌,是一部有助于培养英语口头与书面准确表达和恰当运用语言技能的实用并引人入胜的工具书。它具有以下的特点:(一)收词量大,覆盖面广,超过8万条单词和短语。(二)释义精确、细致、浅显易懂。释义所用词汇为朗文公司语料库精选的最常用的2干英语单词。

(三)收集各方面的当代英语词汇:文学、商业、科技等等,以及日常生活交谈、会话中自然、随意的说法。(四)新词丰富多彩。(五)提供英语口语和书面语中必不可少和最常用的同义单词和短语,以及它们的语法搭配和句型所出现的频率,并指出英、美用法之间的差异。(六)对同义词和反义词的细微歧义和用法用例句加以说明,简明扼要、恰到好处。(七)附有24整页彩色插图,既赏心悦目,又使读者一目了然,大有助于释义。

字典分成大型的参考字典,案头的常用字典(通常称为大学字典),以及学习字典.(还有一种小型的便携式小型字典,一般质量不高,所以略去不谈.)

美国出版的大型字典是"Webster's Third International Dictionary",收词45万左右,为一卷本,售价为100美元左右.但是我在StrandBookstore看到有时只卖到$45美元.他的特点是兼收人名和地名,以及百科词目,这是美国字典和英国字典的最大不同.

英国出版的大型字典是"Oxford English Dictionary",有20多卷,收词60万左右,一般不收人名地名和百科,但是详细的列举了1700年以后出现的词的来龙去脉,并按历史原则排列(即按词义出现的先后排列).比如:school这个词早先的意思不是"学校"而是"空闲-leisure",这对阅读早期英文著作的读者非常有用.这本词典售价上千美元,但是全书的光碟仅卖$600左右.

以上两种字典为学术参考字典,一般读者不必备有的.但对读英文语言专业的研究生可能就很有用.

2.中型字典:

美国出版的常见的有Webster's Collegiate Dictionary(已出第十版)和American Heritage Dictionary(刚出第四版).Webster's NewWorld Dictionary(已出第四版).

这些字典保持了美国字典的传统,多收人名地名和百科词条.尤其是American Heritage第四版,印刷的非常漂亮,并带有精美的彩色照片,使人一目了然,这个词指什么东西.这些字典一般收词20万到30万之间,对大学生来说是够用了.

英国出版的中型字典有Chamber's Dictionary和Concise Oxford English Dictionary(已出第十版).这些字典不收百科,人名地名,但是编排比较紧凑,注重搭配和用法,收词和美国字典差不多,但体积较美国字典小.

3.学习字典:这类字典,一无例外都是英国出版的.有名的是oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary(刚出第六版),Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Cambridge English Dictionary

这些字典的特色是,用3000左右的单词来解释所有的词条,并非常注重各种词之间的搭配和用法.缺点是不收百科词条,收词较少(不多于8万).

评价:

美国出版的字典,对英文有一定程度的人来说,使用起来比较方便,因为收词广,遇到百科词目,人名地名时不用再另外查其他的参考书,一般美国词典上都能查到了.但是,对英文程度不够的人,就很不合适.主要是,美国字典基本不讲搭配和用法,例句也很少(是为美国读者设计的,他们认为这些东西使用者都懂了).我觉的这方面美国字典做的不够,只有Webster'sNewWorld 做的稍好些,还讲些搭配的问题.如初学者查了个意思,并不只道怎么用,其实还是没有学到这个词.

英国中型字典以前做的很好,比如ConciseOxford,非常讲究用法和搭配.但是奇怪的是,这部字典越改越偏离这一传统了.翻翻第十版的ConciseOxford,已经基本不讲用法(把以前的用法搭配都删了,这点很奇怪),例句也很少了,所以,这部字典就没有什么特色-又不以百科取胜,有没有搭配,这种字典怎么用呢?

现在说说英汉字典.

3英汉字典中,<<英汉大词典>>(陆谷孙主编,质量最好,是真正的独立研编.收词也较多,也有许多短语,熟语等等.例句也很多.这本字典正在修订,希望能看到新版的尽早出现(增补本已经出版了).

世纪版的<<新英汉词典>>体积较小,但是内容也很多,主要因为它的编排比较紧凑,但是,不足的就是使用不方便.其次,错误也不少.最可笑的错误在此举一例,希望编者不要介意:caddis词条内没有内容,仅说=caddice,但是翻遍整本词典,也找不到caddice这个词.这种疏忽是不应该的.

上外:新牛津英汉双解大词典

自考本科英语(二)复习题

英语(二)复习题 一、语法和词汇 1、被动语态 ①We shall put off the meeting till Friday. The meeting will be put off till Friday. ②Not until 1989 was he set free. ③I’m glad to be allowed to visit your school. ④He was robbed of wallet last night. 2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则、不规则变化 ①程度相等:He is as busy as before. ②程度不相等:It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday. ③……许多:far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit, much. ④越…越…:The more, the better. ⑤最高级:The Y angtze is the longest river in China. 3、介词 ①at表示某一时间点,地点(小)arrive at airport ②in表示某一时间段,地点(大)arrive in HK ③on表示某一天,星期几,在…之上,arrive on Friday ④between(两个之间)与among(三个以上之间) ⑤for所朝向的目标,leave for HK(去香港) ⑥from…to…,从…到…,from9AM to 5 PM ⑦by后面不加冠词/完成时的标志,by air, by bus By the time I got there, the film had already begun. I have been teaching for 10 years/since 1990. 4、情态公司 ①can. Two eyes. can see more than one. They cannot have gone out because the light’s on. Y ou can go now. ②may. May I ask you a question?/He may have seen the movie. ③must. We must leave now./ She must have made a mistake. ④ouht. Y ou ought to take his advice. When I got there, the film had already begun, I ought to have got there earlier. ⑤need. Y ou needn’t tell him. ⑥dare. How dare they do such a thing? ⑦should. He should learn how to drive./ He should have been there earlier. 5、定语似句 ①关系代词:Which, who, whom, whose, that的用法 ②关系副词:when, why, how That is the reason why I am not taking your advice. ③介词+which/whom(仅有的两个) The girl to whom you speak is my sister. ④非限制性定语从句:I have three types of pens in my box, each of them writes smoothly. 6、倒装句 ①否定词在句首:Not until he told me the news, did I know he was killed lastnight. ②only 在句首:Only after class was he allowed to go. ③so, nor, neither 在句首:The first one wasn’t good enough and neither wasthe second. ④虚拟语气中:Had they not working so hard, they wouldn’t have succeeded. Had we made up our mind, we might have succeeded. If I were you, I would consider it. 7、虚拟语气:表示建议、命令、重要性等句子中使用,如suggest/insist/order/propose/require+should+动词原形,should常被省略,这些词的名词、形容词形式也一样,如They suggest that he not smoke here. Their suggestion was we all join the party. It’s important that we do it. 8、强调句:It+is/was(仅此两种)+that/who(人)/which (有时) 9、as的用法(下册P21-26) 10、一致原则、就近原则(下册P73-75) 11、虚所语气(续)(下册P233-P236) 二、英汉互译 1、我们拥有大量的自然资源 We have plenty of natural resources. 2、Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students. Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the porson.The jore seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitude towards leisure as well as academic word will be encouraged. (P162) 3、他在纠正学生错误时总是采取积极的态度 He always takes positive attitude to correct the students’mistakes. 4、他的肤色与他是否是个律师无关 His color of skin is not relevant to whether his is a good lawyer or not. 5、Some concentrated study each day is better than many study hours one day and nothing the next. As you work out your individual schedule, attempt to include a minimum of two study hours every day. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects.(P175) 6、他同现代生活不合板。He is out of step wit modern life. 7、Self-dsteem is what people think about themselves-whether or not they feel valued-and when family members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to tope with the everyday problems of growing up.(P225) 8、每个人都应关心自己国家的未来。 Everybody should be concerned about the future of his own country. 9、What we dream at, night isn’t as important to how we feel in the morning as the number of people who appear in our dreams. The more people, the better we feel. Our sleep influences our mood. Our mood, in turn, affects our performance. And throughout the day, our levels of mood and performance remain cosely linked. (P308) 10、广义上说,任何人做的工作都对社会有益。 In a broad sense, the work that anyone does is of social value. 11、在商业社会里信息对每个人都有用。 Information is of great value to everyone in the business world. 12、门被档住了,有什么东西档在那儿。 The door was blocked, there was something in the way. 13、他们昨天来看你时,你在干什么? What were you doing when they came to see you yesterday. 14、他通过努力工作赢得了许多人的尊敬。 He earned many people respect by working hard. 15、没有你的帮助,我们举取是如此巨大的成功。 Without your help, we wouldn’t have so great a success. 三、其他练习 1、I would rather stay at home than go out. 2、oneself education 3、I go upstairs instead of taking the life. 4、I couldn’t help laughing 5、I spend 10 yuan on the bood. 6、Spend some time/have trouble/be busy(in)(doing)sth. 7、apply for 申请application,申请表格 apply to 应用applicant 申请人 8、I remember being paid 我记得已经收了钱。 9、I remember to pay. 我记得要去给钱的。(但并未给) Reading comprehension(阅读理解) Passage 1. Meals should be a sort of treat, not a nutritional(营养的)treatment, for your child For now, stop being an amateur nutritionist. Give her the sort of food she really enjoys. And give her only very small portions. Don’t scold her if she doesn’t 1

27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology

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目录

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