高中英语语法(全英详细讲解)

必修一

语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.

Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday.

② Are you coming to the cinema?

③ He is leaving for London in two hours.

④ We are spending next winter in Australia.

Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.

扩展：

What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples:

“I’m going to play football on Saturday”

You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.

“I’m playing football on Saturday”

You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.

语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)

Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.

You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:

by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)

by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.

1、declarative sentence陈述句

①Change in pronoun:The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.

In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed

in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.

He said, “I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much.

②Change in tense:If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.

③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place地点状语 and verbs.

Ps：(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it’s converted to indirect speech.

Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”

→He said that light travels much faster than sound.

(2) 如果在当地转述，here不必改成there，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。

2、imperative sentence祈使句

Imperative sentences do not normally have an expressed subject. In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive.

Note that instead of ‘said’ we use one of the following reporting verbs: Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.

If the imperative sentence is in negative form, then add ‘not’ in front of to-infinitive when convert the speech.

Ex.①The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”

→The hostess asked us to sit down.

②He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”

→He told the boys to not to make so much noise.

3、interrogative sentence疑问句

Turn word order in interrogative sentence into that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in the end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.

(1)general question一般疑问句

General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether. The reporting verb say or said changes to ask or asked.

Ex. He said, “Are you interested in English?”

→He asked (me) if I was interested in English.

(2)special question

Special questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.

Ex. “W hat do you want?” he asked me.

→He asked me what I wanted.

语法点三：The Attributive Clause定语从句

Attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.

Ex. The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.

You must do everything that I do.

In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedents先行词. Who lives next to us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pronoun关系代词. The words to connect main clause and attributive clause are divided into two groups, they are relative pronouns, namely that, which, who, whom, whose, and relative adverbs, namely where, when, why.

Relative pronouns: We use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for people or things.

1.That, which, who

2.Whose

Whose replaces a genitive noun名词所有格 in an attributive clause. The antecedent can be thing or person.

Ex. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.

The room whose window faces south is mine.

3.When, where, why

First, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why”. Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will b e used. Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.

必修二

语法点一：（接定从讲）

4.The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause.限制性和非限制性

(1)Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. They are

usually not marked by pauses in speech, and they are not set off by commas in writing.

Sometimes the relative pronoun which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.

Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?

Beijing is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.

He has found the book (that) he was looking for.

(2)Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do

not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.

Ex. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.

Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.

Ps: ①In restrictive attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes can be omitted in spoken English.

Ex. That was the year (when) I first went abroad.

We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.

②Why clause can only modified ‘reason’ and it can be converted to ‘for which’. In spoken English, we can also use ‘that’ or just omit the relative.

Ex. The reason (why/for which/that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.

③‘How’ cannot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modify ‘way’.

Ex. This is the way (how) I did it. (wrong)

This is the way(in which/that) I did it. (correct)

④the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.

语法点二：The passive voice

We have learned the passive voice of the simple present tense and simple past tense.

1.The simple future tense (use ask as an example)

Ps: affirmative form; negative form; interrogative form

2.The present perfect tense

3.The present continuous tense

4.Phrasal verb短语动词

Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the addition of preposition or adverb to intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so they have passive voice too. Pay attention, we can’t miss any part of phras al verb when we change it into passive voice.

At last they put out the fire. → At last the fire was put out.

They will put up a notice on the wall. → A notice will be put up on the wall.

Have you sent for a doctor? → Has the doctor been sent for?

Ps:

必修三

语法点一：modal verbs情态动词

A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.

Can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to must

1.Can & could

They can be used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, etc.