英语学习方法谈3——语法篇

英语学习方法谈3——语法篇
英语学习方法谈3——语法篇

英语学习方法谈——语法篇

上次谈到英语学习方法(英语学习224)中的三项,兴趣、积累和词汇,这次让我们把目光转向英语学习的第二块基石——语法。

语法,字面理解就是语言的法律,它告诉我们使用语言的规则。

语法究竟学习哪些内容?请看下面这张英语的语法体系图:

语言学家王力说,英语是法制的语言,汉语是人治的语言。可见英语比之汉语,规则要清楚得多。英文语法大树清晰地分成两个大枝,词法枝和句法枝。

词法:研究词的使用规则

词法是按单词的词性(Word Class)来分类的。词性就好比人种,有些人黄皮肤,黑眼睛,是黄种人;有些人白皮肤,蓝眼睛,是白种人,人种不同,体貌特征不同。同样,“a, an, the”是冠词,“egg, pig”是名词,词性不同,使用方法不同。很多同学在词汇学习时忽略词性,导致在中、高考书面表达中误用词性,这是一种出现最多而且最难改正的错误,所以在英语学习的初级阶段,一定要打好词性的基础。

先来介绍英语中的十种词性。请大家看这句话,“Whoops, one of the pretty girls and he are talking happily.”(哎呦,美女中的一个正高兴地和他交谈。)句子一共十一个词,囊括了以下十种词性中的大部分。

1、叹词:表达感情、语气的词语。“Whoops”是表示惊讶的叹词,相当于汉语中的“哎呦!”。

2、数词:表示数量的词语。One(本句中是代词,但更常用做数词)表示数字“1”。

3、介词:表示词语间的相互关系,相当于汉语中的助词。例句中的of相当于汉语中的“的”字。

4、冠词:冠,帽子也,冠词是英文名词的帽子。定冠词the是英文中出现频率最高的词汇。

5、形容词:形容词修饰名词表示特征。Pretty形容人的美丽。语言是否优美,形容词和副词是关键。

6、名词:表示事物的名称。Girl是女孩,再如我们说的薄脆饼干,英文叫做cracker,咬上去是不是有crack(爆裂)的感觉?

7、连词:连接一组词、短语或者句子的词语。比如例句中的“and”,连词可是句子从短变长、句式富于变化的功臣。

8、代词:最常用的方式是代替名词概念。比如QiangQiang got up. He opened his eyes.有了代词“he”,表达时就不用不厌其烦的使用名词QiangQiang(QQ)了。

9、动词:英文词法中最重要的词性,它决定了句子的结构。本句中用了“talk”一词的现在进行时态“are talking”说。动词时态、语态等都是中学考试命题者的最爱。

10、副词:经常用来修饰动词和形容词。句子中的“happily”就是一个典型的副词。

混血儿有多个人种的特点,与之类似,有些词语有多种词性,比如名词dog做动词讲的时候是“跟踪”的意思,A man dogged me. (一个人跟踪我。)

掌握英文的十种词性后,再分别学习每种词性所对应的语法规则,比如冠词规则分三部分:不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词(既不加冠词,比如play basketball中的basketball前面不加冠词);而词法中的难点——动词的学习分四部分:时态、语态、助动词和情态动词,这样分类之后是不是感觉条理清晰了很多呢?

句法:研究造句规则

比如词语的组合顺序:同样的词语,但不同的词语组合顺序,两个句子“The snake bit the old man”和“The old man bit the snake.”含义大相径庭。根据句子的繁简程度,句子分成三类:简单句、复合句和并列句。

简单句

简单句是其它两类句子的基础,先请看下面五句话:

1、Time flies.(时光飞逝。)

2、Time proves all.(时间证明一切。)

3、Time brings us experience.(时间带给我们经验。)

4、Time makes us attractive.(时间使我们有魅力。)

5、Time is money.(时间就是金钱。)

每句话都有一个描述对象(这里都是Time),叫做主语。主语发出的动作(比如fly, tell, bring, make, is)叫做谓语。简单句就是有且仅有一个主语和一个谓语的句子。

上述五个句子中主语全一样,都是Time,仅仅是谓语动词的不同导致句子结构的不同,即动词种类决定简单句种类。英语中动词分五类,所以英语简单句也分五类:

1、不及物动词(fly):主语+谓语,就能独立成句。

2、及物动词(prove):主语+谓语+宾语,谓语动词后面必须加一个宾语才能组成句子,其中宾语是谓语动作的对象。

3、双宾动词(bring):主语+谓语+宾语1+宾语2,谓语动词后面必须加两个宾语句子才能组成句子。

4、宾补动词(make):主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语,谓语动词后面不仅要加一个宾语,宾语后面还需要一个补充说明宾语的成分。

5、连系动词(is):主语+系动词+主语补语,系动词主要起连接作用,连接主语和其补充说明成分。

英语中大多数动词都是及物动词,而且有些动词有多重属性,比如make除了例句中做宾补动词之外,也可以做及物动词,比如我做了个蛋糕。(I made a cake.)因为简单句能表达的意思有限,所以人们表达复杂思想时,复合句和并列句就粉墨登场了。

复合句

复合句是把简单句中的成分(如主语或宾语,原来由词或者词组构成的)用一个句子替代。比如简单句We know the fact.(我们知道这个事实。),其中“the fact”做宾语成分。假定“the fact”(这个事实)就是“Hua Mu Lan is a girl.”(花木兰是女孩。),我们用这句话代替简单句中“the fact”这个成分,用一个复合句We know that Hua Mu Lan is a girl.(我们知道花木兰是女孩。)表达出上述两个句子的含义。我们把简单句部分(We know…)称为主句,而替代句(that Hua Mu Lan is a girl)称为从句。

复合句中有三点需要注意:

其一,从句是主句的句子成分。(上例中的从句“that Hua Mu Lan is a girl”在主句中做宾语。)主从句名称反映的是主、从句地位的不同,主句是主人,从句是仆从,仆从是主人的一部分。

其二,从句构造规则:从句=连词+句子。从句不是简单的句子,而是在句子前加上连词。(比如上例中的“that”)

其三,根据从句所替代成分相当于名词、形容词还是副词,从句被分成三类,名词从句、形容词从句(也称定语从句或关系从句)和副词从句(状语从句)。(比如上例中被从句替代的成分“the fact”是名词,所以该从句称为名词从句。)

复合句学习的关键是掌握何处使用从句(替换主句成分)和如何构造从句(选择合适连词)。

并列句

并列句就是用连词(如and, but, so)把简单句连接起来。比如两个简单句We know the fact.和We will not tell you.可以用连词“but”连接,变成We know the fact but we will not tell you. 并列句学习的关键在于熟练掌握并列连词。

语法学习注意事项

学习语法要注意以下三点:

一是建立正确的语法体系。首先在头脑中种植上述语法大树,对语法形成总体印象(big picture),这样每个语法点的学习都归结为语法大树上某片叶子的学习,这样才能高屋建瓴而不是管中窥豹。《朗文英语语法》(L.G.亚历山大编著)和《英语语法新思维》(张满胜编著)都提供了科学的语法体系,应常备案头,按图索骥。但抛弃英语的日常使用,专攻语法书则是不可取的,没有针对性因而事倍功半,只能打击学习语法的积极性。所以语法书是用来查的,而不是用来学的。

二是分之治之。种植语法大树后,逐片研究每片树叶,从初中的词法、简单句到高一、高二动词词法的继续学习和复合句。高三复习时再次强化大树,复习每片树叶。

三是先规则后例外。语法是对语言的归纳总结,先有语言,再总结出规则。但语言是活的,规则无法涵盖所有语言现象,作为规则的补充,必须考虑例外。比如作为规则,结尾为“o”字母的可数名词变复数结尾要加-s, 但是中学范围内有四个词语例外,结尾要加-es,tomato, potato, hero和negro。考试中,一定是规则为主,例外为辅;所以学习时也一样,时间和精力主要花在规则上,而不要为少数生僻的语法特例皓首穷经

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