语言学名词解释(20200524011933)
语言学名词解释
Define the following terms:
1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.360docs.net/doc/131949288.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist
Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter
the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist
Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how
ought to be,https://www.360docs.net/doc/131949288.html,ying down rules for language use.
9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the
face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.
13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the
social interaction of language.
14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis
and description of particular studies.
15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science
of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include
psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological
linguistics,et
16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.
21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
23． Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing
the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of
air in the oral cavity.
25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in
a particular language.
26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus
the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
30． Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.
31． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme
are usually in complementary distribution.
32． IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised
by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.
33． Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech
that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental
features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.
34． Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound
segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and
intonation.
35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between
expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units
without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
36. compound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the
addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and
case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they
are attached.
38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only
when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).
39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation
between roots and affixes.
40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total
lass of identity.
41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in
English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/
are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an
inflectional affix can be added.
43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent
on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”．
44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an
independent word.
45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”）
46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical
categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.
48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to
substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or
unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words
are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
51. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with
only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.
55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.
56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word
is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.
58. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.
59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous
60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words
in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.
61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of
two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in
terms of some categories.
62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.
63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.
64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed
into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.
66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not
functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.
67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.
68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
69. c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.
70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.
71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.
72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.
73. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..
74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.
75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.
76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.
77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties
of the entity a word denotes.
78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.
79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about
things in context.
80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.
81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.
82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.
83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.
84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a
pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.
85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship
relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities
involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are
instances of relational opposites.
86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one
word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)
87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there
are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,
88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word
with two values,e.g<+human>
89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning
of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way
they are combined.
90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a
particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.
91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential
calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a
composite propositions and the connection between them.
92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act
which has to do with reference.
93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal
structure of simple.
94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process
by which features of one element change to match those of another that
precedes or follows.
95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the
mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it
are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to
match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.
96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when
the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.
97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is
accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.
98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from
something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not
following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.in a specific context.
99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous
words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.
100. language perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.
101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.
102. language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information
and so on.
103. language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information
and so on.
104. lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.
105. macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.
106. modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.
107. parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.
108. propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes
a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.
109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).
110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.
112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.
113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng.
114. communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules,conventions,https://www.360docs.net/doc/131949288.html,erning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.
115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”
116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis,https://www.360docs.net/doc/131949288.html,nguage determines thought.
117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf
hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.
118. linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language
use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.
119. sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in
which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use
in a social context.
120. sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in
which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining
linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.
121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the
relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.
122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does
something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may
be true or false.
123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition
which may be true or false.
an act of conveying
124. locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s
literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and https://www.360docs.net/doc/131949288.html,ly.,the
utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.
125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is
identical with the speaker’s intention.
126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying
the consequence of,or the change brought about by the
something,it’s
utterance.
127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal
utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four
maxims of the cooperative principle.
128. entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily
follows from the other:e.g.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”．
129. ostensive communication: a complete characterization of
communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.
130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive
communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.
131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.
132. Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your
contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you
must(given Q).
133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex
and/or expression when a corresponding
unmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).
134. constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency
condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able
to..
135. third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.
136. I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the
fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.
137. direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said
in its fullest form.
138. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character
said in its fullest form.
139. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of
direct speech.
140. narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer
piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.
141. narrator”srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his unpunctuality.
142. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the
thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.
143. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used 144. narrator’s
by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same
as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
145. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the
thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.
146. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
147. narrator”s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.
148. free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.
149. direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of
their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..
150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc.
151. computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill
in the use of computers and computer software.
152. computer linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.
153. Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.
154. programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.
155. local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.
156. CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.
157. machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.
158. concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may
be gathered.
159. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing
raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,
160. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its
existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced
with various type of linguistic information.
161. informational retri: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retri system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on
the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or
non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.
162. document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retri strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information
retri.
163. precision: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant.
164. recall: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant.
165. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and
foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the
compiling of dictionaries,etc
166. communicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and
ability involved in putting language to communicative use.
167. syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the
cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.
168. interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the
language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.
169. transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two languages are similar,we can get positive
transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in errors.
170. validity: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to measure.There are four kinds of validity,i.e.content validity,construct
validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity.
171. rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of reliability,i.e.stability reliability,and equiralence reliability.
172. hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of
both frequency,i.e.overpassing the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting the target,i.e.extending the use of a form inalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas
as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to occur.
173. discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills
are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
174. integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are
—further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.
语言学名词解释整理
Morphology 形态学，研究词的内部结构和构造规则 如colorful,由color和-ful两部分构成，由此概括出一条规则：名词词尾加上-ful可构成形容词 Morpheme, 语素，不能再简化的有意义的语言单位。如boys,由boy和-s构成 Morph 语素的具体形态 Allomorph 语素变体 英文单词illogical,imbalance,irregular和inactive有着共同的语素in-。换句话说，im-,ir-是语素in-的变体。 Free morphemes 能单独出现，独立构词的语素称为自由语素。如work,boy Bound morphemes 不能独立出现，必须附着在其他语素后才能构词的语素。如distempered中，dis-和-ed是黏着语素，temper是自由语素 Bound roots 不能独立出现，只能被词缀附着后出现 如refer中的-fer,consist中的-sist Content morphemes 包含语义内容的语素（包含简单词和能改变词根意义的词缀），如名词、动词、形容词、副词。如work Function morphemes 通过联系一个句子中的其他词提供语法功能的语素 如介词、连词、冠词 at，for，a,but Inflectional 曲折，生成同一语素的不同形式 -s,-‘s,-ing,-en,-er,-est，-s Derivational 派生，生成新词，通常可以改变词汇意义 Cat,caty Compounding合成 如Girlfriend Reduplication 重复 Abbreviation or shortening 简写 Blending 混合 Motor+hotel=motel Breakfast+lunch=brunch Alternation Man men Suppletion不规则 Go went Syntax句法
语言学的名词解释
序论部分 语言学：是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；从方法上分为历史语言学、比较语言学、历史比较语言学、描写语言学；从研究对象上可分为个别语言学和普通语言学；19C 初的历史比较语言学标志着语言学的诞生。 历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学。 比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的语言学。表层结构、深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 语言的社会功能语言的依存性（强制性）：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。 语言层级性：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节，为语言符号准备了形式部分；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。 语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。组合关系：构成线性序列的语言成分之间前后相继的关系。语言单位顺着时间的线条前后相继，好像一根链条，一环扣着一环，处于这个组合链中的两个符号或符号序列之间的关系就叫组合关系。如：主谓、动宾等都是具体的组合关系类型。 聚合关系：在线性序列的某一结构位置上语言成分之间相互替换的关系。在同一位置上能够相互替换的语言单位具有相同的语法功能。在这个线性序列中，每一个语言单位都占有一个特定的位置，在这个位置上它可以被其他语言单位替换下来，犹如一根链条，某一环可以被另一环替换下来，从而形成一根新的链条。 语言习得性：是指虽然人类先天就具有潜在的语言能力，但要掌握一门语言，必须通过后天的学习，没有现实的语言环境，不能掌握任何一种语言。 语言能力：抽象思维能力和发音能力的结合，即，掌握语言需要有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。征候：是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。如：炊烟代表人家。语音部分语音：即语言的声音，由人的发音器官发出，负载一定的意义，是语言的物质外壳，语言依靠语音来实现其社会交际功能。 音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位，分为元音和辅音。 国际音标：由国际语音学会于1888年制定的一套记音符号，它根据“一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素”的原则，主要使用拉丁字母和各种变形符号，是国际上通用的记音符号。语音的生理属性：指语音的动力、发音体和发音方法。 语音的物理属性：是指物体受到外力作用而发生振动，从而使周围的空气也发生振动，形成音波，音波传入人耳，使鼓膜发生振动，刺激听觉神经，于是人们产生了声音的感觉。语音的物理属性包括音高、音长、音重、音质。 语音的社会属性：指同一个音素在不同的语言或方言中具有不同的作用，执行不同的交际功能，是语音的本质属性。 音高：指声音的高低，取决于发音体振动的频率，具有区别意义的作用。如汉语的声调。音重：指声音的强弱，取决于振幅，具有区别意义的作用。语音的强弱与气流量的大小和发
语言学名词解释汇总
语言学名词解释汇总 一、名词解释。 1、语言学：①～是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；②从方法上分为历史…、比较…、历史比较…、描写…；从研究对象上可分为个别…和普通…； ③19世纪初的历史比较学标志着语言学的诞生。 2、语文学：…是为给古代文化遗产——政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。 3、小学：指我国古代传统的文学学、音韵学和训诂学,虽然我国古代没有语文学，但一般认为…属于语文学的范围。 4、训诂：是解释字义和研究它的演变的一门学科，其目的是从词义方面来解释古书的文字。 5、专语语言学：以某种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学称为…。 ＊共时语言学和历时语言学：根据语言体系的稳固和变化,把语言研究分为共时的和历时的研究,共时…研究的是在特定时期内相对稳固的语言体系,如对现代汉语的研究;历时…研究的则是描写语言体系的历史演变,如对汉语发展史的研究。＊普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。 ＊历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学称为…。 ＊比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的叫…。 6、表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 7、语言：是从言语中概括出来的音义结合的词汇系统和语法系统。 ＊言语：是说的行为和结果。 ＊说话：是人们运用语言工具表达思想所产生的结果。 8、语言层级性（二层性）：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节；上层分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。 ＊语言的线条性：是指在交际过程中，语言符号或者作为符号的形式的声音，只能一个跟着一个依次出现，随着时间的推移而逐渐延伸，绝不能在同一时间里说出两个符号或两个声音。 ＊任意性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，音义之间交没有必然的、本质的联系，也就是它们之间的结合是不可论证的，是约定俗成的。 ＊依存性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。 9、语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经 过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。 ＊语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、
语言学名词解释
Illocutionary act: The illocutionary act is the act performed in the performing of a locutionary act. When we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. In the example of “Morning!” we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting. Cooperative principle: This is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims. Conversational implicature: This is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意in Chinese. Entailment: This is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second. For example, when “I saw a boy” is true, “I saw a child” is necessarily true;and if “I saw a child” is not true, “I saw a boy” will not be true either. Ostensive communication: “Ostensive communication”, or “inferential communication”, is a shorthand for “ostensive-inferential communication”. That is, communication is not simply a matter of encoding and decoding, it also involves inference on the part of the hearer and ostension (making clear of one?s intention to express something) on the part of the speaker. Speech act theory: speech act theory is the first major in theory in the study of language in use which originated with J.L. Austin. In his opinion, to say something is to do something. He classified speech act into three kinds: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Image Schema意向图式: is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Sociolinguistics: is the linguistic study of society or the social study of language. Transformation-generative grammar (TG)转换生成语法TG refers to any grammar in which different syntactic structures are related by transformations. Hend commonly, from the 1960s, of the theories of Chomsky, or of Chomsky?s school, in general. In a transformational grammar as Chomsky first proposed it, the main role of transformations was to relate the sentences of a language as a whole to a small set of kernel sentences. Functional sentence perspective (FSP)功能句子观is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances or texts in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that Stimulus-response: A learning theory associated particularly with the American psychologist Skinner, which describes learning as the formation of association between responses. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult?s use of language is also a process of stimulus-response. A stimulus is the behavior
语言学纲要名词解释.
语言学纲要名词解释 导言 1.语言学：以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立学科，其主要任务是研究语言的性质、结构和功能，通过考察语言及其应用的现象，来解释语言存在和发展的规律。 2.语文学：指19世纪历史比较语言学之前的语言研究，这时的语言研究尚未独立，语言学作为其他学科的附庸而存在，语言研究的主要目的是为了阅读古籍和语言教学，从而为统治者治理国家或为其他学科的研究服务。 3.小学：中国传统的语文学，由于汉语书面语使用的文字——汉字的特点，中国传统语言研究抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。 4.理论语言学：也称普通语言学，是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。理论语言学的水平在很大程度上决定于具体语言学的研究成果。 5.共时语言学：以同时的、静态的分析方法，研究语言相对静止的状态，描写分析语言在某一时期、某一阶段的状况，是从横的方面研究语言。 6.历时语言学：研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史。涉及到一种语言的叫做历时语言学，如历史语音学，历史词汇学，历史语法学等；涉及到多种语言和方言的叫做历史比较语言学。 7.索绪尔：瑞士语言学家，现代语言学的奠基人，结构主义语言学的开创者，著有《普通语言学教程》，被人们誉为“现代语言学之父”。他提出语言是符号体系；符号由能指所指两部分构成，这两部分的关系是任意的，一旦形成以后又是约定性的；符号系统内部存在“组合关系”和“聚合关系”；区分了“语言”和“言语”；“内部语言学”和“外部语言学”；“历时语言学”和“共时语言学”。他的学说标志着现代语言学的开始，在不同的程度上影响着20世纪的各个语言学派。 8.布龙菲尔德：美国描写语言学派的代表人物，它的主要贡献是将语言学从哲学理念建设成为一门科学。早期的著作是出版于1914年的《语言研究导论》，立足于心理学来阐释语言、刺激—反应论来解释语言的产生和理解的过程。1933年他的最有影响的著作《语言论》出版。这时，他已经从构造心理学转到行为心理学。他在该书中提出了美国结构语言学派研究语言的基本原则和描写语言结构的总框架。 9.乔姆斯基：转换生成语法的创始人，著有《句法结构》。最出他用结构主义的方法研究希伯来语，后来发现这种方法有很大的局限性，转而探索新的方法，逐步建立了转换生成语法，1957年出版的《句法结构》就是这一新方法的标志。这种分析方法风靡全世界，冲垮了结构语言学的支配地位，因而被人们成为“乔姆斯基革命”，对语言学的发展方向产成了巨大影响。 10.韩礼德：英国语言学家，功能主义语言学派的代表人物，继承了以弗斯为首的伦敦学派的基本理论，并吸收布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派的某些观点的基础上发展起来和创立了系统功能语法，著有《普通语言学教程》《语法功能论》等著作。他从人类学和社会学的角度出发研究语言与社会的关系，把语言看做“社会符号”，其包括功能系统、层次和语境等概念，在语法中认为系统中存在连锁系统和选择系统，在功能语法中他用功能的配置来解释语法结构，提出了概念功能、人际功能、语篇功能。20世纪70年代后，他将注意力转移到语言与社会学、符号学的关系上，对社会语言学进行研究。 11.赵元任：字宣仲，江苏常州人，生于天津。赵元任是“中国语言学之父”。他将科学运用于语言学研究的结果：用自然科学中的基本概念说明语言问题；用自然科学的先进成果记录和分析语音；把自然科学中的研究方法引入语言学；引入科学的描述事物的方式以及解决问题的程序等等。中国的传统语言学在他和同时代的一批学者的努力下，逐步走向现代化。 12.历史比较语言学：出现于18世纪末19世纪初，中心在德国。该学派采用历史比较的方法，通过语音和词形的比较研究语言的发展和演变，发现了语言之间的亲缘关系并建立了语言的谱系分类。历史比较语言学的兴起，是语言学成为一门独立的学科。经过一个多世纪的探索研究，弄清了世界上很多语言的同源关系，建立了世界语言的谱系分类，为语言学的发展做了很大贡献。历史比较语言学也有局限：他强调了语言的历史比较，忽视了语言的共时研究；孤立地研究语言单位，缺乏对语言系统性的研究。 13.结构主义语言学：1916年索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。索绪尔语言理论的核心是语言是符号系统，突破了历史比较语言学的局限，开拓了语言研究的新领域，给语言学带来革命性的变化。
语言学概论名词解释
语言学概论名词解释 序论部分 语言学：是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；从方法上分为历史语言学、比较语言学、历史比较语言学、描写语言学；从研究对象上可分为个别语言学和普通语言学；19C初的历史比较语言学标志着语言学的诞生。 语文学：是为给古代文化遗产，即政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。“小学”：中国传统的语文学，围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，形成了文字学、音韵学、训诂学，分别探讨和研究汉字的字形、字音、字义。 专语语言学：以某种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学。 共时语言学、历时语言学：根据语言体系的稳固和变化，把语言研究分为共时的和历时的研究,。共时语言学研究的是在特定时期内相对稳固的语言体系，如对现代汉语的研究；历时语言学研究的则是描写语言体系的历史演变,如对汉语发展史的研究。 普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。 历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学。 比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的语言学。 表层结构、深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 索绪尔：现代语言学的创始人，代表著作是《普通语言学教程》。（简单要加补充） 语言的社会功能 语言：就其本质而言，语言是一种音义结合的符号系统；就其社会功能来说，语言是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和必不可少的思维工具。 言语：是对语言的运用，是语言的行为和结果。 说话：是人们运用语言工具表达思想所产生的结果。 思维：是人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程。根据思维活动的不同形态可分为三种类型：直观动作思维、形象思维、抽象思维。 社会：指生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文体传统的人类共同体，即一般所说的部落、部族和民族。 符号：是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。 语言符号：是由音义结合构成的，代表或指称现实现象的符号。“音”是语言符号的物质表现形式，“义”是语言符号的内容，只有音义结合才能指称现实现象，构成语言符号。 语言的线条性：是指语言符号在交际过程中，其声音只能一个跟着一个依次出现，随着时间的推移而逐渐延伸，绝不能在同一时间里说出两个符号或两个声音。 语言的任意性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，由社会约定俗成，没有什么必然的、本质的联系。 语言的依存性（强制性）：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。 语言层级性：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节，为语言符号准备了形式部分；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。 语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。 语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。 组合关系：构成线性序列的语言成分之间前后相继的关系。语言单位顺着时间的线条前后相继，好像一根链条，一环扣着一环，处于这个组合链中的两个符号或符号序列之间的关系就叫组合关系。如：主谓、动宾等都是具体的组合关系类型。 聚合关系：在线性序列的某一结构位置上语言成分之间相互替换的关系。在同一位置上能够相互替换的语言单位具有相同的语法功能。在这个线性序列中，每一个语言单位都占有一个特定的位置，在这个位置上它可以被其他语言单位替换下来，犹如一根链条，某一环可以被另一环替换下来，从而形成一根新的链条。 语言习得性：是指虽然人类先天就具有潜在的语言能力，但要掌握一门语言，必须通过后天的学习，没有现实的语言环境，不能掌握任何一种语言。 语言能力：抽象思维能力和发音能力的结合，即，掌握语言需要有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。 征候：是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。如：炊烟代表人家。 语音部分 语音：即语言的声音，由人的发音器官发出，负载一定的意义，是语言的物质外壳，语言依靠语音来实现其社会交际功能。 音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位，分为元音和辅音。 国际音标：由国际语音学会于1888年制定的一套记音符号，它根据“一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素”的原则，主
语言学概论名词解释(DOC)
语言学概论名词解释 第一章语言和语言学 1、语言：从结构上看，语言就是由词语这种符号构成的复杂系统。从功能上看，是人类进行社会交际和思维认识的工具。语言具有符号性、系统性、社会性及其他属性{民族性和生成性（指人们可以根据有限的语言符号和组合规则生成无限的句子）模糊性} 2、语言的能指和所指（什么是符号）：用甲事物代表乙事物，而甲乙两事物之间没有必然联系，甲事物就是代表乙事物的符号，其中甲事物就是符号的能指（形式），乙事物就是符号的所指（内容和意义）。符号的能指和所指之间的关系是人为约定的。 3、语言符号的特征：语言中的词语就是一种符号，具有符号的特征。 ①语言符号的任意性和理据性：语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的联系，用什么语音形式代表什么语义内容是任意的，即可以自由选择的；语言符号的理据性。是指人们用什么语音形式表示某种语义内容是有某种依据、缘由的。 ②语言符号的稳固性和渐变性：语言符号一旦约定俗成以后就具有稳固性；为了适应社会发展的变化，采取渐变的方式 ③语言符号的线条性和层次性：语言符号的线条性，或称线性，是指人说话时语言符号在时间上依次出现，像一根线条一样，呈现为一种线性序列；线条性只是语言符号序列的表面形式，语言符号序列的内部结构是有层次的。 4、征兆：如果甲事物与乙事物之间有必然的因果关系，甲事物就不是乙事物的符号，而是征兆。 5、语言的社会性：语言是社会交际的工具，社会性是语言的本质属性。自然语言系统和规则是由特定的社会群体共同约定俗成的，而不是由个别人或少数人创造的语言的发展变化离不开社会，无论是新词语的产生，还是旧词语的消亡，都取决于社会交际的需要。由于自然语言从生到长到死的整个过程都取决于整个社会，所以说社会性是自然语言的本质属性。 6、言语：言语包括言语活动和言语作品。言语活动就是运用语汇材料和语法规则交流思想的活动，简言之就是说话，而言语作品则是言语活动的结果，也就是说出来的话。 7、副语言：语言虽然不是人类唯一的交际工具，除了语言之外，人类还有其他辅助性的交际工具，例如体态、美术、音乐等。这类辅助性交际工具有时也被称为“语言“，为了与真正的语言相区别，可以把它们称为副语言或准语言。副语言可以分为两种类型，一类是依附性副语言，另一类是独立性副语言。依附性副语言是在语言的基础上形成的，依附于语言，是语言的代码，一般可以准确地转换成语言，如文字、电报代码、交通信号、旗语、灯语、商品包装和公共场所的一些示意符号、标志等；独立性副语言不是在语言的基础上产生的，可以独立于语言使用，一般不能准确地转换成语言，如自然体态语（包括表情、姿态、手势、动作等，不包括为聋哑人人工设计的手势语）、美术语言、音乐语言等。 8、自然语言：自然语言是社会群体共同创造的、在日常交际活动中逐渐自然形成和发展的语言，如汉语、英语等。 9、人工语言：人工语言是个别人或少数人人工设计出来的语言（严格来说是副语言），如电报代码、科学符号公式、计算机程序语言、交通信号、旗语、灯语、为聋哑人人工设计的手势语、盲人的手指语以及国际辅助语等。
语言学的名词解释
When I was preparing the postgraduate entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal University),some of these following concepts had been tested,but there's no specific or clear explanation in the textbook required by the university.As in preparing the second-round examination I read them in other relevant books, I wrote down here for your reference.Hope they are useful to some of you. 1. Acculturation(同化过程）is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. 2. Adjacency pair（相邻语对）;a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, such as question/answer sequences and greeting/greeting exchange. 3. affix: a bound morpheme that is attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in some way. 4. agreement (concord)（一致）: a grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one word in a sentence is determined by the form of another word which is grammatically linked to it. E.g. in the sentence The boy goes to school every day.There is an agreement in number between boy and goes. 5.articulators（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds. 6.aspect(体）: the grammatical category representing distinction in the temporal structure of an event. English has two aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体) 7.aspiration(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a stop consonant. E.g. /p/ in the word pit. 8.consonant（辅音）; a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. 9. converstional implicature（会话含义）:meanings that are explicable in the light of converational maxims. https://www.360docs.net/doc/131949288.html,municative competence（交际能力）; the ability to use language appropriately in social situations. 11. constituent（成分）: a syntactic unit that functions as part of a large unit within a sentence; typical constituent types are verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause. 12.case(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional languages by which the form of a noun or noun phrase varies for grammatical or semantic reasons. English has only one case distinction in nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but English pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin. 13.clause（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a sentence or part of a sentence. 14.closed class（封闭词类）: a group of words whose membership is small and does not readily accept new members. 15.coinage（创新词）: the construction and addition of new words. 16.distribution(分布）: the set of positions in which a given linguistic element or form can appear in a language. 17.duality（双重结构）: a type of double-layer structure in which a small number of meaningless units are combined to produce a large number of meaningful units. 18.entailment（包含）; the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one(the second)
语言学名词解释
1、Descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. 2、Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. 3、Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units(e.g. words) and meaningless segments(e.g. sounds, letters). 4、Displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker's immediate situation. 5、Phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. 6、Langue: the language system shared by a "speech community". 7、allophone: variants of the same phoneme. If two or more phonetically different sounds do not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. To be allophones, they must be in complementary distribution and bear phonetic similarity. 8、morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 9、inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached. 10、endocentric: Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable Centre or Head. In the phrase two pretty girls, girls is the Centre or Head of this phrase or word group. 11、recursiveness: it mainly means that a constituent can be embedded within(i.e., be dominated by) another constituent having the same category, but it can be used to any means to any means to extend any constituent. Together with openness, recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. 12、cohesion: cohesion refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. The cohesion devices usually include: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, and so on. 13、conceptual meaning: this is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. In other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But Leech also used "sense" as a briefer term for this conceptual meaning. As a result, Leech's conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.
语言学考研术语 名词解释 带解释
语言学考研术语-名词解释 1.赵元任 赵元任，字宣仲，又字宜重，江苏武进（今常州）人，生于天津。赵元任是“中国语言学之父”。他将科学运用于语言学研究的结果：用自然科学中的基本概念说明语言问题；用自然科学的先进成果记录和分析语音；把自然科学中的研究方法引入语言学；引入科学的描述事物的方式以及解决问题的程序等等。赵元任成功了，中国的传统语言学在他和同时代的一批优秀学者的共同努力下，终于逐步而又缓慢地走向了现代化。 2.哥本哈根学派 哥本哈根学派是受到索绪尔语言学思想影响而出现的世界三个结构主义语言学的主要流派之一。它以1931年哥本哈根语言学会的成立为标志，主要创始人和理论家是丹麦哥本哈根大学的语言学教授L.叶尔姆斯列夫。哥本哈根学派的理论叫做“语符学”。 叶尔姆斯列夫认为，语言的内在结构是各级要素共同构成的关系网络。为了确定语言的基本要素，他把语言成分分为“内容”和“表达”两个平面。这两个平面又各分为“形式”和“实质”两层，“形式”是结构关系，“实质”是体现形式的语言的实体（一方面是声音，另一方面是意义）。另一方面，叶尔姆斯列夫在语言中区分“序列”和“系统”。“序列”是词、短语、句子等形式结构。符号的序列包括内容平面和表达平面，两者都由系统中的要素构成。 3.描写语言学 描写语言学是结构语言学的一个分支，是20世纪美国的一些学者在对美洲印第安语调查和研究的基础上逐步形成和发展起来的，它以面向语言材料、注重语言结构的形式描写而著称。它的主要特点如下：注重口语的描写和共时的研究；注重形式的分析，回避意义问题；在结构分析中主要运用分布和替换的方法，以便从一堆语言素材中切分出独立的单位并加以分类；对句法结构进行层次分析；建立语素音位这个新的单位，这是在语法和语音结合的基础上建立的一个新的单位；强调验证。 4.语言学 语言学是以语言为专门研究对象的一门独立学科。其主要任务是研究语言的性质、结构和功能，通过考察语言及其应用的现象，来揭示语言存在和发展的规律。 5.应用语言学 应用语言学是研究语言学的应用的一门学科。事实上是一种交叉学科，是相关学科的学者将语言学的基本原理同有关学科结合起来研究而产生的新的学科。如社会语言学、心理语言学等。 6.理论语言学，应用语言学 理论语言学是从理论上研究语言的性质、功能和结构的语言学，以研究对象的不同又分为个别语言学和普通语言学。 应用语言学是研究语言学的应用的一门学科。事实上是一种交叉学科，是相关学科的学者将语言学的基本原理同有关学科结合起来研究而产生的新的学科可以分为狭义和广义两种。狭义的指研究语言教学中的理论和方法，广义上有社会语言学、神经语言学、计算语言学、数理语言学和心理语言学等多种分支学科。 7.发音语言学，声学语言学 研究发音语音学的语言学家希望能翔实记载人类发出语音的过程，以了解发音孔道中各个器官（称为发音器官，包括舌头、嘴唇、牙齿、下颚、硬腭、软腭）是如何协调运作以发出某个语音。声学语言学研究和描述携带口耳之间言语声波的声学特性、韵律和嗓音音质，不但与发音语音学和语音感知直接有关，而且对信号处理和语音技术的应用也是非常重要的。