2015-2016学年牛津沪教版初中英语七年级下册知识点总结(全)【精品推荐】
2015-2016学年牛津沪教版初中英语七年级下册
七年级下册知识点总结
Unit 1 People around us
Ⅰ. 短语 词组
1. hard-working工作努力的
2. be patient with sb对某人有耐心
3. forget to do sth.忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事
4. take care of sb. =look after sb照顾
5. laugh at =make fun of 嘲笑
6. remain friends保持朋友
7. be strict with sb.对某人严格be strict about sth.对某事严格
8. encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事
9. take time to do sth花时间做某事
10. as well也 (一般放在句末)
11. tell sb. jokes给某人讲笑话
12. be full of =be filled with 充满
13. give up放弃give up sth./doing sth放弃走某事
14. Sb. take time to do sth.花时间做某事
15. Sb. spend time (in) doing sth.
16. My grandma was a short woman with grey hair. prep. 具有（带有 表示事物的附属部分
17. Why not plan a special Mother’s Day fo r her? Why not do sth?
Why don’t you plan a special Mother’s Day for her? Why don’t you do sth? (表建议) What about planning a special Mother’s Day for her? What about doing sth?
Ⅱ. 语法）定冠词the
1（用以特指某些人或某些事物
This is the house where Luxun once lived.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
2（用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物
Open the door,please.请把门打开。
3（用以复述上文提过的人或事物 第一次提到用“a或an”（以后再次提到用“the”
Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him.
从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。
4（用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
January is the first month of the year.一月份是一年当中的第一个月。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。
5（表示地球、宇宙等独一无二的事物
the sun 太阳the moon 月亮the earth 地球the sky 天空the world 世界
6（指由普通名词构成的专有名词
the West Lake 西湖the Great Wall 长城the United States 美国the United Nations 联合国the Browns 布朗一家the English 英国人the WTO 世界贸易组织
7（用于表示地点、方位、具体的时间或某天的一部分等。
in the east 在东方in the west 在西方in the front 在前面at the back 在后面
in the bottom 在底部at the top 在顶部on the right 在右边on the left 在左边
8（在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Huanghe River 黄河
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡
9（在姓氏复数前（表示一家人
The Bakers came to see me yesterday.贝克一家人昨天来看我。
10（和某些形容词连用（使形容词名词化（代表一类人或物
the poor 穷人the rich 富人the sick 病人the wounded 伤员the good 好人the beautiful 美丽的事物11（用于西洋乐器、发明物
1)play the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴
*中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用）play erhu(二胡)]
2)the+n{发明物} 必须是单数who invented the telephone
12（某些固定的表达法
in the morning 在早上in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上go to the cinema 去看电影
go to the theatre 去看戏all the year round 一年到头on the way to 前往...去的路上
13（the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物
The horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。
注意）像这类句子还有如下两种写法
A horse is a useful animal.
Horses are useful animals.
14. 用在世纪或逢十{1990}的复数名词前
in the18th century 在18世纪in the 1960s 在20世纪60年代
15. 用于报刊杂志会议条义历史时期朝代的名词前
the Xian incident 西安事变
Unit 2 Travelling around the world
Ⅰ. 短语（词组）
1. travel around the world环游世界
2. be famous for 因…著/闻名be famous as 作为....而著名
3. the capital of France/China 法国/中国的首都
4. place of interest名胜
5. such as=for example例如
6. the most famous最有名的
7. want to do sth 想要would like to do sth.
8. in the centre of在…中心
9. lie on the coast坐落在岸边
10. summer/winter holiday暑/寒假
11. prefer to do sth.更喜欢做某事
12. try doing sth. 尝试着做某事try to do sth. 试图/尽力做某事
13. ski on the mountains 在山上滑雪
14. go skiing 去滑雪
15. why not do sth…/why don’t you +do sth ? 为什么不...
In the east/west/south/north 在内部
on the east/west/south/north 外部接壤
to the east/west/south/north 外部不接壤
17. learn about 学习,了解
18. be different from 与…不同be the same as 与…相同be similar to 与...类似
Ⅱ. 语法？专有名词& and /but /so
一、专有名词
（一）人名例如：Mary Smith；George Washington。
（二）地名（1）大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：Asia；America；China；London；Shanghai （2）大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：Silver Lake；Mount Tai
（三）组织、机构、报刊
the United Nations联合国Bank of China中国银行Time《时代》周刊the Communist Party共产党【注】有些专有名词形式上是复数：但实际运用谓语用单数：把它们看作一个整体
The United States is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。
（四）日期
（1）节日名前通常不用冠词。例如：Christmas；National Day
（2）星期名前通常不用冠词。例如：Sunday；Tuesday
（3）月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：April；December
（4）称呼、头衔等Doctor Black布莱克医生Miss Whit怀特小姐Grandpa爷爷
二、and/ but /so
（一）and
1、表示并列或对称的关系，可以用来连接语法作用相同(同一类)的词、短语或句子，可译为“和”、“并”、“又”、“兼”等。如：
1、Lucy and I go to school five days a week. 我和露西每周上五天学。（连接两个并列主语）
2、You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必须照顾自己并保持身体健康。（连接两个并列谓语）
3、They teach us Chinese and we teach them English.他们教我们汉语：我们教他们英语。（连接两个简单句）2、如果连接两个以上的词语，通常把and放在最后一个词语前面，为了强调，可在两者之间分别加上and 把词语连接起来时，通常把较短的词语放在前面。如：
1、I like eggs，meat，rice，bread and milk.我喜欢鸡蛋、肉、米饭、面包和牛奶。
2、The apples are big and delicious.苹果又大又好吃。
3、有些用and连接的词语，次序是固定的，不能随意改变。如：
1 men、women and children男人、妇女和儿童fish and chips 炸鱼加炸土豆片等
2 与单数人称代词连用时通常按照第二人称、第三人称、第一人称的顺序如
you, she and I
4、祈使句：and+句子Walk along the Zhongshan Road, and you will find the museum.
【比较or，否则】Be quick, or you will miss the train. 快点，否则赶不上火车。
（二）but 作连词，表转折关系，可以连接两个并列成分或两个并列分句，意为“但是，然而”。如
He is young but very experienced.
他虽然年轻，但很有经验。
（二）so 意为因此、所以，表因果关系；表达的是结果。so不能放在句首
It rained heavily, so we stayed at home.
雨下得很大，所以我们待在家里。
I enjoyed drawing, so I am in the Art Club.
我喜欢画画，所以我参加艺术社。
so 不能和because连用，如：
Because he was hungry, so he ate a lot.(×)
Because he was hungry, he ate a lot.(√)
因为他饿了，所以吃了很多东西。
He was hungry, so he ate a lot.（√）
Unit 3 Our animal friends
Ⅰ. 短语 词组
1. by oneself 独自
2. lead sb. to…带领某人
3. fall asleep / go to sleep / go to bed 睡觉
4. I’m sorry that…很抱歉
5. some time 一段时间
sometime 某个时候
sometimes 有时候
some times 几次
6. with sb.’s help, ….. / with the help of sb./sth. 在某人的帮助下
7. wake up 醒来
8. get down 蹲下（趴下
9. fire engine 消防车
10. in danger 处于危险之中
11. Arrive in+大地点Reach+地点Get to+地点
get/arrive/reach home/here/there （即home、here、there三个词前不用介词）
12. start doing sth:开始一项长期或者习惯的动作start to do sth
13. 形容词接修饰不定代词（放在不定代词something（anything（nothing（everything后面
Ⅱ. 语法：反身代词& 方位介词
1.
2. by oneself =alone =on one’s own单独地，独自地
3. 搭配: all by oneself 独自；learn by oneself 自学；think to oneself暗暗地想；say to oneself自言自语；teach oneself自学；leave one by oneself把某人单独留下;help oneself 自便
二、方位介词
常用介词in、on、behind、next to、near、over、under
(1). in 在……里面：The pencil is in the desk. 铅笔在课桌里。
(2). on 在……上面：There are some apple on the tree. 树上有些苹果。
(3). under 在……下面/正下方：What's under your desk? 你书桌底下是什么
(4). over 在……正上方：There is a shelf over the table. 桌子上方有一个书架。
(5). above 在……斜上方：Raise your arms above your head.
(6). below 在……斜下方：Her skirt came below her knees.
(7). behind 在……之后：There is a bike behind the tree. 树后有一辆自行车。
(8). next to 在……旁边: There is a cafénext to the barber's. 理发店隔壁是家咖啡馆。
(9). near 在……附近：My bed is near the window. 我的床在窗户旁。
(10). by 在……旁：He was sitting by the window .
第一组：over, above和on的用法
1、over指在…的正上方，表示垂直在上。如: There is a lamp over the desk.
2)above指在上方，属于斜上方。如：Raise your arms above your head.
3)on指在上面，表示两物体接触。如：There is a cup on the table.
第二组：under / below的用法：
1) under在……下面/正下方：What's under your desk?
2) below 在……斜下方：Her skirt came below her knees.
第三组：in 和on表示“在……上”
1. 门一类——镶嵌在墙里的，用in，字画一类——挂在墙面上的，用on
1) He put up a map on the back wall because there was a hole in it.
2 ) There is a door in the wall.
2. 一类落在树上的（用in，苹果一类长在树上的，用on
1 )There are some birds singing in the trees.
2 )There are so many apples on that tree.
第四组：in /on/ to
A和B相邻、接壤，用on A和B不相邻，不接壤，用to
1) The United States is on the south of Canada and to the east of Japan.
2) Japan lies to the east of China.
第五组：at, in表示“在……”
1)at表示较小的地点。如：at the bus stop, at home
2)in表示较大的地点。如：in China, in the world
第六组：in front of 和in the front of
1)in front of表示“在…之前”范围外。如：There are some trees in front of the classroom.
2)in the front of 表示“在…的前部”范围内，如：There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 第七组：in / into in表示“在……里面”，强调静态，into表示“去……里面”，强调动态。
第八组：through / across通过，穿过across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关，为二维through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关，为三维。
Unit 4 Save the trees
Ⅰ. 短语（词组）
1. discuss=talk about讨论
2. cut off 砍掉cut down 砍倒
3. all over the country 全国
4. be harmful to=be bad for 对....有害
5. know more about 进一步了解
6. take in 吸收
7. for example例如
8. come from来自
9. in fact 事实上
10. look around环顾
11. stop doing sth.停止做某事(不做) stop to do sth 停下来去做另外一件事
12. be good for对...有益be bad for 对、、、有害
13. as a result结果
14. the number of + c.n.的复数，作主语，谓语动词用单数....的数量
15. furniture 家具【不可数名词】作主语时（谓语用单数，
a piece of furniture 一件家具two pieces of furniture 两件家具
16. be made of 由、、、制成（看得出原材料）
be made from 由、、、制成（看不出原材料）
be made by sb. 由某人制成
be made in 在、、、地方制作或生产
17. millions of大量的，数以百万计的基数词+ million或millions of
18. fight with：与某人斗争，fight against：反对某人、某物
fight for：为某人、某物斗争，fight about：因为某物而战
19. I know trees also make our lives more convenient. make sth + adj. 使、、、怎么样
20. I can’t imagine a world without trees. imagine vt. 想象，without prep. 无，没有
21. However, people are destroying the area by cutting down many of the trees. by doing:通过做某事
22. Many living things lose their homes because of deforestation.
1) because of+名词
2) because +句子：I am happy because I received收到a present just now.
23. according to :根据
Ⅱ. 语法：现在进行时（be doing ）
1、现在进行时的语法功能1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作。这类情况常与now现在（at the present现在（at the moment现在等时间状
语连用。
Please don't make so much noise. I'm writing a composition. 不要吵闹。我正在写作文。
Look! They are reading over there under the tree. 看，他们在那边的树底下看书。
Listen! She is singing in the room. 听，她在房间里唱歌。
2)表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。
We are working in a factory these days. 这几天我们在一家工厂工作。
这类情况常与today今天，this week这个星期，this evening今天晚上，these days目前等时间状语连用。
3)在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作
They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。
这类情况常与come来，go去，leave离开，depart离开，arrive到达，stay逗留，start开始等动词连用。所用
的动词必须是动作而不是状态，主语必须是人。
4)现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩。
He's always quarreling with others. 他老喜欢跟别人吵架。
与always总是，usually通常，continually不断的，constantly经常的，forever永远、老是等副词连用。
5)有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。
How are you feeling today? （How do you feel today?你今天感觉如何？
Why are you looking（do you look）so sad? 为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢？
2、结构：be(am/is/are)+动词ing(现在分词)
1）肯定句：主语+ be + v-ing. + 其他. 如：The children are playing in the park.
2) 否定句：主语+ be + not + v-ing. + 其他. 如：I am not talking to you.
3）一般疑问句：Be +主语+ v-ing.+其它? 如：Are you talking to me？
4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句? 如：Who are you talking to？
3、动词ing现在分词的变化规则
1) 直接加ing: do- doing play- playing cry- crying fly- flying go- going
2）双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ing:
run- running, get- getting, let- letting, begin- beginning，put-putting，sit-sitting，
swim- swimming，cut- cutting , shop- shopping , plan- planning .
3）去掉最后一个不发音的e，再加ing:
dance- dancing, wake- waking , take- taking, practice- practicing , write- writing , have- having
4）改ie为y，再加ing : die(死亡)—dying, tie（系）—tying lie（说谎）- lying
4、【注意】表状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时如：
believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），hear，know，understand，belong（属于），think（认为），look（看起来），show，mind，have，sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），care，like，hate，love，
例如：Danny: The doorbell is ringing.
May: I know. I hear it.
【信息词】look，liste，now，
Unit 5 Water
Ⅰ. 短语（词组）
1. turn off 关上（电灯、煤气、自来水、电视等）turn on 打开（电灯、煤气、自来水、、电视等）
turn up 开大（收音机、电视等）音量turn down 调低（收音机、电视等）音量
off\ on\ up\ down 都是adv. 接代词只能放中间如：turn it off
2. look around = look round 环顾四周
3. It’s time for sb to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了。
It’s time to do sth. 到做某事的时间了。
It’s time for sth. 是、、、的时间了。
4. add sth to sth 把、、、加入、、、里add A and B 把A和B加起来
5. make sb\sth + adj. 使某人、某物怎么样make sb do sth. 让某人做某事
6. remember (not) to do sth 记得（不）要去做某事–(事还没做)
remember doing sth 记得做过某事–(事做了)
7. a large amount of 谓语用单数，后接不可数名词
8. noise：噪音，不愉悦的声音sound：几乎所有声音
9. along沿着（线）across横穿（面）
10. 1）表示返回，return不能和back连用
2）表示归还，return可以和back连用Please return the book back before Friday.
11. in the form of：以...的形式
12. a bit 有点；一点
13. be made up of 由、、、组成
14. dry up 干涸
15. continue to do sth. 继续做别的事
continue doing sth 继续做同一件事
After he finished reading a novel, he continued to play games with his friends.
他读完小说后跟朋友们继续玩游戏。
After a rest, he continues reading.稍事休息后，他继续看书。
Ⅱ. 语法：谈论名词的数量一. 谈论多少
1. “许多”的表达：
①a lot of = lots of + 不可数名词\ 可数名词复数
如：a lot of\ lots of water a lot of\ lots of swimmers
②many + 可数名词复数如：many swimmers
③much + 不可数名词如：much water
2. “有一些；少量的(肯定意义)”的表达：
①a little + 不可数名词如：a little time
②a few + 可数名词复数如：a few friends
3. “几乎没有；没有（否定意义）”的表达：
①little + 不可数名词如：There is little food in the fridge.
②few + 可数名词复数如：He has few friends.
③no +不可数名词\ 可数名词复数
如：There is no water in the pool. There are no swimmers in the pool.
4. 注意：
①a little = not…much “很少(肯定意义)”
如：There is a little water in this bottle. = There is not much water in this bottle.
②a few = not…many “很少(肯定意义)”
如：There are a few swimmers in the pool. = There are not many swimmers in the pool.
二.询问多少
1. How many +可数名词复数+ 一般疑问句+ 其他，
如：How many oranges are there in the fridge?
2. How much +不可数名词+ 一般疑问句+ 其他，
如：How much paper do you need?
How much is\are + the + n. ? 询问价格
如：How much are the oranges?
三.谈论足够与否
1. “太多的”表达：
too many +可数名词复数如：too many oranges
too much +不可数名词如：too much water
2. “足够的”表达：
enough +可数名词复数\不可数名词如：enough onions\ salt
3. “不足的”表达：
not enough +可数名词复数\不可数名词如：not enough onions\ salt
4. “太少的”表达：
too few +可数名词复数如：too few eggs
too little +不可数名词如：too little milk
四.区别
1. too much +不可数名词“太多的、、、”
much too + adj.\ adv. “太、、、”
如：The beef is much too delicious. 牛肉太好吃了。
2. ①enough adj. 足够的；充分的修饰名词，一般置于名词之前
如：We have enough milk for everyone. enough money
②enough adv. 足够地；充分地修饰adj.\ adv. ，只能放在adj.\adv. 后面
如：He didn’t study hard enough. good enough
五、分数的表达
先分子，再分母，分子用基数，分母用序数，当分子为大于1的整数时，分母要变复数。quarter 1/4 half 1/2 two thirds 2/3 three fifths 3/5
Unit 6 Electricity
Ⅰ. 短语（词组）
1. moment 可数名词, 意为”瞬间;片刻”如：I’d like to talk to you for a moment.
与moment 相关的短语：
a moment ago 刚刚;刚才如：He was here a moment ago.
at the moment 现在;此刻如：He is at home at the moment.
wait a moment 等一会儿如：Wait a moment, please.
at the moment 此时此刻；for the moment 暂时；
In a moment 过一会儿；at any moment任何时刻
https://www.360docs.net/doc/134384599.html,ter 副词,意为”后来;以后”
3. a packet of 一袋
不可数名词没有复数形式，在表示数量时，常用“a+单位量词+of+不可数名词”结构。
如：a piece of meat; a piece of paper; a glass of apple juice; a bag of milk
数词+单位量词+of+不可数名词\可数名词复数
如：two glasses of water; three cups of tea; two packets of sweets ; three bags of pencils
4. in a way 在某种程度上
【区分】on the way 在路上；in the way 挡道；in this way这边走；by the way 顺便问下
5. connect 连接…常用结构: be connected to sth. 连接到……; connect sth. to/with…把…和…连接起来.
如：Turn on your computer and connect it to the Internet.
The railway line connects Wuhan to Shanghai.
6. power station 发电站
7. washing machine 洗衣机
8. switch off=turn off 关掉
9. tidy up 收拾整理=put away
10. air condition 空调
11. come into 进入……之内
12. provide sb. with sth. 供应给某人某物如：The sun provides us with light and heat.
“为某人提供某物”还可以用provide sth. for sb.
13. “as many + 复数名词+as ”意为”和……一样多的…”
如：I have as many books as you. 我和你有一样多的书.
“as much +不可数名词+as”意为”和…一样多的…”
如：My brother drinks as much milk as I every day.
14. share sth. with sb. 与某人合用/分享某物
15. (1 )“keep + sb. / sth. + 形容词”意为“让某人/某物保持某种状态”。
(2) keep doing sth. 连续不断地做某事，一直做。强调不断重复的动作。
如：Li Lei keeps buying books about cars. 李雷不断地买有关车的书。
(3) keep sb./ sth. doing sth. 让某人不断地做某事
(4) keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
如：We must keep them from getting to know our plans. 我们必须防止他们知道我们的计划。
16. at least 至少
17. make sure 务必，确信
Ⅱ. 语法：情态动词
一、情态动词的定义
情态动词是一类用于表示说话人的语气和情态的助动词。常表示命令、请求、拒绝、义务、可能、需要等。
二、情态动词的特点
1. 情态动词无人称和数的变化,
2. 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加"not"。
3. 个别情态动词有过去式, 过去式用来表达更客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在。
三、情态动词的用法
1. can/could；can’t/couldn’t (否定)
1) 表示能力, 意为“能、会”, 例如：
如：I can speak a little English. -- Can you ride a bike?
I can’t swim. -- Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
2) 表示请求或允许，多用于口语中，意为“可以、能”等
如：You can go home now. 现在你可以回家了-- Can I borrow your bike?
You can’t stop your car here. -- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
3) 用于否定句、疑问句中，表示猜测、怀疑或不肯定.
如：Lucy can’t be at home now, she went to the park just now.
Where can it be? I can’t find my football.
【注意：】
1）could 是can的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式；一种用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在。
2）be able to 意为“有能力，能够做...”, 相当于can/could, 但它有人称，数和时态的变化。
2. may; may not (否定)
1) 表示“请求，许可”，此时与can 同义，可以互换使用
如：May I borrow your bike? Can I borrow your bike?
Yes, you may. / No, you may not. Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
2) may/might表示不太肯定的猜测，意为“有可能”
如：Lucy may come to school late today.
It might rain today.
【注意】：might 是may 的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式，一种表示更加委婉, 客气的语气或对可能性的怀疑。
3. must; mustn’t (否定)
1) must(“必须”, 表示命令)，mustn’t(“一定不能”, 表示强烈禁止...)
如：You must go to bed before 22:00pm.
You mustn’t play with fire. It’s dangerous!
--Must I write down the sentences，
--No，you needn’t. (--No,you don’t have to)
注意：在回答must的疑问句中，否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to表示“不必”，不用mustn’t
2) must 还可以表示非常肯定的猜测，意为“一定”
如：The girl in a red skirt must be Lucy.
3) must/ have to 的区别：
①. must表示必须，强调主观上的愿望；have to表示“不得不”，强调客观需要
如：You must go be bed before 22:00pm. My bike is broken, so I have to go to school on foot.
②. have to 有人称、数、时态的变化；must则没有。
如：I have to clean the classroom today. She has to finish her homework first.
It was late, he had to go to school without breakfast.
Unit 7 Poems
Ⅰ. 短语（词组）
1. poem诗歌；poet 诗人；poetry诗歌（总称）
2. advice 【不可数名词】搭配：a piece of advice；some advice give sb. some advice 给某人建议
3. a crowd of +名词复数：一群，一伙
4. agree with sb/sth 同意某人的意见，想法，分析，解释; agree to do sth 表示同意做某事
【名词】agreement 【反义词】disagree；disagreement（名词）
5. take a shower 淋浴；take a bath：洗澡
6. adj.--n ：high—height 高; wide—width 宽; long—length长; deep-depth 深; strong—strength强
7. smile at sb：冲某人笑； a big smile 一个大大的微笑
8. a crowd of +people 一群人; be crowded with：挤满了
9. not at all 一点也不
Water does not have any taste at all. =Water has no taste at all.
【表示不客气】--Thank you! --Not at all.
10. be worried about = worry about 为、、、担忧
You don’t have to worry about him. =You don’t have to be worried about him.
11. newspaper stand 报摊
12. rush out 冲出去
13. too...to... 的用法
1）“too+形容词 副词+动词不定式”结构简称为“too...to”结构。这种结构是英语中常用的一种句型，在
大多数情况下表示否定意义，在翻译时，通常可译为:“太.....而不能.....”、“太.....无法....."。
too+adj./adv.+to do这个句型是too...to的最基本的常用句型。
如：这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。The boy is too young to go to school.
这帽子太大，没法戴。The hat is too large to wear.
Ⅱ. 语法：祈使句& 感叹句
一、祈使句（imperatives）
1. 祈使句的定义及句式特征：
定义：祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告或祝愿等的句子。它的特点是通常省略主语you,以
动词原形开头，末尾可用句号或感叹号。祈使句没有疑问句的形式，一般只有肯定和否定两种形式。
2. 肯定形式（动词原形开头）
1）以系动词be开头的祈使句，这种祈使句的常用结构：be+形容词/ 名词
Be quiet / quick! Be a good student! Be careful when crossing the street.
2）以实义动词开头的祈使句，这种祈使句的常用结构为：动词原形+宾语（+其他）。
Come in, please！Please open your books！Put them away!
3) let型（Let+宾语+动词原形+其他）
Let him do it by himself. Let me help you. Let’s go to the park.
3. 否定形式（一般在动词上否定，也可以用否定副词（never）来表示）
1）be型【Don’t be +主语+ 谓语（形容词、名词或介词短语）】
Don’t be careless! Never be late again next time!
【注意】：①在这种句型中，be不能省略②否定副词not不可置于be之后
2）do型（Don’t +动词原形+其他）Don’t believe him! Don’t worry! Never do it again!
3）Let引起的祈使句有两种否定形式
a）. Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他Let her not do that.
b）. Don’t+ let+宾语+动词原形+其他Don’t let Jim do that.
4) 在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No+名词/ V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照！No parking!
【注意】：
1). 在表达请求或劝告时，有时为了表示委婉的语气，可以在句首或句末please，但是如果please加在句末，应用逗号将其与前面的部分隔开。Sit down, please. Please look after the twins.
2). 有时为了加强语气，可以在动词前使用do. Do be careful！一定要小心！
3). 有时为了明确向谁提出请求或发出命令，可加称呼语，但称呼语要与句子用逗号隔开。
Put the shirt on the bed, Jim.
二、感叹句（exclamations）
（一）、感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。感叹句句末通常用感叹号，读时一般用降调。
（二）、感叹句的基本句型
How + 形容词+ a\an +名词+主语+谓语！
How + 形容词或副词+主语+谓语！
What + 名词+主语+谓语！
What + a\an +形容词+名词+主语+谓语！
What + 形容词+复数名词+主语+谓语！
What + 形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！
（三）、注意
（1）要修饰名词的形容词不能是表数量的many，much，little，few，遇此情况要用how，即使它们后面跟有名词：
How many books he has！他的书真多！How much money he gave her！他给了她好多钱呀！
How little money I have！我的钱多么少呀！How few friends he has！他的朋友真少！
比较：What a little box it is！多小巧的盒子呀！（该little不表示数量）
（2）有时句中的主语和谓语可以省略：
How fast！多快呀！How nice！多好呀！
How beautiful！多美呀！How nice of you to come！你来了真好！
Unit 8 From hobby to career
Ⅰ. 短语（词组）
1. 事实上（adv）：actually =in fact
2. decide to sth=make a decision to do sth 决定做某事
3. alone （adv）;独自
1)alone只是陈述一个客观事实，意思是“独自一人”、“没有同伴或助手”，只用作表语。有时放在名词或代词后，表示“仅仅”、“只有”，可作形容词。例如：He was alone in the house. 他独自一人在屋子里。
2)另外，alone 可用作副词，表示“独自地”、“单独地”。例如：The boy can do it alone. 这男孩能单独做这事。
3)lonely 则有浓厚的感情色调，指因缺少朋友、同情、友谊时所发生的一种悲伤的和忧郁的感情，意思是“孤独”、“寂寞”，作形容词。例如：I was alone, but not lonely. 我虽单独一人，但是并不寂寞。
注意，lonely 有时也可作定语，一般只修饰表示地点的名词，如a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄.
4. in the future 将来现在at present
5. go outside 外出；come inside 回来、进来
6. look like 看起来像、、、
be like 问性格、外貌
What's your sister like?你姐姐怎么样 /你姐姐是怎样一个人 --She is kind.她很善良。
look like 问外貌
What does your sister look like?你姐姐长什么样子
She is tall. She has long black hair. She is very beautiful.她个子很高。她有一头黑黑的长发。她很漂亮。
【区分】She looks like her mother.她看起来象她的妈妈。（外貌）She is like her mother.她象她的妈妈。（性格）7. more and more 越来越
【扩展】1）形容词比较级+比较级：hotter and hotter；bigger and bigger
2）more and more+形容词原级：more and more beautiful
8. grow up 长大【名词：】grown-up：成年人
9. go sailing 去进行帆船运动；go skiing; go swimming; go fishing; go sightseeing
10. be proud of = take pride in 感到骄傲
11. learn about 了解
12. the beginning of ... 的开始、开端【反义】the end of
13. turn into 把...变成...
Ⅱ. 语法：when引导的时间状语从句& used to 一、when引导的时间状语从句
I.构成
When（当...的时候），可将两个分句连接在一个句子中，表示同时发生的两件事。When
引导的分句被称为“时间
状语从句”，时间状语从句有两部分组成：
Part A
When I went out,
Part B
it started to rain.
A部分为时间状语从句，B部分为主句。从句可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。当从句置于主句前时，从句应加逗号（，）。
When I went out, it started to rain.我出去的时候，天下起了雨。
It started to rain when I went out.我出去的时候，天下起了雨。
II.用法1.注意主句和从句时态上的一致性：
Mandy usually talks to her friends when she is on her way to school.曼迪上学的路上通常会和朋友聊天。
2.When引导的时间状语从句+祈使句：表示请求或申明规则。
When you see Jane, give her my regards.你见到简的时候，请替我问候她。
3.当描述将来发生的动作时，主句使用一般将来时，when引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时（类似if）Barbara will be in Mexico when Jill is in New York.吉尔在纽约的时候，芭芭拉会在墨西哥。
【比较】I will talk to you if I have time.如果我有时间，我会跟你说话。
二、used to+do used to do sth.意思是“
过去常常做某事”，表示过去经常做或一直做而现在不做，它只用于过去时态。
(一)肯定句式：
主语+used to+动词原形……
I used to go to the cinema,but I never have time now.我过去经常去看电影，但现在没有时间了。
(二)否定句式：
主语+did not use to+动词原形……
You didn't use to drink.你过去不喝酒。
(三)一般疑问句式：
Did+主语+use to+动词原形……?--Yes, sb did./ No, sb didn’t.
例如：Did you use to go swimming in the river when you were young?你小时候经常在河里游泳吗?
(四)区分（常考点）
1. be/get used to sth. / doing sth.意为"习惯、适应某事/做某事"，它表示习惯于某一客观事实或状态，其中to是介词，后面跟名词、代词或动名词；
Old people are used to getting up early in the morning.老年人习惯早晨很早起床。
I wasn't used to city life, but now I have got used to living in this city.
我以前不习惯都市生活，但现在我已习惯住在这座城市了。
2. be used to do sth.意为"被用来做某事"，其中use表"使用"之意，是被动语态形式，to是动词不定式符号。
Wood can be used to make paper.树木可以用来造纸。
3. used to do过去常常做某事
I used to be a young pioneer.
(完整版)沪教牛津版初中英语七年级上册全套教学案
7A UNIT 1 Making friends Ⅰ重点单词： world n. 世界country n. 国家Japan n.日本Germany n. 德国German adj.德国的n.德国人 grammar n.语法 blog n. 博客sound n. 声音everyone n.人人（谓语动词要用单数）hobby n.爱好(复数hobbies）age n. 年龄 elder adj. 年长的dream n. 梦想complete v. 完成us pron.我们 yourself pron.你自己friendly adj. 友爱的engineer n. 工程师 flat n.公寓mountain n. 山Ⅱ重点短语： 1.colse to 接近 = near 反义词：far （away）from 远离 2.go to school 去上学 3.be good at 擅长 =do well in 反义词：be bad /poor at=do badly in不擅长 4.make friends with 与……交朋友 make friends 交朋友 5.all over 遍及 6.I’d like to=I would like to 愿意 Ⅲ重点句型： 1.what does···mean？ 2.welcome to 3.I like···because··· 4.My dream is to be··. 5.How old is/are ····？ 6.What does ····do？ Ⅴ详细讲解： 1.Read a G erman girl’s blog.(Page1） （1）German ： ① adj.德国的（德国人的，德语的）This is a German car. ② n.德国人，是可数名词。复数形式要在后面加“s”。意为“德语”时，是不可数名词。 Eg.Germans speak German. 我还知道：中日不变，英法变，其余后面加S （关于单复数） 中国China，中国人/中文Chinese 日本Japan，日本人/日语Japanese， 法国France，法国人/法语French 英国England/Britain/U.K.英国人/英语English 法国人还可用Frenchman(pl.Frenchmen) 英国人还可用Englishman(pl.Englishmen) （2）girl’s 是名词“girl”的所有格形式，意为“女孩的···” 所有格：在名词后加上“’s”构成所有格，表示一种所属关系，表示“···的”它的构成有以下方式：
(精校版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表
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沪教版七年级上单词表 Unit 1 German adj. 德国的 blog n. 博客 grammar n。语法 sound n. 声音complete v。完成 hobby n. 爱好 country n. 国家 age n。年龄 dream n.梦想 everyone pron. 人人；所有人 Germany n. 德国mountain n。山；山脉elder adj. 年长的friendly adj。友爱的；友好的 engineer n.工程师 world n. 世界 Japan n。日本 flat n. 公寓 yourself pron.你自己 US n. 美国close to （在空间、时间上） 接近 go to school 去上学 （be) good at 擅长 make friends with 与..。... 交朋友 all over 遍及 ’d like to = would like to 愿意 Unit2 daily adj。每日的；日常 的 article n。文章 never adv. 从不 table tennis n.兵乓球 ride v. 骑；驾驶 usually adv。通常地 so conj. 因此;所以 seldom adv.不常；很少 Geography n. 地理 break n. 休息 bell n。钟；铃 ring v。（使）发出钟声， 响起铃声 end v。结束；终止 band n。乐队 practice n. 练习 together adv。在一起 market n。集市；市场 guitar n。吉他 grade n. 年级 junior high school 初级 中学 on foot步行 take part in 参加 have a good time 过得愉快 go to bed 去睡觉 get up 起床 Unit3 Earth n. 地球 quiz n。知识竞赛；小测 试 pattern n。模式;形式 protect v.保护 report n。报告 part n. 部分
初中英语各分册语法汇总(上海牛津版)
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初一（上册）Unit 1 Anna’s blog[bl?g] Hello everyone. Welcome to my blog About me My name is Anna. I’m from Germany['d???m?n?]. I’m 11 years old. I’m tall and thin[θ?n]. I have long hair. I live with my family in a house close to some mountains. My mum is an Art teacher. My dad is a doctor. I have an elder sister and an elder brother. About my school and my hobbies（hobby ['h?b?] ） Every day, I go to school by school bus. My favorite ['fev?r?t] subjects ['s?bd?ekt] are Maths [m?θs], Art and Science['sa??ns]. I like my school because the teachers are all very friendly['fren(d)l?]. My dream[dri?m] is to be an engineer [end??'n??]. I like many sports[sp??t]. I’m good at swimming and playing basketball. These are my favorite hobbies. Dear Anna, Hi! I saw your blog on the Internet ['?nt?n?t] and I’d like to be your e-friend. My name is Jason. I’m 12 years old. I’m tall. I have short black hair. I live in a flat [fl?t] in Beijing with my parents. My dad is an engineer and my mother is an English teacher. My school is far away from our home. I go to school by bus. My favorite subject is Maths. I like my school and I have lots of friends there. I like flying kites [fla?][ka?t] in my free time[fri?]. My favorite sports are volleyball ['v?l?b??l] and football. I hope to hear from you soon. Best wishes, Jason
沪教牛津版初一英语课文
初一（上册）U n i t 1 Anna’s blog[blg] Hello everyone. Welcome to my blog About me My name is Anna. I’m from Germany['dmn]. I’m 11 years old. I’m tall and thin[θn]. I have long hair. I live with my family in a house close to some mountains. My mum is an Art teacher. My dad is a doctor. I have an elder sister and an elder brother. About my school and my hobbies（hobby ['hb] ） Every day, I go to school by school bus. My favorite ['fevrt] subjects ['sbdekt] are Maths [mθs], Art and Science['sans]. I like my school because the teachers are all very friendly['fren(d)l]. My dream[drim] is to be an engineer [end'n]. I like many sports[spt]. I’m good at swimming and playing basketball. These are my favorite hobbies. Dear Anna, Hi! I saw your blog on the Internet ['ntnt] and I’d like to be your e-friend. My name is Jason. I’m 12 years old. I’m tall. I have short black hair. I live in a flat [flt] in Beijing with my parents. My dad is an engineer and my mother is an English teacher. My school is far away from our home. I go to school by bus. My favorite subject is Maths. I like my school and I have lots of friends there. I like flying kites [fla][kat] in my free time[fri]. My favorite sports are volleyball ['vlbl] and football. I hope to hear from you soon. Best wishes, Jason Unit 2 A day at school By Sam I am a junior high school ['dun] student. I love going to school. My school is close to my home, so I always go to school on foot. Classes start at 8 ., and I am seldom['seldm] late[let]. My favorite['fevrt] subject ['sbdekt] is Geography[d'grf]. I enjoy learning about different places in the world. In the morning, we usually study Chinese, Maths and English. We have our morning break [brek] at 9:50 . When the bell [bel] rings[r], I run to the playground with my best friends Tom and Jack. We often play games. Break ends at 10:10 . How short it is! Lunch is from 11:50 . to 12:. Afternoon classes end at 3:30 . Then Tom, Jack and I take part in the school band [bnd] practice ['prkts]. We make great music together[t'gee]. I always have a good time at school. My mother is a junior high school teacher. She teaches English. My mother gets up at 6 o’clock every day and has breakfast at 6:30 . She always arrives at school at 7:25 . She usually has two lessons in the morning. In the afternoon, she has one lesson. ['vlbl]