基于PLC的物料分拣系统设计外文翻译

外文文献翻译

毕业设计题目基于PLC的物料分拣系统设计

翻译题目The Design of Material Choose System

Based on PLC

译文一：

关于可编程控制器技术与未来发展

随着时代的发展,当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈;单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景,也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象。

人们在生产实践中看到,自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证,同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度,减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产过程中难以实现的目标控制、整体优化、最佳决策等,熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、管理者却能够容易判断和操作,可以获得满意的效果.人工智能的研究目标正是利用计算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为,通过人脑与计算机协调工作,以人机结合的模式,为解决十分复杂的问题寻找最佳的途径。

我们在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制，那已经是时代的过去，如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到；而PLC的出现也成为了划时代的主题，通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制，使得自动化走向了新的高潮。

一个系统化的设计PLC程序的方法可以克服传统程序生产控制系统的缺点，并且在一些工业应用总有很大的不同。自动控制系统是状态模型用公式语言或等价的语言描述的。公式描述对被控制的系统的行为提供一个精确的描述。可以通过分析估计看状态模型是否达到想要的目标。第二，为状态模型的描述提供结构描述，这个结构描述可以说明逻辑要求和如细节安全规则的限制。第三，好的控制系统设计是对自动控制代码生成有益的——一种能够产生可执行的控制软件的能力，不同的逻辑控制器可以减少程序扫描时间和执行那个时间。特别的，这个主题与随后的部分的是有关的。

在现代制造业中，系统是用过程和结果的革新来描述的，并且因此不得不改变系统性能以快速做出反应。因此，一个大的挑战是提供技术以限制自动控制系统对变化需要和新机会的反应，所以，设计和操作知识可以实时的被再次利用，在工业实践中提供了一个重要的竞争面。

PLC的最大特点在于：电气工程师已不再电气的硬件上花费太多的心计，只要将按钮开关或感应器的输入点连接到PLC的输入点上就能解决问题，通过输出点连接接触器或继电器来控制大功率的启动设备，而小功率的输出设备直接连接就可以。

在很多场合，单靠单机的控制是无法保证设备的顺畅运行，而通过设备与设备的信息交流达到我们想要的效果。比如在前包装和后工序的检测，我们就要将包装的信息反馈到检测处，而检测处的信息也要反馈到包装来。这样通过信息共享来使得两者之间链接起来，形成一个共体，从而使的两者间的配合更加的紧密，在彼此间达到映影相挥的效果。

PLC的数据传送只是将内部的数据传送到对方的一块连续的地址中，我们把它称为一个表，对方的PLC通过读取表中的数据来进行操作。如果表中的数据是一个一般设置的数据的话，那只是一般的数据传送，比如今天的油价上升了，我要把油价的价格传送到所有的输油机上，那就是数据的共享；而当表中的数据是一段控制PLC的指令程序，那就很有难度了，比如你要控制一台机器人来按你想象的动作工作，你会给它编制一段程序并以数据的形式发送过去。

当你在看书的时候，你听到有人敲门、你停下手上的事情、去打开门、并同敲门者对话、这个时候电话响了、你示意接个电话、在接完电话后、回过头来同敲门者继续对话、对话完毕后、你再继续看你的书，这种情况我们把它称为中断，它具有权威性，也具有优先性，PLC具备了这样的功能。它的特点在于我们在设备的操作过程中可能会遇到紧急的突发事件，我们要立刻的停下手上的工作，去处理更重要的事情，这种情况是我们经常所遇到的，PLC在去执行紧急的任务时，总会先保存目前的状态，比如程序的地址，CPU的累加器数据等，就像我们去开门时要记下我们看的书在第几页了或者干脆作个记号，因为我们待会还要继续接着看后面的书。CPU总是按照我们的意愿去做应该做的事情，但你错误的给它一件事情，它也会同样的去做，这一点我们必须注意。

通信对于个人自动单元是很重要的。在过去的几年里，我们听到许多关于生产自动化协议的事情，并且许多公司已经加入大有成功希望的事业。然而，当一个完整的生产自动化协议说明书没有及时出现时许多公司都很失望。Larry Kotare说:“现在，生产自动化协议仍然是生产中一个发展的对象，一个说明书并不是最终的结果。例如，虽然当新的生产自动化协议MAP3.0 版本使用之时以MAP2.1 版本为基础的产品将会被汰，但是现在人们仍然将产品用于MAP2.1版。”

由于这些原因，许多PLC厂家紧盯着MAP的最新结果。如欧姆龙公司正在进行一个有关MAP 兼容性的项目。但是欧姆龙生产部门总经理Frank Newborn说由于缺少一个固定的标准，欧姆龙的产品并不涉及到MAP。

由于工业PLC无论何时不可能广泛的涉及到MAP，生产厂家正在考虑专用网络。根据Sal Probanzano说法，用户担心如果他们广泛的应用生产厂家将会收回MAP，这样将会留下一个不支持通信的交流框架。

英文原文一：

PLC technique discussion and future development

Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradu ally perfect, the competition plays more and more strong; the operation that list depends th e artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, a lso can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the techniq ue business enterprise.

The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience an d the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strengt h, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in m any complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trai ned operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easil y, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes us e of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path.

We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situat ion, that is already the that time generationpast, now of after use in the mold a perhaps sim ple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level o nly; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid softwa re control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new hig h tide.

A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the tr aditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramificat ions in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal l anguages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level d escription of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine descr iption provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constrain ts such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are

conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinctlogic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.

In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product andprocess innovatio n, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requireme nts. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportuniti es. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a signifi cant competitive edge in industrial practice.

The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no lo nger electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation th at the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve pr oblem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipme nts of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct con junction of the small power can.

At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipment s by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipmen ts and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examina tion of theempress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mu tually flick.

The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other par ty passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watc h is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is t he share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls th e PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal rob ot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a proced ure combine with the data sends out to pass by.

When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialog ue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting

the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, t he PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt aff airs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but yo ur mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.

Communications are vital to an individual automation cell and to the automated factor y as a whole. We've heard a lot about MAP in the last few years, and a lot of companies ha ve jumped on the band wagon. Many,however were disappointed when a fully-defined and completed MAP specification didn’t appear immediately. Says Larry Kumara:” Right now, MAP is still a moving target for the manufacturers specification that is not final. Presently, for example, people are introducing products to meet the MAP 2.1standard.Yet 2.1-based products will be obsolete when the new standard for MAP, 3.0is introduced.

”B ecause of this, many PLC vendors are holding off on full MAP implementations. O mron, for example, has an ongoing

MAP-compatibility program, but Frank Newborn, vice president of Omron’s Industria l Division, reports that because of the lack of a firm definition, Omron's PLCs don't yet talk to MAP.

Since it’s unlikely that an individual PLC would talk to broadband MAP anyway, ma kers are concentrating n proprietary networks. According to Sal Provanzano, users fear that if they do get on board and vendors withdraw from MAP, they all pulse width modulation control system be the ones left holding a communications structure that’s not supported.

译文二：

气动运输动力及PLC控制

PLC控制系统一般采取易于理解和掌握的梯形图语言及面向工业控制的简单指令,形象直观，是基于现场总线技术、完全开放，采用先进的软硬件技术。PLC 控制具有结构简单灵活、抗干扰能力强、安全可靠、安装便利、故障率低、维护简单、大幅度节约使用成本的特点，能满足各种中小规模过程控制、顺序逻辑控制和数据采集任务需求，已逐渐广泛用于工业控制系统中，包括冶金、矿业、机械、轻工等领域，为工业自动化提供了有力的工具。

控制工程近期对用于编程过程和机械控制的逻辑设备进行了一项调查，虽然计算机和计算机技术已经为各种控制提供了无限的控制可能，但是PLC仍然是其中重要的一部分。在这次调查中，超过半数的人在未来的12个月中将扩大其PLC的投入。超过40%的人在未来的投入不少于过去的12个月。PLC的应用范围十分广泛。在这次300个人参与的调查中，大部分的PLC都用于机械控制，过程控制紧随其后，然后是运动控制、批量控制和诊断。大多数直接用于工厂级（54%），用于OEM的为25%，两者都是的为17%。

在工业生产流水线中，经常要将传动带A上的物品搬至传送带B上。如果直接人工从事这种重复性的劳动，枯燥、无味且劳动强度大，容易引起操作工人的疲劳，出现错误。而采用气动机械手按规定的动作和规律进行搬运，可以做到快速、准确、方便，大大的减轻劳动强度，提高生产的自动化程度。气动机械手这种有规律的运动，采用PLC来进行控制，可以方便的实现。

气动手爪是目前机器手尤其是搬运、装配类机器手在抓取技术中应用最普遍的方式．它可实现双向抓取．自行对中，而且重复精度高．抓取力恒定．并可方便地配接各种夹具。气动手爪是机器手与作业对象间的直接接口，仔细分析、选择好气动手爪直接关系到机器手的工作性能。在实际运行中、手爪的夹持力应保证大于所有静态和动态力的总和。PLC的程序运行方式是循环扫描方式，而非顺序执行方式，因此任何一个机械手在其条件满足后即开始动作。各手之间是并行的。机器手是多自由度的开式串联结构．在空间和时间中的动力学参数随其位形而不断变化．系统要求的速度高控制范围广精度高，传统的单自由度机构的控制技术远不能满足这种控制对象好在气动机器手多勾点到点的多段定位控制，追求目标点的定位精度和多轴同时协凋有序运动控制，但较少要求高的轨迹精度，从而简化了对控制系统的要求。

物料的搬运方式具有可抓可吸的多用途功能；气动系统电磁换向阀采用汇流板集装方式，减少了占用空间；PLC控制具有单步、自动等多种工作方式。由于气压传动具有气源使用方便、不污染环境、动作灵活迅速、工作安全可靠、操作维修简便以及适于在恶劣环境下工作等特点，因而在冲压加工、注塑及压铸等有毒或高温环境下作业，机床上、下料，仪表及轻工行业中小零件的输送和自动装配等作业，食品包装及输送，电子产品输送、自动插接，弹药生产自动化等过程中被广泛应用。所以。气压传动是一种易于推广普及的实现工业自动化的应用技术。气动系统的

应用，引起了世界各国产业界的普遍重视。

物料搬运系统由左右移动气缸、复位进退气缸、升降气缸、夹手或真空吸盘、物料块、传感器、圆柱导轨、支架、底座、微动开关等组成。夹手或真空吸盘可以夹住或吸住物料块，抓取物料的部分采用夹持式和吸附式两种形式，选用不同的形式，可分别完成工件的抓取和吸附，以适应不同种类的物料搬运。夹手采用电磁铁吸合与断开方式夹持物料。夹手或吸盘在升降气缸的作用下可以上下移动；夹手或真空吸盘连同升降气缸在左右移动气缸的作用下沿着圆柱导轨可以左右移动；在复位进退气缸的作用下将物料块送回原始位置，为下一个工作周期准备，以实现循环。此系统能够实现物料在一个平面内的搬运。操作面板安装在电控箱上，与实验装置主体是分离的。PLC可编程序控制器，电磁阀，真空发生器等均放置在电控箱里。

物料搬运系统具有左右移动、上下移动及对物料的夹紧和放松、推料进退功能，在PLC控制下可实现单步、自动等多种工作方式。另外，物料被夹手搬运完成以后，为满足连续动作需要，还必须将此物料运送回原点位置，以供下次搬运需要。系统可完成的各种工作方式如下。单步：可实现上升、下降、左移、右移、夹紧、放松、推料进、推料退等八种点动操作；连续：按下“启动”按钮后，夹手从原点位置开始连续不断地执行搬运物料。物料搬运系统实现的动作：下降→抓料→上升→右移→再下降→松料→再上升→左移→推料进→推料退。在这个系统中，我们只实现一个物料的循环动作，故在机械手回原点后，需将物料推回原来位置。在PLC控制下可实现单动、连续动作工作方式。系统上电后，通过旋转按扭选择是单动还是连动，如果是单动则执行单动程序，否则执行连动程序。单动工作方式：利用按钮对夹手每一动作单独进行控制。连续：按下启动按钮，夹手从原点开始，按工序自动循环工作，直到按下停止按钮，夹手在完成最后一个周期的工作后，返回原点，自动停机。

基于PLC控制的物料搬运系统能够实现物料的自动循环搬运。此系统既可以使用夹手夹持物料，又可以使用真空吸盘吸附物料，具有多种用途功能；气动系统的电磁换向阀采用汇流板集装，减少了占用空间；在PLC的控制下可以实现单动和连动两种执行方式，完成物料的搬运。

英文原文二：

Air operated moves the carrier vehicle and the PLC control

The PLC control system adopts generally easy to understand and to grasptrapezoidal chart language and face industry control simple instruction. The image isdirect-viewing is based on the field bus technology opens completely and uses theadvanced software and hardware technology. The PLC control has the structuresimply nimble the anti-jamming ability strong safe reliable installs the conveniencethe failure rate lowly the maintenance is simple large scale saves the use cost thecharacteristic can satisfy each kind of center small scale process control the smoothlogic control and the data acquisition duty demand widely has used in gradually inthe industry control system including domain and so on metallurgy mining industrymachinery light industry has provided the powerful tool for the industrialautomation.

The control engineering in the near future to will use in the logical equipmentwhich programmed the process and the machinery controls carrying on aninvestigation although the computer and computer technology already provided theinfinite control for each kind of control to be possible but PLC still was a importantpart. In this investigation it will surpass half number of people to expand its PLC inthe future 12 months the investment. It will surpass 40 person in the futureinvestment many in the past 12 months. The PLC application scope is extremelywidespread. In this 300 individual participation investigation majority of PLC alluses in the machinery control the process control follows closely after that then is themovement control the batch control and the diagnosis. The majority uses in directlythe factory level 54 uses in OEM is 25 two all is 17.

In the industrial production assembly line must move frequently thetransmission belt A on goods to conveyer belt B on. If direct artificially is engaged inthis kind of duplicated work arid tasteless also labor intensity big is easy to causeoperates workers weariness appears the mistake. But uses the air operatedmanipulator carries on the transporting according to the stipulation movement and therule may achieve fast accurate is convenient big reduces the labor intensityenhances the production the automat city. Air operated manipulator this kind oforderly movement uses PLC to carry on the control and may facilitate realization.

The air operated hand fingernail is the present machinist transports the assemblyclass machinist in particular in captures in the technology to apply most universal way.it to be

possible to realize bidirectional captures voluntarily to the center moreoverthe redundant precision high. Capture the strength to be constant. and mayconveniently match meets each kind of jig. The air operated hand fingernail is directconnection between the machinist and of the work object the careful analysischooses the good air operated hand fingernail to relate directly to machinistsoperating performance. In the actual movement the hand fingernail supports on bothsides the strength to be supposed to guarantee is bigger than all static and the dynamicstrength sum total. The PLC procedure movement way is circulates the scanning waybut the non- order carries out the way therefore any manipulator satisfies after itscondition namely starts the movement. Between various is parallel. The machinist isthe multi-degrees of freedom open the type series structure. But changes the systemrequest speed high control area broad precision unceasingly in spatial and the timedynamics parameter along with its configuration high the traditional single degree offreedom organization control technology is far cannot satisfy this kind of controlledmember to be good because of the air operated machinist cancels much to themultistage localization control the pursue target point pointing accuracy and multiplespindle at the same time cooperates weakly to have the foreword movement controlbut little requests the high path precision thus simplified to the control systemrequest.

The material mode of transport has the multipurpose function which may graspmay attract The pneumatic system electromagnetism cross valve selects the affluxboard collection attire method reduced has taken the space The PLC control has ison foot automatic and so on the many kinds of work way. Because the pneumaticactuator has is angry the source easy to operate does not pollute the environment themovement nimbly rapid the job safety reliable the operation service is simple. And issuitable for under the adverse circumstance characteristic and so on work thus in theramming processing casts and the compression casting and so on virulent or the hightemperature environment is mean industry on the engine bed the yummy treats themeasuring appliance and in the light industry profession small work and so oncomponents transportation and automatic assembly food packing and thetransportation the electronic products transportation automatic peg grafting processand so on ammunition in production automation is widely applied. Therefore. Thepneumatic actuator is one kind easy to promote popularly realizes the industrialautomation application technology. The pneumatic system application caused thevarious countries industrial field to take generally.

The material transporting system moves the air cylinder the replacement onsetand retreat air cylinder by about rises and falls the air cylinder clamps the hand orthe vacuum