八年级上《最短路径问题》同步练习含答案

八年级上《最短路径问题》同步练习含答案
八年级上《最短路径问题》同步练习含答案

八年级上《最短路径问题》同步练习含答案

基础题

知识点最短路径问题

1.如图,已知正六边形ABCDEF的边长为2,G,H分别是AF和CD的中点,P是GH上的动点,连接AP,BP,则AP+BP的值最小时,BP与HG的夹角(锐角)度数为________.

2.已知,如图,在直线l的同侧有两点A,B.

(1)在图1的直线上找一点P使PA+PB最短;

(2)在图2的直线上找一点P,使PA-PB最长.

3.如图均是由相同的小正方形组成的网格图,点A、B、C、D均落在格点上.请只用无刻度的直尺在格线CD上确定一点Q,使QA与QB的长度之和最小.

4.如图,村庄A,B位于一条小河的两侧,若河岸a,b彼此平行,现在要建设一座与河岸垂直的桥CD,问桥址应如何选择,才能使A村到B村的路程最近?

中档题

5.如图,在△ABC中,AB=AC,AD平分∠CAB,N点是AB上的一定点,M是AD上一动点,要使MB+MN最小,请找点M的位置.

6.如图,在△ABC的一边AB上有一点P.

(1)能否在另外两边AC和BC上各找一点M、N,使得△PMN的周长最短?若能,请画出点M、N的位置,若不能,请说明理由;

(2)若∠ACB=52°,在(1)的条件下,求出∠MPN的度数.

7.如图,已知∠AOB,点P是∠AOB内部的一个定点,点E、F分别是OA、OB上的动点.

(1)要使得△PEF的周长最小,试在图上确定点E、F的位置.

(2)若OP=4,要使得△PEF的周长的最小值为4,则∠AOB=________.

8.(兰州中考改编)如图,四边形ABCD中,∠BAD=120°,∠B=∠D=90°,在BC,CD上分别找一点M,N,使△周长最小,求∠AMN+∠ANM的度数.

综合题

9.已知:如图,在∠POQ内部有两点M、N,∠MOP=∠NOQ.

(1)画图并简要说明画法:在射线OP上取一点A,使点A到点M和点N的距离和最小;在射线OQ上取一点B,使点B到点M和点N的距离和最小;

(2)直接写出AM+AN与BM+BN的大小关系.

参考答案

1.60° 2.(1)作点B关于直线l的对称点C,连接AC交直线l于点P,连接BP.点P即为所求.图略.(2)连接AB并延长,交直线l于点P.图略. 3.作B关于CD的对称点B′,连接AB′,交格线CD于Q,此时QA+QB=QA+QB′=AB′,根据两点之间线段最短,得此时QA+QB最小. 4.①过点A作AP⊥a,并在AP上向下截取AA′,使AA′的长等于河的宽度;②连接A′B交b于点D;③过点D作DE∥AA′交a 于点C;④连接AC.则CD即为桥的位置.图略. 5.连接NC与AD的交点为M点.点M即为所求.图略. 6.(1)①作出点P关于AC、BC的对称点D、G.②连接DG交AC、BC于点M、N.点M、N即为所求.(2)设PD交AC于E,PG交BC于F,∵PD⊥AC,PG⊥BC,∴∠PEC=∠PFC=90°.∴∠C+∠EPF=180°.∵∠C=52°,∴∠EPF=128°.∵∠D+∠G+∠EPF=180°,∴∠D+∠G=52°.由对称可知:∠G=∠GPN,∠D=∠DPM,∴∠GPN+∠DPM=52°.∴∠MPN=128°-52°=76°.7.(1)图略,作点P关于OA的对称点C,关于OB的对称点D,连接CD,交OA于E,OB于F.此时,△PEF的周长最小.(2)30°8.作A关于BC和CD的对称点A′,A″,连接A′A″,交BC于M,交CD于N,连接AM,AN,则A′A″即为△AMN的周长最小值.作DA延长线AH.∵∠DAB=120°,∴∠HAA′=60°.∴∠AA′M+∠A″=∠HAA′=60°.∵∠MA′A=∠MAA′,∠NAD=∠A″,且∠MA′A+∠MAA′=∠AMN,∠NAD+∠A″=∠ANM,∴∠AMN+∠ANM=∠MA′A +∠MAA′+∠NAD+∠A″=2(∠AA′M+∠A″)=2×60°=120°.9.(1)图略,点A,B即为所求.画法:①作点M关于射线OP的对称点M′;②连接M′N交OP于点A;③作点N关于射线OQ的对称点N′;

④连接N′M交OQ于点B.(2)AM+AN=BM+BN.

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