深部矿产资源开采与利用中的挑战

Engineering 3 (2017) 432–433

https://www.360docs.net/doc/1512030607.html,/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.027

2095-8099/? 2017 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://www.360docs.net/doc/1512030607.html,/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Editorial

Challenges in the Mining and Utilization of Deep Mineral Resources

Meifeng Cai a , Edwin T. Brown b ,c

a

Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China b

Golder Associates Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4064, Australia c

The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

As Mote et al. [1] have noted in this journal, advances in the fields of engineering science and technology have played an indispensable role in shaping the social and economic development of humankind. However, the continuing development of science and technology, along with the world’s ever-growing population, is consuming the earth’s resources, including its mineral resources, at what may ul-timately prove to be unsustainable rates. After hundreds of years of mining, the more accessible shallow mineral resources are being depleted, and some have now been completely exhausted. This means that the economic exploitation of more of the earth’s deeper mineral resources is now required in order to meet society’s grow-ing demand for minerals. This demand is not only for the traditional metallic ores and energy sources, but also for minerals such as rare earths, which are being used at an increasing rate with the advent of new technologies in the fields of communication, power generation, and power storage, among others. The efficient mining and utiliza-tion of deep mineral resources is not one of the Grand Challenges for Engineering that were identified in recent years by the US National Academy of Engineering, the UK Royal Academy of Engineering, and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), as listed by Mote et al. [1]. However, it is clear that traditional and newer mineral resources will be required in order to develop solutions to most of the Grand Challenges that have been identified.

Exploitable mineral resources exist at great depth in the form of a number of orebody types in a range of geological and geometrical settings. The current seven deepest mines in the world mine tabu-lar or stratiform gold deposits in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa. The deepest of these mines are now around 4 km deep. The next deepest mines in the world are two base metal mines in Cana-da, which are about 3 km deep. For the purpose of this discussion, deep mining is taken to involve mining at depths of more than 1 km. The effective development and extraction of deep mineral resources face a number of engineering challenges arising from factors such as high in situ and induced stresses, and the responses of variable rock masses to these stresses; high in situ temperatures, and the associated ventilation and cooling requirements; the dif-ficulty and cost of exploring deep, and sometimes blind, deposits; the complex and difficult mining conditions that are often encoun-tered; safety concerns leading to the desirability of developing non-entry methods of mining; and methods and costs of handling mined ore at depth and transporting it to the surface. In some

extreme cases, new, low-cost, and non-traditional methods of ex-traction will be required.

Against this background, deep mining has been identified as an important topic for research under China’s State Key Research and Development Program, with several State Key Laboratories hav-ing been established under that program. This special issue of the CAE’s journal, Engineering , focuses on Efficient Exploitation of Deep Mineral Resources; it follows on from a China Engineering Science and Technology Forum on the same topic that was held in Beijing in October 2016, and was sponsored by the CAE. The proceedings of that forum will be published by Higher Education Press, Beijing, in September 2017 [2].

The Guest Editors are grateful to the CAE for this opportunity to assemble this special issue of Engineering ; we also offer our thanks to those who have provided contributions and to those who have taken part in the associated review and editorial processes. This special issue contains the following five papers by selected interna-tional and Chinese authors:

(1) “Some challenges of deep mining,” by Charles Fairhurst: This stimulating paper by one of the world’s most distinguished mining engineers is written from the perspective of a reader who does not necessarily have a background in mining or rock engineering, and thus provides a valuable introduction to this special issue.

(2) “Monitoring, warning, and control of rockburst in deep metal mines,” by Xia-Ting Feng and colleagues: As noted by Professor Fairhurst, the understanding and alleviation of rockbursts have long provided one of the major safety and rock engineering challenges for

deep mining. This paper reports on some recent advances made in

Contents lists available at

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Engineering

Meifeng Cai Edwin T. Brown

433 M. Cai, E.T. Brown / Engineering 3 (2017) 432–433

monitoring and controlling rockbursts in deep metalliferous mines.

(3) “Opportunities and challenges in deep mining: A brief review,” by Pathegama G. Ranjith and colleagues: This paper discusses a num-ber of novel or non-traditional and high-technology approaches to deep mining, with an emphasis on non-entry extraction methods.

(4) “The use of data mining techniques in rockburst risk assess-ment,” by Luis Ribeiro e Sousa, a distinguished Portuguese engi-neer, and colleagues: Like the second paper listed above, this paper addresses the important problem of rockbursts in deep mining; however, it does so using a range of modern data mining techniques, including Bayesian network classifiers.

(5) “Key technology research on the efficient exploitation and comprehensive utilization of resources in the deep Jinchuan nickel deposit,” by Zhiqiang Yang: Finally, this paper reports on the ap-proaches that have been successfully used to improve the exploita-tion and utilization of a major Chinese base metal resource now being mined at more than 1km below the surface.

References

[1] Mote CD Jr, Dowling DA, Zhou J. The power of an idea: The international im-

pacts of the Grand Challenges for Engineering. Engineering 2016;2(1):4?7. [2] Chinese Academy of Engineering. Proceedings of China Engineering Science

and Technology Forum: High-efficient mining and utilization of deep mineral resources. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2017. Chinese.

Engineering 2 (2016) xxx–xxx

Editorial

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

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Engineering

深部矿产资源开采与利用中的挑战

蔡美峰a，Edwin T. Brown b,c

a

Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

b Golder Associates Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4064, Australia

c The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

正如Mote等[1]在本刊中已经提到的那样，工程科

技领域的进步对人类社会与经济的发展起到了不可或缺

的作用。然而，随着世界人口的日益增长，科技的持续

发展正以最终会被证明不可持续的速度消耗地球的资

源，包括矿产资源。几百年的开采之后，更易获取的浅

部矿产资源正在逐步枯竭，有些已被完全耗尽。这意味

着如今需要对更多的地球更深部矿产资源进行经济的开

发，以满足社会持续增长的矿产需求。这种需求不仅仅

包括传统金属矿石和能源，而且包括如稀土这样的矿物

原料。随着在通信、发电、储能等领域一系列新技术的

出现，这些矿物原料正以不断增长的速度被利用。深部

矿产资源的高效开发和利用本身并不是由美国国家工

程院、英国皇家工程院和中国工程院近年来认定的工程

领域重大挑战之一，如Mote等在文献[1]中所列。但是，

很明显，为了研究针对如今面临的大多数重大挑战的解

决办法，传统和新型的矿产资源是必须的。

可开发的矿产资源以大量的呈现不同地质和几何分

布的矿体组合的形式赋存于深部。当下世界上最深的7

座矿山作业在南非的威特沃特斯兰德流域，采掘板状或

层状金矿床。这些矿山中最深的已达到近4000 m深度。

世界上处于下一档深度的矿山是加拿大的两座近3000 m

深的基础金属矿山。在本专题讨论中，深部开采是指开

采深度超过1000 m的矿山。深部矿产资源的高效开发

和利用面临一系列的工程挑战。这些挑战由许多因素引

起，如高地应力和开采次生应力，以及岩体对这些应力

的动态响应；高的现场温度及相关通风和制冷要求；开

发深部的有时赋存情况不明的矿床的难度和成本；经常

会遇到复杂和困难的开采条件；基于安全性考虑的无人

进入采场的作业方法；还有加工采出的矿石及将其传送

至地表的方法和成本。在一些极端情况下，开发新的、

低成本的、非传统的开采方法是必要的。

在这样的背景下，深部开采已被认定为中国国家重

点研发计划中的一项重要研究主题，在该计划下已建立

许多国家重点实验室。中国工程院期刊《工程》中的本

专题聚焦深部矿产资源的高效开发和利用，这与2016年

10月在北京由中国工程院主办的第234场中国工程科技

论坛为同一主题。该论坛论文集于2017年9月由高等教

育出版社出版发行[2]。

本专题编委十分感谢中国工程院提供此次机会，也

向为本专题提供帮助和参与审稿、编辑工作的同事表示

感谢。本专题包括以下来自各国作者的5篇文章。

2095-8099/? 2017 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://www.360docs.net/doc/1512030607.html,/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

英文原文: Engineering 2017, 3(4): 432–433

引用本文: Meifeng Cai, Edwin T. Brown. Challenges in the Mining and Utilization of Deep Mineral Resources. Engineering, https://www.360docs.net/doc/1512030607.html,/10.1016/

J.ENG.2017.04.027

蔡美峰Edwin T. Brown

471 Author name et al. / Engineering 2(2016) xxx–xxx

（1）Charles Fairhurst的《深部开采的一些挑战》：这篇鼓舞人心的文章由世界上最卓越的采矿工程师之一，以宽广的视野和卓越的洞察问题的能力，为不具备采矿和岩石工程背景的读者提供了对本专题的有价值的介绍。

（2）冯夏庭及其同事的《深部金属矿山岩爆监测、预警和控制》：如Fairhurst教授提及的那样，对岩爆的认知和缓解一直是深部开采安全性和岩石工程挑战的主要方面之一。这篇文章介绍了在深部金属矿中监测和控制岩爆方面的一些研究进展。

（3）Pathegama G. Ranjith及其同事的《简评深部采矿的机遇与挑战》：这篇文章讨论了一系列深部开采中新颖的或非传统的和高科技的方法，并着重强调了无人开采方法。

（4）Luis Ribeiro e Sousa及其同事的《数字采矿技术在岩爆风险评估中的应用》：这篇文章由葡萄牙卓越工程师撰写，如上述第二篇论文，同样描述了深部开采中岩爆的重要问题。然而，这是通过运用一系列现代数据挖掘技术实现的，包括贝叶斯网络分类模型。

（5）杨志强的《金川镍矿床深部资源高效开发与综合利用的关键技术研究》：这篇文章介绍了成功运用于提高一种中国主要的基础金属资源开发和利用的一些方法，该资源的开采现已达到地表以下1000多米。References

[1] Mote CD Jr, Dowling DA, Zhou J. The power of an idea: The international im-

pacts of the Grand Challenges for Engineering. Engineering 2016;2(1):4?7. [2] Chinese Academy of Engineering. Proceedings of China Engineering Science

and Technology Forum: High-efficient mining and utilization of deep mineral resources. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2017. Chinese.