Seeds of Concern全中译文(二)

Seeds of Concern全中译文(二)
Seeds of Concern全中译文(二)

Seeds of Concern (section two)

种子的担忧(二)

作者:Kathryn Brown Karen Hopkin,译者:黄荣棋(台湾),编者:msq2008

20 到目前为止,还没有科学研究发现基改作物导致超级野草的出现。2月《自然》杂志上有篇报告指出,在一个长达十年的研究里,英格兰栽种的基改马铃薯、甜菜、玉米或油菜,都没发现像野草那样能使近亲种受精的情形。然而令人忧心的耳语已经出现,尤其是加拿大农人,他们说基改玉米已经溜出农田,如野草般侵入小麦田。这种玉米也可以抵抗农药。

21 包尔研究的是抗病毒基改作物的基因流通,他的发现让人心生警惕。现在抗病毒基改作物只占基改作物版图的一小块,但将来可能会更普遍,特别是在发展中国家。包尔正在调查小麦、大麦和燕麦等谷类作物的基因流通,它们都植入了抵抗“大麦黄矮病毒”的基因。这些基因改造的粮食作物预估可在十年内上市。

22 包尔在实验室所作的研究显示,野生燕麦(燕麦的野草亲戚)可以“捕捉”抗大麦黄矮病毒的基因。她说,这种情形如果发生在野外,获得抗病毒基因的野生燕麦便可能以横冲直撞席卷美国西部。包尔警告说,每一种基改作物都有其独特的环境性格,独特的风险。

23 在美国,至少还有生物地理的屏障,Bt作物不太可能将植入的基因传播给野草,因为美国的基改作物多半种在没有近亲的地区。大多数植物要相互授粉,彼此之间必须有些共通之处,例如相同的染色体数目、相同的生命周期或适合的栖地。美国的“没有近亲”法则的唯一例外,是夏威夷和弗罗里达州南部的野生棉花,它们和基改棉花相似得离奇,所以可以接受基改棉花的花粉。为了区隔野生物种与工程物种,美国环保署已要求生产商不得在弗州南部或夏威夷出售基改棉花。

24 而在北美以外的地区想避免超级野草的产生,恐怕就难了,因为在这些地区,农作物的野草亲戚颇为常见。举例来说,野生棉花已经蔓延过弗罗里达群岛,横越墨西哥湾进入墨西哥;在南美洲的玉米田周围,长着它们的野生亲戚,蜀黍。这两种植物都很容易接受它们基改亲戚的花粉。事实上科学家认为,在许多国家,基改作物最后都可能栽种在它们的原始物种附近,它们共享的,可不只是头顶上的阳光,还有祖传的基因呢。“几乎每种农作物,在地球的某个角落都有野草亲戚。”在美国农业部带领一个研究团队,驻在密西西比大学牛津校区的植物生理学家杜克说,“你要怎么防止基改作物出现在不该出现的地方?”。

25 不管基改作物种在什么地方,永远有个风险尾随,那就是演化。定期喷洒的农药,只要时间一久,害虫和杂草都会产生抗药性。在生技时代,这势必一样会发生:最后,昆虫可以不为

所动,津津有味嚼着基改抗虫植物;耐除草剂作物周围的杂草,也会对农人选用的除草剂视若无物。“农业,是农作保护与病虫害两者间的演化军备竞赛。”爱荷华州立大学的植物学家温德尔评论道,“而基改作物只是我们想要战胜虫害的另一种尝试!即使只是短暂的。”

26 抗病毒的基改作物还未成为大众关切的焦点,但它们跟其他基改作物一样会带来类似的风险。有些科学家担心,病毒会从抗病毒基改作物那里得到抗药性,演化成难以对付的品种,危害更多植物。有些批评者也质疑新兴基改作物对生态的冲击,特别是具有抗旱、耐盐、高营养成分等特性的作物。例如说,“环保科学家协会”的梅隆指出,耐盐稻米一旦落到湿地上,可能会像野草般蔓延,破坏脆弱的湿地生态系。

27“如果说每一种基改作物都会变成问题,其实是不公平的。”瑞斯乐说,“但我们现在仍须花心思研究那些风险,免得以后得收拾残局。”

28 不过有些农人仍旧充满信心,他们认为基改技术为农业带来新生,造福多过闯祸。住在密苏里州格兰帕斯的乌特劳特,30年来在密苏里河畔经营了3500英亩的农地。去年起,他首度在所有田地只种植耐除草剂的玉米和大豆,而且用免耕法耕作以保护土壤。结果,他声称喷洒农药的次数少了一半,产量却比往常多。他说:“如果态度最强硬的环保人士能看到我的耕作方式,我想他们就会了解基改作物的好处。我是这个技术的狂热信徒!”现在他必须等待,看看科学是否能证实他的信念。

29 最后,反对基因改造食物的人担心,利用DNA重组技术将外源基因(通常取自细菌)剪接到食用作物里,可能导致更严重的健康问题;风险显然很高,但基改食物已在许多国家贩卖了。在美国,超级市场中估计约有60%的加工食品,从早餐谷片到清凉饮料,都含有基改成分,尤其是大豆或玉米,甚至新鲜蔬菜。

30 反对者举出几个忧虑的原因。也许植入基因所制造的蛋白质,对人体有直接的毒性;也或许植入基因会改变作物的生理功能,使营养成分降低;或者植物原有的微量天然毒素,含量因此提高。另外,基改作物合成的蛋白质,也可能引发过敏反应。

31 去年,含有苏力菌(Bt)基因、可制造杀虫毒蛋白的“星连”玉米,被拿去当墨西哥玉米饼、玉米片的原料,大家最担心的就是过敏。在这种玉米尚未商业化之前,美国官员已经看到一些蛛丝马迹,显示该玉米制造的Bt蛋白质可能会引起过敏反应,因此只准当作动物饲料,不能制成人的食品。美国官员正在调查因食用含有星连玉米的食物引发过敏的索赔案,不过某个科学咨询委员会已经断定,那些产品中Bt蛋白质的含量很低,实在不可能引发过敏。

32 支持基改食物的人也提出辩护。他们认为,把精挑细选的基因植入作物中,才是安全的做法;若以传统育种方法让不同品系的作物杂交,等于一次植入几千个基因,风险一定较大。基改作物的原意是降低有毒农药使用量,以期减少人们接触化学物质的机会,间接有益健康。更直接的则是目前正在研究的,利用基因工程提高食物的营养价值,并使这些作物可以在恶劣的环境

中生长,这对发展中国家普遍营养不良的人民来说,更是一大福音。

33支持者还指出,每一种基改作物都经过彻底检测,唯恐对健康有不良影响。虽然针对个别作物的研究并不多,但是制造商都做过广泛的分析,因为法律规定,他们有义务确保贩卖的食品符合联邦政府的安全标准。过去厂商在产品上市前,会主动将检测结果送交美国食品药物管理局,但1月,管理局公布了新的规定,强制厂商必须做检测。

34 制造商通常一开始就比较同一品种的基改作物和传统作物,以确定植入的基因不会明显改变作物的化学组成与营养价值。如果植入的基因所制造的蛋白质是唯一检验出来的差异,那些蛋白质就要做毒性检验,以数千倍于人类可能的食用量,拿来喂食实验动物。如果植入基因造成农作物多方面的改变,那么检测者就会拿整株基改植物喂给实验动物。

35 为评估基改作物引发过敏的可能性,研究人员会检验该基因所制造的蛋白质化学组成,并与已知的五百多种过敏原比对;若是化学结构类似,就有引发过敏的可能。此外,还要模拟胃中环境,以酸液处理蛋白质;大多数过敏原都相当稳定,酸处理后毫发无伤。最后,检测者还须考虑蛋白质的来源。服务于澳洲科学工业研究院的希金斯说:“绝不容许花生的基因跑到草莓里。”因为有太多人对花生的蛋白质过敏。

36 目前看来,这套检测系统运作得还不错。检测结果显示,星连玉米可能含有人体过敏原(因此只准当动物饲料),其他也有些产品不得上市,像是含有一种巴西坚果蛋白的大豆。罗特格斯大学生物分子研究所所长戴伊说:“我没有听说过有证据显示,市场中有任何产品是不安全的。”

37 不过安全检测系统并非万无一失。举例来说,基因改造作物往往无法制造足够的外源蛋白质,以提供动物实验所需,研究人员只好用细菌来大量生产该蛋白质。然而,植物制造的蛋白质,就是人们会吃进肚子里的那种,也许与微生物制造的有少许差异,理论上,这些微小的差异就可能影响评估结果。而且以整株基改作物喂食实验动物,也受限于喂食的份量,一旦饲料比例没控制好,就会造成营养失衡而影响实验结果。

38 远超这些安全上的考虑之上,有些批评者担心基改食物潜伏着更难以察觉的危害,通过加速扩散致病细菌对抗生素的抗药性。科学家改变植物的基因时,会先将选定的基因与一段“标记基因”连结在一起,才好确定哪一株植物已经接受了该基因。通常这些标示基因可提供抵抗抗生素的能力,使植物细胞不会被抗生素杀死。然而,可以抵御抗生素的病菌愈来愈多,已经是个棘手的问题,万一在消费者的肠子里,基改食品的抗药基因不知怎的就进入细菌中,无异使问题雪上加霜。

39 据说这种抗药性转移的机率非常小,德国达木士塔技术大学生化所的卡森就说:“这比连中三次彩券的机率还低!”即便如此,但为了平息大众疑虑,在未来五年内,很可能逐步淘汰抗抗生素基因的使用。

40 同时,基改作物的安全检测大多是由制造商自己进行的,这仍然令许多消费者不安。内布拉斯加大学食品科技系系主任泰勒坦承,有些人也许会对这种球员兼裁判的做法不以为然。但是,他问道,除了制造商,谁又该负起这个重责,以及检测的费用?“我宁可让厂商花钱,而不是政府使用我的纳税钱。”他补充,“我才不管我们讨论的是脚踏车还是基改玉米,保证产品安全是厂商的责任。”毫无疑问,关心此事的科学家与市民将继续监督,让厂商非好好做不可。

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