全国医学考博英语试题.doc

2018MD

全国医学博士外语统一考试

英语试卷

答题须知

1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心

PAPER ONE

Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）

Section A

Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question

about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear

the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.

Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the

ANSWER SHEET.

Listen to the following example

You will hear

Woman: I feel faint.

Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.

Question: What’s the matter with the woman?

You will read:

A. She is sick.

B. She was bitten by an ant.

C. She is hungry.

D. She spilled her paint.

Here C is the right answer.

Sample Answer

A B C D

Now let’s begin with question Number 1.

1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pints

C. About 4 pints

D. About 7 pints

2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.

C. Take some sleeping pills.

D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.

3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.

B. He won’t complain anything.

C. He is in good condition.

D. He couldn’t be worse.

4. A. She is kidding.

B. She will get a raise.

C. The man will get a raise.

D. The man will get a promotion.

5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.

B. Her daughter is an exciting child.

C. She and her daughter are good friends.

D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.

6. A. She hurt her uncle.

B. She hurt her ankle.

C. She has a swollen toe.

D. She needs a minor surgery.

7. A. John likes gambling.

B. John is very fond of his new boss.

C. John has ups and downs in the new company.

D. John has a promising future in the new company.

8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.

B. She will undergo some lab tests.

C. She will arrange an appointment.

D. She will get the test results.

9. A. She’s an odd character.

B. She is very picky.

C. She is easy-going.

D. She likes fashions.

10.A. At a street corner.

B. In a local shop.

C. In a ward.

D. In a clinic.

11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.

C. Vegetables and fruits.

D. Heavy foods.

12.A. He is having a good time.

B. He very much likes his old bicycle.

C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.

D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.

13.A. It is only a cough.

B. It’s a minor illness.

C. It started two weeks ago.

D. It’s extremely serious.

14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.

B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.

C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.

D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.

15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.

B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.

C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.

D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.

Section B

Direction:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read

the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best

answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue

16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.

B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.

C. Because he was allergic to it.

D. Because it was too expensive.

17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.

B. He has a serious foot problem.

C. He needs an operation.

D. He has cancer.

18.A. A blood transfusion.

B. An allergy test.

C. A urine test.

D. A biopsy.

19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.

C. To see if he requires surgery.

D. To see if he has a food allergy

problem.

20.A. Relieved.

B. Anxious.

C. Angry.

D. Depressed.

Passage One

21.A. The cause of COPD.

B. Harmful effects of smoking.

C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.

D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.

22.A. 954.

B. 955.

C. 1909.

D. 1955.

23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.

C. On May 18 in San Francisco.

D. On May 25 in San Francisco.

24.A. When smoking exposure is high.

B. When smoking exposure is low.

C. When the subjects received medication.

D. When the subjects stopped smoking.

25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.

B. Genetic differences between men and women.

C. Women’s active metabolic rate.

D. Women’s smaller airways.

Passage Two

26.A. About 90,000.

B. About 100,000.

C. Several hundreds.

D. About 5,000.

27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.

B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.

C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.

D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.

28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.

B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.

C. Urging people not to eat animals.

D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.

29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.

B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.

C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.

D. The heavy but intermittent rains.

30.A. Warning from NASA.

B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.

C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.

D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.

Part II Vocabulary (10%)

Section A

Direction:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are to

choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark

your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce a

smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.

A. regulate

B. activate

C. retain

D. consolidate

32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my

mind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.

A. catastrophe

B. boycott

C. turmoil

D. mentality

33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,

in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.

A. sympathetic

B. ascribed

C. preferable

D. subjected

34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.

A. conveyed

B. transmitted

C. attributed

D. relayed

35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of

the table of real GDP per capita last year.

A. fluctuated

B. languished

C. retarded

D. vibrated

36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the

concept has been around since 1900s.

A. trials

B. applications

C. implications

D. endeavors

37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken

the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.

A. halt

B. postpone

C. retard

D. accelerate

38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______

people in his favor before the election.

A. predisposed

B. presumed

C. presided

D. pressured

39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong

________ to a vast multitude of people.

A. flavor

B. thrill

C. appeal

D. implication

40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a

fraction of a minute too late.

A. infinitely

B. temporarily

C. comfortably

D. favorably Section B

Directions:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.

There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the

word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original

sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer

on the ANSWER SHEET.

41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which

lasting efforts are indispensable.

A. irresistible

B. cherished

C. inseparable

D. requisite

42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at

Buckingham Palace in London.

A. bestowed

B. exhibited

C. imposed

D. emitted

43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in the

form of mental and physical retardation.

A. intensified

B. apparent

C. representative

D. insidious

44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has

been applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.

A. yield

B. amplify

C. adapt

D. cast

45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of

religious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.

A. eradicated

B. deteriorated

C. vanquished

D. averted

46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original

composition by painting over it on canvases.

A. duplicate

B. eliminate

C. substitute

D. compile

47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the construction

program of a nuclear power station.

A. disapproved

B. despised

C. demolished

D. decomposed

48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.

A. loyalty

B. morality

C. quality

D. stability

49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a full

examination.

A. prudent

B. ardent

C. careless

D. brutal

50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.

A. fury

B. chaos

C. despair

D. agony

Part III Cloze (10%)

Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each

blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.

Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the

ANSWER SHEET.

For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.

It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health.

It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.

But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.

According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on

96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.

Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”

__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.

__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.

Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.

Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.

However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.

51. A. devices

B. risks

C. phenomena

D. claims

52. A. at least

B. at most

C. as if

D. as well

53. A. blocking

B. cooking

C. exhausting

D. cooling

54. A. Except

B. Even

C. Despite

D. Besides

55. A. until

B. when

C. as

D. unless

56. A. range

B. continuum

C. spectrum

D. field

57. A. Reasonably

B. Consequently

C. Amazingly

D. Undoubtedly

58. A. identical

B. beneficial

C. preferable

D. susceptible

59. A. effort

B. method

C. hunt

D. account

60. A. do affect

B. did affect

C. is affecting

D. could have affected

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,

C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on

the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage one

I have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.

Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.

Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.

Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.

One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.

To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?

This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the

conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.

What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.

It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.

There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.

61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.

A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing world

B. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.

C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.

D. the human misery behind them.

62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,

________.

A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.

B. could have been even exaggerated.

C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.

D. is prevailing across the world.

63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of

their trade, they should ___________.

A. have the same concern with the developing countries.

B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanity

C. pursue good bargains in the international market.

D. spare a thought for how they were made.

64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.

A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.

B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.

C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.

D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.

65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.

A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanity

B. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.

C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.

D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.

Passage two

A little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an

environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.

The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.

At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.

Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.

Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/

Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.

Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.

Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.

66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.

A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable way

B. an array of consumer products to choose

C. a fog of unreliable green information

D. little information on eco-credibility

67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.

A. eco-credibility is abused

B. a green economy is crucial

C. an environmental impact is lessened

D. green credentials promote green economy

68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.

A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufactures

B. neither scientists nor manufactures are honest

C. it is vital to build a green economy

D. better information is critical

69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.

A. transparent corporate management

B. establishing sustainability indexes

C. tough academic-led surveillance

D. strict legal weapons

70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?

A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.

B. It is time for another green revolution.

C. Information should be free for all.

D. No quantity, no quality.

Passage Three

People are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.

The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.

The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.

The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;

a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.

Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.

Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.

This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”

Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.

There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”

71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.

A. the highly developed skills of cheating at school

B. the relation between intelligence and evolution

C. the phenomenon of cheating at school

D. the human innate ability to cheat

72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.

A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breaking

B. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheats

C. spotting their own children cheating than others doing it

D. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one

73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.

A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactions

B. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purpose

C. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making system

D. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary

74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.

A. it was of great possibility

B. it could be misleading

C. it was unbelievable

D. it’s acquired

75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Cheating at School

B. Cheating as the Human Nature

C. Imaginary Intelligence and Cheating

D. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out Cheats

Passage Four

For many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.

Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.

Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.

It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.

For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.

Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.

A. a misunderstanding

B. a confrontation

C. a collaboration

D. a consensus

77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.

A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations

B. our human activities are actually moderate in degree

C. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptable

D. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment

78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.

A. they made the first classification of Earth systems

B. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planet

C. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expected

D. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth

79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.

A. missed the most serious problems there

B. were poorly assembled for the mission

C. cannot be called scientists at all

D. value nature above people

80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.

A. must redefine our relationship with the environment

B. should not take it seriously but to take it easy

C. need a new way of thinking about nature

D. need cooler heads and clearer statistics

Passage Five

Humanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of people lived in cities; by 2050, 70% are projected to do so – most of them in poorer

countries. Among many other issues, this rapid concentration makes cities a front line in the battles against climate change and air pollution. Confronting the challenges of rampant urbanization demands integrated, multidisciplinary approaches, and new thinking.

Take the building boom associated with the increased wealth of urban areas, and its impact on greenhouse-gas emissions. In China alone, the United Nations Environmental Programme estimates the energy demand for heating homes build over the next decade could increase by some 430 terawatt-hours, or 4% of China’s total energy use in 2018. Worldwide, the energy consumed by buildings already accounts for around 45% of greenhouse-gas emissions.

Fortunately, researchers in Germany and elsewhere have already shown that they can reduce that energy consumption by 80-90% just by overhauling obsolete building designs and using existing technologies. These ultra-efficient buildings demand that planners, architects, engineers and building scientists work together from the outset, and require higher levels of expertise than conventional buildings. Research is also needed to develop technologies, materials and energy concepts, but green building research today is fragmented and poorly funded.

Expanding cities must embrace such technologies and strategies – and not just in the developed nations. Many poorer countries have a rich tradition of adapting buildings to local practices, environments and climates –a home-grown approach to integrated design that has been all but been lost in the West. They now have an opportunity to combine these traditional approaches with modern technologies.

Integrated thinking is also needed to mitigate urban air pollution, which is becoming a serious health and environmental risk in many regions –as shown by China’s struggle to clean up Beijing’s air for the Olympics. Understanding air pollution will require researchers from multiple disciplines, from atmospheric chemistry to meteorology, working over scales from street level to global. And reducing it will require integrated policies for urban planning, transport and housing – not least to reduce the use of cars.

81. The passage begins with ______________.

A. the globalization of poverty

B. a new challenge to mankind

C. a new disease of civilization

D. the global phenomenon of weather change

82. From the illustration of China, the author is trying to tell us that __________.

A. Chinese citizens neglect their impact on greenhouse-gas emissions

B. the pace of urbanization is being accelerated at an alarming rate

C. rapid urbanization will increase greenhouse-gas emissions

D. the building boom is running faster there than elsewhere

83. Which of the following can meet the demand by the challenges of rampant urbanization?

A. Shrinking cities by 80-90%

B. Building ultra-efficient buildings

C. Restoring the conventional buildings.

D. Abandoning existing building technologies.

84. The author thinks highly of those poorer countries _____________.

A. introducing the developed countries’ green technologies

B. building megacities while promoting energy efficiency

C. staying away from modern building technologies

D. integrating their buildings with nature

85. China’s struggle to clean up Beijing’s air for the Olympics, according to the passage, is a convincing example of ____________.

A. the inevitability of our clean and sustainable metropolitan future

B. the necessity of encouraging citizens to use public transportations

C. the urgency of addressing climate change in the developing countries

D. the importance of integrated thinking to meeting the challenges of urbanization Passage Six

On June 26, 2018, two scientific teams announced at the White House that they had deciphered virtually the entire human genome, a prodigious feat that involved determining the exact sequence of chemical units in human genetic material. An enthusiastic Presi dent Clinton predicted a revolution in “the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases.”

Now, 10 years later, a sobering realization has set in. Decoding the genome has led to stunning advances in scientific knowledge and DNA-processing technologies but it has done relatively little to improve medical treatments or human health.

To be fair, many scientists at the time were warning that it would be a long, slow slog to reap clinical benefits.

And there have been some important advances, such as powerful new drugs for a few cancers and genetic tests that can predict whether people with breast cancer need chemotherapy. But the original hope that close study of the genome would identify mutations or variants that cause diseases li ke cancer, Alzheimer’s and heart ailments —and generate treatments for them — has given way to realization that the causes of most diseases are enormously complex and not easily traced to a simple mutation or two.

In the long run, it seems likely that the genomic revolution will pay off. But no one can be sure. Even if the genetic roots of some major diseases are identified, there is no guarantee that treatments can be found. The task facing science and industry in coming decades is as at least as challenging as the original deciphering of the human genome.

86. Back in the year 2018, what was exciting about the deciphered genome?

A. Its claim at the turn of the new millennium.

B. Its great potential of producing medical value.

C. President Clinton’s prediction of a moral controversy.

D. Its announcement for the first time at the White House.

87. Clinically, according to the passage, the prophecy ten years later _________.

A. is proved to be fair enough.

B. is realized in clinical trials.

C. turns out to be a reality.

D. is far from realization.

88. From our disappointment we have to realize that ___________.

A. most human diseases cannot be conquered.

B. the deciphering of the human genome was fruitless.

C. the cause of diseases can not be simply explained by a mutation or two.

D. many clinical harvests have nothing to do with the deciphered genome.

89. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.

A. difficulties are hard to predict in doing science.

B. it is no use finding the genetic roots of diseases.

C. scientists are not supposed to make any predictions.

D. the clinical benefits of the genomic revolution will take time.

90. The writer’s tone in the passage is ____________.

A. rational

B. cynical

C. doubtful

D. skeptical

Paper Two

Part V Writing (20%)

Directions:In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write

a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make

sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.

学会呼吸可长寿

生命离不开呼吸。人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。英国一项研究显示，90%以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。而据我国呼吸科专家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病。

深呼吸的几大好处

做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢？首先，深呼吸能帮助人们缓解压力和失眠症状。当人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。失眠的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。

其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，大约有3亿个。在一般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％—90％能充分地工作，剩下的肺泡处于浪费状态。如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。当采用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺泡也打开了。工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来就在工作的80％—90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。这样，更多的前列腺素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效果。

最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升—500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使生命获得大量的能源。

如何学会正确呼吸

怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢？最关键的有两点，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时

候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐的干净，这样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸—停—呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。

这种呼吸法是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，提高效率。例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫挥杆能挥得更远。这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园的树都能练习。尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳定情绪。