翻译讲义

翻译讲义
翻译讲义

翻译专题讲解

一、大学英语四级考试翻译题型概述:

全国大学英语四级考试的最后一个题型是翻译,要求考生在5分钟内处理5个句子,占总成绩5%的比例。这道题不是整句的中译英翻译,而是在英文句子中挖掉一部分,给出中文,要求考生将中文译成英文,使句子完整。句子的长度一般在15个词左右,要求翻译的内容大约有3-8个单词。如:It has been decided that the meeting___________(延期到下星期六).

四级考试翻译(汉译英)试题难度相对较低,属于考生应该争取拿分的基础题。命题没有在词汇方面设置很高的难度,对考生而言,选择正确的词汇和句型才是更大的挑战。换言之,翻译试题更多考察的是考生对基本语法和基础词汇的掌握能力。

二、重点:

虚拟语气、从句(定语从句、主语从句、状语从句)、比较级、分词、常用词组表达。第一课时:(四级翻译)

1虚拟语气:用来表示非真实的假设,或者用来表示命令、建议或

说话人的主观愿望。考生应能够根据所给的信息判断出需要使用虚拟语气的情况。虚拟语气的表现形式多种多样,一般来说,四级考试常考的虚拟语气形式有如下四种。

1.1

1) The victim (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.

would have had a chance to survive

2) If she had returned an hour earlier, Mary (就不会被大雨淋了)

wouldn’t have been caught by the rain.

1.2特殊动词

在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist、request、command、order等后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形表示虚拟。

真题讲解:

1)The professor required that (我们交研究报告) by Wednesday.

We should hand in the research report.

1.3 as if/as though, even if/even though

在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中表虚拟。如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时表虚拟;指现在状况,则用一般过去时表虚拟;指将来状况则用过去将来时表虚拟。

真题讲解:

1)Even if_________(他在这), she could not solve the problem.

she were here

1.4 由连接词in case, lest , for fear that引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即

should(might, would)+动词原形

真题讲解:

1)She put a blanket over the baby for fear that_______(他着凉).

he should catch cold

知识点测评1:翻译---虚拟语气

1.The special committee recommended that _________________________________ (这项工

程不应动工) until all the preparations have been made.

答案:the project not be started

考点:虚拟语气,动词recommend后的宾语从句中使用should 加

动词原形的虚拟式,should 可以省略.

2.The audience must have missed their musical performance or they

________________________________________(给予高度评价).

答案:would have spoken highly of it

考点:1)虚拟语气,表示和过去事实相反时,主句用would have

done 结构;2)短语“给予…高度评价”,可译为speak highly of….

3.He works very hard___________________________________.(好像永远不打算睡觉似的) 答案:as if he never intended to sleep.

考点:本题考查的是as if的用法,as if 后面可以是真实情况,

也可以是虚拟情况,如果是虚拟情况,对现在的虚拟要用一般过去时,对过去的虚拟,要用过去完成时。

4.I was really anxious about you. You______(你本不应该一句话不说

就离开家)

答案:shouldn't have left home without a word.

考点:考查的是情态动词的虚拟,对过去情况的虚拟用过去完成时。

5. If we had caught the 10 o'clock train,we (午饭时间到那里).

would have got there by lunch

考点:同上

2 定语从句:定语从句通常修饰名词或代词,对其进行限制、描述和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词,引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有that, who, whose, which等,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语或定语;关系副词主要有when, where 和why,它们在定语从句中均用作状语。关系词不仅引导定语从句,同时还在定语从句充当一定的句子成分。

that 与which的用法区别:两者都可指物,有时可互换。其区别主要在于:(1) 引导非限制性定语从句时,通常只用which:He drove too fast, which was dangerous. 他开车很快,这是很危险的。(2) 直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常只用which:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。(3) 当先行词是none, all, everything, anything等不定代词或受其修饰时,通常用that:All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。(4) 当先行词受the very, the only, the same 等修饰时,通常用that:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。(5) 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词等修饰时,通常用that:This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。(6) 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。

真题讲解:

1) The prevention and treatment of AIDS is (我们可以合作的领域)

The field in which we can cooperate

2. Medical researches are painfully aware that there are many problems_________ (他们至今还没有答案) (08.12)

to which they still have no answers

知识点测评2:翻译---定语从句

1. What he objects to is the bureaucracy, ____.(这种情况正在不断滋长)

答案:which is on the increase.

考点:本题考查非限制性定于从句which 指代前句话的用法,考生不易想到。2. We felt very disappointed after the show,______.(因为很多应该参加演出的名演员没有来)

答案:as many famous stars who should have appeared did not come.

考点:用关系代词who引导定语从句;在英语中表示过去应该做而实际上没有做的事,要用“should + have +过去分词”的句式。

3 主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if 和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why 等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:

What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。

Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。

真题讲解:

1)(很多人所没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular.

What people don’t realize

2)(大多数父母所关心的)is providing the best education possibility for their children.

What most parents are concerned about

4 状语从句

1.1 地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place) where, wherever

e.g. You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方.

e.g. We will go wherever the motherland needs us most.我们要到祖国最需要的地方去

1.2 原因状语从句,(adverbial clause of cause) because ,as, since

常用的引导连词有because,as和since,三者的区别是:在回答问题的时候,使用because;对于显而易见的原因,常用as或since;as和since的从句常放在主句之前,而because的从句常放在主句之后。

e.g. He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise.

他很生气不是因为我们来迟了,而是因为我们弄出了声音。

e.g. As it was raining hard,we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大,我们只好呆在家里。

e.g. Since you feel ill,you'd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服,你最好不要去上班了。

1.3 让步状语从句(adverbial clause of concession) although,though,as,even though,even if

e.g. Even though it was raining, she walked to work. 即使下雨,她也是走着去工作的。

e.g. Great as the author was, he proved a bad model. 这位作者尽管了不起,到头来却成了一个坏榜样。

e.g. Ridiculous as it seems, the tale is true. 这个故事看似荒唐,却是真的。

1.4 方式状语从句,(adverbial clause of manner) as, as if, as though

e.g. You must do as your parents tell you. 你必须按你父母说的去做。

注:一般说来,若as if 和as though 从句所表示的内容为事实,则用陈述语气,若为假设或不大可能的事情,则用虚拟语气。

1.5 状语从句的难点问题

no matter +疑问词只能引导状语从句,不能引导名词性从句(例如主语从句,宾语从句)

e.g. No matter what you say is not important. (错误的表达!)

分析:no matter what you say 这一部分是整句句子的主语,但是no matter +疑问词(what )是不能引导主语从句的,所以这句话是错误的表达,也是考生最容易出错的地方。

正确表达:Whatever you say is not important.

疑问词+ever 既可以引导状语从句,又可以引导名词性从句;但是no matter +疑问词只能引导状语从句,不能引导名词性从句

e.g. Whoever says so,it is wrong. (状语从句)

e.g. Whoever says so is wrong. (主语从句)

真题讲解:

1) Some psychologists claim that people_____________.(出门在外可能会感到孤独)

might feel lonely when they are far from home

2) Please come here at ten tomorrow morning____________. (如果你方便的话)

if it’s convenient for you

3) Leaving one’s job,(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.

no matter what job is/whatever the job is

4) I am going to pursue this course, (无论我要作出什么样的牺牲)

no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make

知识点测评3:翻译—状语从句

1.(不管发生什么事情),he would not mind.

答案:No matter what happened/ whatever happened

2. ____________(虽然我们已经取得很大进步), we still have a long way to go.

答案:Though we have made great progress.

3.(无论谁在这抽烟)will be punished. (主语从句) 答案:Whoever smokes here

考点:不能用no matter who引导主语从句

第二课时:(翻译)

1 比较级

1.1形容词和副词的比较级

比较级用于两个或两类人或物的比较。较高程度的比较用“形容词或副词+er/ more+形容词或副词+ than”表示。这里我们特别要注意比较级词形的变化及句中比较的对象是否一致。

e.g. The temperature in Shanghai is higher than that in Beijing.

1.2 the more….the more…结构

这种结构的形式为the + 形容词或副词的比较级+主语+谓语,the +形容词或副词的比较级+主语+谓语。前者相当于一个从句,后者相当于主句,其含义是“越….越…….。这种结构的特点是前后都可有所省略,词序也可倒装。

e.g. The more he think about it, the less he like it.

1.3 隐含形式的比较级

英语中有些来自拉丁语比较级的形容词仍然保留着比较意义,使用时常与to 连用。这样的常用词语有senior to 年长于;职位(级别)高于/ junior to 年少于;职位(级别)低于/ superior to 好于,优于/ inferior to 次于,不如/ prior to 在….之前;比…..重要。

e.g He is three years senior to me.

真题讲解:

1. Since my childhood I have found that (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)

nothing is more attractive to me than reading

2. The more you explain, (我愈糊涂)

the more confused I am

3. I would prefer shopping in a department store because (它更加方便和省时)

it is more convenient and time-saving

4. It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are (更有可能增加体重)

more likely to put on weight

5. In my sixties, one change I notice is that (我比以前更容易累了)

I’m more likely to get tired than before.

知识点测评4:翻译---比较级

1.That Canadian speaks Chinese _________(和他说英语一样流利).

答案:as fluently as be speaks English

考点:本题考查比较结构。fluently 修饰speak,应用副词;

he为第三人称单数,位于动词必须加s,保持主谓一致。

2.We have to admit the fact that_________(生命的质量和生命本身一样重要).

答案:the quality of life is as important as life itself

3.Remember that the less processed a food,_____(它的矿物质和维生素含量就越高).

答案:the higher its mineral and vitamin content

考点:本题考查“越…越…”的英语表达the more…the

mor e…“矿物质和维生素含量”的英语表达为mineral and vitamin content.

2 分词

2.1 现在分词与过去分词的区别

现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义,而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较:

a changing world(一个变化着的世界);a changed world(一个已经起变化的世界)

surprising news(令人惊讶的消息);surprised people(感到惊讶的人们)

2.2 分词作状语

作状语时,表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外,分词作状语时,一般来说它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。

Hearing the news, he felt very excited.

Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.

2.3 分词作定语

分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之前;分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之后。

He is a spoiled child.

The man standing over there is our new English teacher.

2.4 分词的独立结构

分词作状语时,一般来说其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致;但是如果出于语意表达的需要,分词需要一个自身的逻辑主语(不同于句子主语),那么此时就构成分词的独立结构。

Weather permitting, the football match will be held on Wednesday.

独立结构一般位于句首,分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。

真题讲解:

1. (与我成长的地方相比),this town is more prosperous and exciting.

Compared with the place where I was brought up

2. Last week the boy and his friends celebrated his twentieth birthday, _______________(尽情地唱歌跳舞)

singing and dancing to their hearts’ content

3. _______________(现在天已很晚),we took our things and returned to our home.

It being pretty late now

3 常用词组:从历年翻译真题看,除必要的语法知识外,要想在翻译部分拿到高分,考生还需要掌握大量常用词组和一些常用词汇的搭配。作为应试策略,同学们不妨把历年四级考试真题中出现的一些常用词汇和短语做一系统复习,已达到快速提高成绩的效果。

1)对…充耳不闻

She (对我们的警告充耳不闻)and made a serious mistake in the end.

turned a deaf ear to our warnings

2)适应

Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to (适应不同文化中的生活) adapt themselves to life in different cultures

3)以…速度

The nation’s population continues to rise(以每年1200万人的速度) at a rate of 12 million every year

4)将…考虑在内

The finding of this study failed to (将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内) take people’s sleep quality into consideration

5)按以下地址

To make donations or for more information, please ___________ (按以下地址和我们联系) contact us at the following address

6)多亏了,一系列

(多亏了一系列的新发明), doctors can treat this disease successfully Thanks to a series of new inventions

7)与…相比

(与我成长的地方相比),this town is more prosperous and exciting Compared with the place where I was brought up

8)与…相关

The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is (与缺乏锻炼密切相关)

Closely related to the lack of exercise

知识点测评5:翻译—常用词组

1.If we________(对此视而不见),we shall make the gravest error

imaginable.

答案:turned a deaf ear to our warnings

考点:本题考查“turn a blind eye to”用法,此外to 是借此后跟名词或动名次,

warning(警告)应该用复数。

2.The secretary ______ (详细记录) what the members of the Board of Directors had discussed

at the meeting.

答案:kept a detailed record of

考点:注意使用一般过去时。

3.The firm has decided to switch to another line of products, as these __________(不畅销).

答案:are not selling well

考点:“畅销”翻译为“sell well”,动词使用主动形式,不用被动语态。

4. On hearing that news, I _______________ (忍不住笑起来) and spread it among the class.

答案:could not help laughing

考点:本题考查“忍不住”的表达方法,注意laugh后加ing,此外注意用一般过去时5. Chinese President, Hu Jintao called on the whole country___(与时俱进).

答案:to keep pace with times/ to keep up with times

考点:本题考查“与时俱进”的英文表达法keep pace with times /

keep up with times 或keep abreast of times. time后必须加s 才能表示“时代”之意。

6. After he has retired,______.(他准备把精力投入到慈善事业中去)

答案:he will devote himself to charities.

考点:本题考查“把(时间、精力等)投入到……”的表达,devote…to…。

英汉翻译 第二讲 课后作业

9月20日作业 第二讲课后作业 Translate the following English phrases or sentences into Chinese. 一、一词多义、词的搭配 1. Take off The new dictionary has really taken off.(这本新字典很受欢迎。) Take off your wet shirt.(把你的湿衬衫脱下来。) The doctor took off his wounded left leg.(医生给他受伤的左腿做了截肢手术。) They had to take off the show because of poor audience.(观众太少令他们不得不取消演出)You can take only one day off.(你只能休一天假。) The officer leading the inquiry has been taken off.(主持这项调查的官员已经被撤职。) 2. But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.(但是他的攻击总是被一针拳打脚踢击退) 二、词序 1.定语的位置 1)We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). (我们用尽一切可能的方法去帮助他们) 2)This is the only reference book available here. (这是这里唯一的一本可用的参考书) 3)They are working to increase production at the highest speed possible (他们正努力地以可能的最快速度提高产量). 4)This is the best solution imaginable. (这是能想到的最佳办法) 2. 状语的位置 1)A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. (一辆全速疾驰的吉普车溅了我一身的水) 2)North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币(一大笔钱)请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝,显然画家不喜欢这种绘画,因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然,这场贪图财利的婚姻,将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一(至少在绘画上如此),即:男人善于思考推理,女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新,也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上,拇指放于嘴中,瞪着眼睛若所所思,但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族,他不懂他们的语言,他又必须依赖他们的善良生存,而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美,因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”,而不是女性的,浴中人体艺术,正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk(‘total work of art’).康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天,贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品,这一举动,拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

初一英语寒假讲义第1讲

煜祥寒假班初一英语 第一讲name: 一单词、词组回顾 A写出下列词的反义词或对应词 1 first_______ 2 day_______ 3 lost_______ 4 interesting_______ 5 son_______ 6 uncle_______ 7 this_______ 8 breakfast_______ 9 these_______ 10 weekend_______ 11 question_______ 12 his_____ B英汉互译 13 做运动 ____________ 14 get to_______ 15为??而感谢 _______ 16在电视里看?? ____________ 17听起来很有趣 __________ 18在地板上 ____________ 19在某事上帮助某人 ________ 20 a photo of his family_______ 二基本句型及交际用语 A翻译下列句子 1 那些是我的朋友们。 _________________________________ 2 男孩们和女孩们在树底下。_________________________________ 3 吉姆每天在电视上观看篮球赛。_________________________________ 4我有 3 个足球, 4 个棒球和 2 个排球。 _________________________________ 5让我们吃萨拉吧! _________________________________ B情景交际 6 当你找不到你的书时,你应说:___________ A This is my book. B What ’s this? C Where’s my book? D where my book is? 7 当你向父母介绍朋友李蕾时,你应说:_________________ A He is Li Lei. B This is Li Lei. C It is Li Lei. D This ’s Li Lei. 三基本语法 A写出下列名词的复数形式 book--key--family--dictionary--watch— is--am--that--this--friend--class--photo—tomato--strawberry--child--sheep-- B用所给单词的适当形式填空 1.Tom and I _____(be)brothers. 2.What ______(be) these?

英语翻译技巧选修课讲义

第一单元词语的翻译(1) 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如,英语中有词形变化,汉语中没有;英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等,而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起,不一定或很少使用连词和介词,也没有关系代词。所以,翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加,使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,又能符合译入语的表达习惯,但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1.增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多,汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1:不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres. 例2:怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3:又要马儿跑得快,又要马儿不吃草,简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze.Isn’t it ridiculous! 2.增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外,还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法,英译时需增补it。 例4:一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day. 例5:是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6:尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l. 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分,又有表态部分,在汉语里往往是叙事在前,表态在后。叙事部分比较长,表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反,表态在前,叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语,以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7:我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems. 例8:我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that. 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中,只要从上下文能正确理解,宾语常常可以省略,但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语,因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9:我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice.

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

翻译讲义

一.课堂导入 (以温故提问的方式导入) 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) (①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译:指译文要与原文保持对应关系,重要的词语要相应的落实,要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式,力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译:指着眼于表达原句的意思,在忠于愿意的前提下,灵活翻译原文的词语,灵活处理原文的句子结构。) 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对:一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换:有些词语意义已经发展,用法已经变化,语法已经不用,在译文中, 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留:人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译;与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删:一些没有实在意义的虚词,如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等,同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补:省略的部分;词语活用相应的部分;代词所指的内容;使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调:把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来,使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词,后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二.文言句子翻译题的解题步骤: (一)总体分五步: 第一步: 第二步: 第三步: 第四步

第五步: (二)分步解析: 第一步: 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的,告诉学生,翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手,不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠,会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病,而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句,只要理解句子的大意就行,这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步: 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键,因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子,一定有几个得分点,突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外,每一位学生由于情况不同,在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中,要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来,然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时,可以给学生提供下面的方法: 第三步:理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下,因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式,导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱,不合现代文的句子规范。所以,翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生,要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式: 第四步:草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸(考试时可以在试卷上)上先大致草拟一下答案,结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步: 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整,然后誊写到答卷上,这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰,又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律:①做翻译题的时候,应该有踩点得分的意识,要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点:一是关键词,二是特殊句。

英语翻译练习上课讲义

英语翻译练习

1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先,我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示,每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外,我口语流利,可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息,这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室,方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好,其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要! Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知,如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查,中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游,还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外,还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而,大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.

英汉翻译复习资料

填空题复习资料: 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦,失其藻蔚,虽得大意,殊隔文体,有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人,物从中国”的翻译思想,而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出:“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标:‘译事三难:信、达、雅’,三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为:案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实,通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材,翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8.20世纪50年代初,傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点;60年代初,钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说:“信言不美、美言不信”。 10.20世纪90年代,美籍意大利学者韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti )提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论,该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助,但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比(Mary Snell-Hornby)在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍:20世纪80年代,西方翻译研究出现文化转向;90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向;而进入新世纪,翻译研究又回到了语言学时代,出现了“U字形转向”(U-turn)。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准,提出了功能翻译(Functional Equivalence)(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13.辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”,在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度,这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准,真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。

商务英汉翻译讲义

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英语翻译讲义

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第二讲 翻译定义标准语义翻译

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汉英翻译讲义第2部分

第三章词语的翻译 3.1 词的指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)的理解与表达 A) 翻译下列句子,注意句中划线部分词语指称意义和蕴涵意义的表达 1. 他两岁就学会看表了。He could _________________ even when he was two. 2. 我能看出你在想什么。I can __________ your mind. 3. 你要是觉得这东西还看的过去,就买下来吧。If you think ________________________, then buy it. 4. 他看出了她的破绽。He ____________ her weak points. 5. 那是万万不行的。That’s _________________ out of the question. 6. 我万万没有想到。The idea ____________ occurred to me. 7. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the______________of the masses. 8. 他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some___________________ for the revision of the plan. 9. 大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of ____________________ about you. 10.他们就推举谁做下届总统侯选人取得了一致意见。 They have reached ___________________ on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. 11.他们在会上闹起了意见.They got into _____________________ at the meeting. 12.两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 The two leaders exchanged __________________on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 13. 那件大衣的面子很漂亮。_________________________ of the coat is very beautiful. 14. 如果怕丢面子,就说不好英语。 If one is afraid of ________________________________, he cannot expect to speak English well. 15. 我是个爱面子的人,这种事我可做不出。I would not do such a thing---I’m _______________________________. 16. 不是我不买你的面子,实在是这事儿不好办。 I have shown _____________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. I’d like to ________________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. 17. 南京的风俗:但凡新媳妇进门,三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜,发个利市。这菜一定是鱼,取“富贵有余”的意思。 The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to __________________________ by gong to the kitchen on the third day and _________ a fish, _____________ stands for fortune. 18. 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。 He _____ my father. This girl is ______beautiful. This man reads _________________________. 是古非今是可忍,孰不可忍。 ________ the past to condemn the present. ___________ can be tolerated, what cannot?

英汉翻译讲义

E-C Translation Course Notes Definition Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida) Significance of Translation Plays the key role in inter-cultural communication 1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations. 2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world. The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization. The Criteria of Translation Tytler (p.5) 严复:faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅) 林语堂:忠实,通顺,美 钱钟书:化境 傅雷:神似 The procedures of translation Accurate comprehension Adequate representation Careful proofreading Requirements on the translators Good command of the languages Wide scope of knowledge Sensitive to cultural differences Hard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interests Strong sense of responsibility Literal Vs. free translations The former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation. No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation. Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.

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