液压传动和气压传动外文文献翻译、中英翻译、外文翻译
西京学院
本科毕业设计外文资料翻译
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2014 年 3 月 13 日
译文
液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫?布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。
第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁?尼斯克(G?Constantimsco)对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。
第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近20~30 年间，日本液压传动发展之快，居世界领先地位。
液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。
一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件和液压油。
动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。
执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。
控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同，液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整
阀、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。
辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。
液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。
液压系统的作用就是帮助人类做工。主要是由执行元件把压力变成转动或往复运动。
液压系统由信号控制和液压动力两部分组成，信号控制部分用于驱动液压动力部分中的控制阀动作。
液压动力部分采用回路图方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之间的相互关系。液压源含有液压泵、电动机和液压辅助元件；液压控制部分含有各种控制阀，其用于控制工作油液的流量、压力和方向；执行部分含有液压缸或液压马达，其可按实际要求来选择。
在分析和设计实际任务时，一般采用方框图显示设备中实际运行状况。空心箭头表示信号流，而实心箭头则表示能量流。
基本液压回路中的动作顺序—控制元件（二位四通换向阀）的换向和弹簧复位、执行元件（双作用液压缸）的伸出和回缩以及溢流阀的开启和关闭。对于执行元件和控制元件，演示文稿都是基于相应回路图符号，这也为介绍回路图符号作了准备。
根据系统工作原理，您可对所有回路依次进行编号。如果第一个执行元件编号为0，则与其相关的控制元件标识符则为1。如果与执行元件伸出相对应的元件标识符为偶数，则与执行元件回缩相对应的元件标识符则为奇数。不仅应对液压回路进行编号，也应对实际设备进行编号，以便发现系统故障。
DIN ISO1219-2标准定义了元件的编号组成，其包括下面四个部分：设备编号、回路编号、元件标识符和元件编号。如果整个系统仅有一种设备，则可省略设备编号。
实际中，另一种编号方式就是对液压系统中所有元件进行连续编号，此时，元件编号应该与元件列表中编号相一致。这种方法特别适用于复杂液压控制系统，每个控制回路都与其系统编号相对应
与机械传动、电气传动相比，液压传动具有以下优点：
1、液压传动的各种元件，可以根据需要方便、灵活地来布置。
2、重量轻、体积小、运动惯性小、反应速度快。
3、操纵控制方便，可实现大范围的无级调速（调速范围达2000：1）。
4、可自动实现过载保护。
5、一般采用矿物油作为工作介质，相对运动面可自行润滑，使用寿命长；
6、很容易实现直线运动/
7、很容易实现机器的自动化，当采用电液联合控制后，不仅可实现更高程度的自动控制过程，而且可以实现遥控。
液压系统的缺点：
1、由于流体流动的阻力和泄露较大，所以效率较低。如果处理不当，泄露不仅污染场地，而且还可能引起火灾和爆炸事故。
2、由于工作性能易受到温度变化的影响，因此不宜在很高或很低的温度条件下工作。
3、液压元件的制造精度要求较高，因而价格较贵。
4、由于液体介质的泄露及可压缩性影响，不能得到严格的传动比。
5、液压传动出故障时不易找出原因；使用和维修要求有较高的技术水平。
在液压系统及其系统中，密封装置用来防止工作介质的泄漏及外界灰尘和异物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏会造成工作介质的浪费，污染机器和环境，甚至引起机械操作失灵及设备人身事故。内漏会引起液压系统容积效率急剧下降，达不到所需要的工作压力，甚至不能进行工作。侵入系统中的微小灰尘颗粒，会引起或加剧液压元件摩擦副的磨损，进一步导致泄漏。
因此，密封件和密封装置是液压设备的一个重要组成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用寿命，是衡量液压系统好坏的一个重要指标。除间隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相邻两个偶合表面间的间隙控制在需要密封的液体能通过的最小间隙以下。在接触式密封中，分为自封式压紧型密封和自封式自紧型密封（即唇形密封）两种。
液压系统的三大顽疾
1、发热由于传力介质（液压油）在流动过程中存在各部位流速的不同，导致液体内部存在一定的内摩擦，同时液体和管路内壁之间也存在摩擦，这些都是导致液压油温度升高的原因。温度升高将导致内外泄漏增大，降低其机械效率。同时由于较高的温度，液压油会发生膨胀，导致压缩性增大，使控制动作无法很好的传递。解决办法：发热是液压系统的固有特征，无法根除只能尽量减轻。使用质量好的液压油、液压管路的布置中应尽量避免弯头的出现、使用高质量的管路以及管接头、液压阀等。
2、振动液压系统的振动也是其痼疾之一。由于液压油在管路中的高速流动而产生的冲击以及控制阀打开关闭过程中产生的冲击都是系统发生振动的原因。强的振动会导致系统控制动作发生错误，也会使系统中一些较为精密的仪器发生错误，导致系统故障。
解决办法：液压管路应尽量固定，避免出现急弯。避免频繁改变液流方向，无法避免时应做好减振措施。整个液压系统应有良好的减振措施，同时还要避免外来振源对系统的影响。
3、泄漏液压系统的泄漏分为内泄漏和外泄漏。内泄漏指泄漏过程发生在系统内部，例如液压缸活塞两边的泄漏、控制阀阀芯与阀体之间的泄漏等。内泄漏虽然不会产生液压油的损失，但是由于发生泄漏，既定的控制动作可能会受到影响，直至引起系统故障。外泄漏是指发生在系统和外部环境之间的泄漏。液压油直接泄漏到环境中，除了会影响系统的工作环境外，还会导致系统压力不够引发故障。泄漏到环境中的液压油还有发生火灾的危险。解决办法：采用质量较好的密封件，提高设备的加工精度。
另：对于液压系统这三大顽疾，有人进行了总结：“发烧、拉稀带得瑟”（这位总结者是东北人）。液压系统用于升降机，挖掘机，泵站，强夯机，起重机，等等大型工业，建筑，工厂，企业，还有升降机，升降平台，登车桥等等行业。
液压元件将向高性能、高质量、高可靠性、系统成套方向发展；向低能耗、低噪声、振动、无泄漏以及污染控制、应用水基介质等适应环保要求方向发展；开发高集成化高功率密度、智能化、机电一体化以及轻小型微型液压元件；积极采用新工艺、新材料和电子、传感等高新技术。
---- 液力偶合器向高速大功率和集成化的液力传动装置发展，开发水介质调速型液力偶合器和向汽车应用领域发展，开发液力减速器，提高产品可靠性和平均无故障工作时间；液力变矩器要开发大功率的产品，提高零部件的制造工艺技术，提高可靠性，推广计算机辅助技术，开发液力变矩器与动力换档变速箱配套使用技术；液粘调速离合器应提高产品质量，形成批量，向大功率和高转速方向发展。
气动行业：
----产品向体积小、重量轻、功耗低、组合集成化方向发展，执行元件向种类多、结构紧凑、定位精度高方向发展；气动元件与电子技术相结合，向智能化方向发展；元件性能向高速、高频、高响应、高寿命、耐高温、耐高压方向发展，普遍采用无油润滑，应用新工艺、新技术、新材料。
（1）采用的液压元件高压化，连续工作压力达到40Mpa，瞬间最高压力达到48Mpa；
（2）调节和控制方式多样化；
（3）进一步改善调节性能，提高动力传动系统的效率；
（4）发展与机械、液力、电力传动组合的复合式调节传动装置；
（5）发展具有节能、储能功能的高效系统；
（6）进一步降低噪声；
（7）应用液压螺纹插装阀技术，紧凑结构、减少漏油。
原文
Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 ? Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.
After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, espec- ially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establish ment of the foundation. The early 20th century G ? Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of develo- pment.
The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, "Hydraulic Industry." Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.
Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.
A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil.
The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump.
Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.
Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve.
Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars.
Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.
The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion.
Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement.
Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.
In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow.
Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the
extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.
Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.
DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted.
Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the system
With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages:
1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout.
2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response.
3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1).
4, to achieve overload protection automatically.
5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life;
6, it is easy to achieve linear motion /
7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.
The shortcomings of the hydraulic system:
1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled
properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion.
2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions.
3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price.
4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio.
5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.
In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.
Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.
The three hydraulic system diseases
1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.
2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.
3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.
Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: "fever, with a father拉稀" (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on.
Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.
---- Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the
development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction.
Pneumatic Industry:
---- Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.
(1) used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa;
(2) diversification of regulation and control;
(3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain;
(4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear;
(5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function;
(6) to further reduce the noise;
(7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill.
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动画设计专业论文参考文献
动画设计专业论文参考文献 在日常学习和工作中，许多人都有过写论文的经历，对论文都不陌生吧，论文是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。还是对论文一筹莫展吗？下面是小编精心整理的动画设计专业论文参考文献，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 [1]王兆.目标导向设计中人物角色的应用与研究[D].东华大学.2011 [2]陈龙，徐人平，王浩军.基于Freeform系统的玩偶设计开发.北京市经济管理干部学院学报，2006. [3]大而不强创新不足中国网游或死在同质化和抄袭之手. [4]肖冬.移动互联网引爆未来[J].理财.2014,01:46-48 [5]中国互联网络发展状况统计报告.2010 [6]李洪海，石爽，李霞.交互界面设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2011 [7]浅析移动应用软件现状.中国电子商务研究中心. [8]张宏江.移动设备的发展将成根本趋势[J].新领军.2012:24 [9]艾瑞咨询.2014移动互联网用户行为研究报告[R].2014,5 [10]阳俊.游戏界面的人性化设计研究[D].重庆大学.2008 [11]陈启安.软件人机界面设计[M].北京：高等教育出版社.2008 [12]2013年中国手机游戏发展现状及未来展望分析. [13]艾瑞咨询.2014Q1中国移动购物市场交易规模达1350.9亿元 [14]李念.基于游戏机制的互联网产品交互设计研究[D].华东理工大 学.2012 [15]吕锦扬.移动互联网环境下的终端与应用发展[N].广东通信技 术.2013(12) [16]许懋琦，于晓燕.从设计学角度分析手机游戏成功因素[J].设 计.2014,04（200）：135-136 [17]郭伏,郝哲哲,许娜,屈庆星,丁一.基于情感体验的应用软件可用性评估方法研究[J].工业工程与管理.2013 (4) : 152-164
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究【文献综述】
毕业论文文献综述 国际经济与贸易 中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究 金融服务贸易国际竞争力相关理论综述 服务贸易是以服务作为交易标的的一种贸易行为。《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)所界定的国际服务贸易是指以过境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动这四种形式进行的各国间的服务交易。该定义已成为有一定权威性和指导性的定义为各国接受。 根据《服务贸易总协定》中的服务部门清单，可以将服务贸易分为12类：商业性服务，销售服务，金融服务，娱乐服务，通讯服务，教育服务，卫生服务，运输服务，建筑服务，环境服务，旅游服务和其他服务。而对于金融服务贸易，国内外并没有确切的定义。本文将对金融服务贸易国外及国内有代表性的研究进行综述。 一、GATS与OECD对金融服务贸易的定义 根据GATS的定义，金融服务贸易是指由一成员国的金融服务提供者所提供的任何金融性质的服务。它包括两个部分：所有保险和保险相关的服务、银行和其他金融服务（保险除外），其中其他金融服务指证券和金融信息服务。 经济合作和发展组织（OECD）对金融服务贸易的定义为由金融机构提供服务的收入，或者接受付出的支持，包括得到的和付出的直接投资收益（未分配收益和利息）；从其他金融投资得到的和付出的收益（得到的和付出的利息和红利）；得到的、付出的手续费和佣金。 可见，经济合作和发展组织对金融服务贸易的界定强调了金融服务贸易交易的提供方，而忽略了金融服务贸易的消费方。金融服务贸易的发展主要是以此换取其他贸易领域的发展，而且金融服务贸易可以促进本国金融业与国际金融业的接轨，从而在国际竞争中促进本国金融业的发展。 二、国外对金融服务贸易相关研究 对于金融服务贸易研究，国外学者从不同角度出发，有不同的看法。 列为恩（1996）认为，各种金融服务可以实现五种基本功能：方便商品和劳务的交易；易于风险管理；加速资源流动；获取信息，评估企业和配置资本；提供公司法人治理。同时，更多的相关文献表示，金融中介可以降低由于信息不对称产生的管理成本（戴蒙德1984；威廉森1987）也可以对规模经济产生积极的效应。 莫施里安（Moshirian 1994）认为，金融服务贸易和制造业类似，一些基本要素赋予了
数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
英文文献 Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development. Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; application Before: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shell
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment
服务贸易外文翻译
关于杭州中心地区服务业竞争力及其发展 战略的评价（节选） 郑建壮，中国浙江省浙江大学城市学院 江海霞，中国浙江省浙江工业大学 摘要：服务行业的竞争力是直接反映在区服务业的发展水平和潜在能力之中的。本文研究了杭州服务行业的发展现状，从中心区的角度构建了一个服务行业的评价指标体系，并分析了杭州每个中心城区服务业的可持续发展的优势和劣势。最后，文章给杭州的服务行业竞争力的提高提出了战略建议。 关键词：中心地区，服务业，竞争力 1. 引言 20世纪80年代以来，全球经济已呈现从“工业经济”转向于“服务经济”的变化趋势。服务业已成为全球经济好转的一个关键的引擎（2005年李和王），它在改善国家经济、增加就业率、调整产业结构和提高生活水平等方面的重要作用是显而易见的。一般来说一个地区的服务行业发展主要集中于中部地区，而不是郊区，因为中心区一般被视为一个城市经济发展的“心脏”，它在地理位置、交通和文化等方面都占有有利因素，不仅可增强生产要素、人口和产业聚集的力量，也有利于市场的发展。因此，中部地区正在成为服务行业的主要区域（李2007）。本文在分析杭州中心城区的服务业竞争力的基础上，进行了相关的评价，旨在寻找到一种有效的策略以提高城市的服务行业发展。 2. 服务产业竞争力的文献研究 大部分关于服务行业的竞争力的学术研究都是基于它们的地区竞争能力之上的。因此，服务业的竞争力可以简单地定义为“服务行业在竞争中获取和利用资源的能力”。国外的研究学者更倾向于特定的服务行业的竞争力分析与研究，如商业服务行业（2001年Rubalcaba和加戈）、保险业（哈德威克和窦1998）、知识密集服务（1999年Windrum和汤姆林森）。然而，在中国，学者们的研究重点则集中于一个特定的区域，而不是一个特定的行业，如中国的31个主要省份（吴2003），中国六大发展先进的省份（2004年刁、庄），中国16个主要省份（2005年苏、张）。由于很多的因素都可以影响服务业的竞争力和复杂性，大多数中国学者认为，我们应该建立一个多层次的综合评价指标体系，如“总目标指导指数”。
数控机床刀具设计论文中英文资料外文翻译文献综述
数控机床刀具设计 中英文资料 英语原文： Design Of Tool Machine Prop Research significance The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool. Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development. Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its oth management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs. The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions. 1.System components and control structure The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems. 1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.