句子成分及种类

句子成分&句子结构

一、句子成分

句子成分主要包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的必需部分；宾语、表语和补足语是句子的必要部分；其他成分如状语和定语，是句子的辅助部分。有些句子还带有感叹语、插入语，它们在句法上与句子其他成分不存在关系，称为独立成分。

1.主语: 主语是句中动作、行为、性质或状态的主体，是一个句子谈论的主题。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等来充当。

Some people can’t use the computer. (名词作主语)

He teaches us English. (代词作主语)

Three and five is eight. (数词作主语)

To read in bed is bad for your eyes. (不定式作主语)

Eating more vegetables is good for us. (动名词短语作主语)

That you forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused me lots of trouble. (从句作主语)

(广东)Do you need more time to complete the task?

Yes, another ten days _____ enough.

A, is B, are C, was D, were

2.谓语: 谓语用来说明主语的行动、动作或所处的状态。谓语由动词或短语动词充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语可分为简单谓语和合成谓语。

The boy speaks Japanese. (简单谓语)

Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. (简单谓语)

I can play the baseball. (合成谓语)

Our city becomes more beautiful. (合成谓语)

3.宾语: 宾语表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、动名词、动词不定式或起名词作用的其他成分充当。

I bought a book. (单宾语，名词)

The news surprised us. (单宾语，代词)

He told me the news about it. (双宾语，代词/名词)

A friend lent some money to me. (双宾语，名词/代词)

We consider him an honest boy. (复合宾语)

Mr. Wang always makes his classes interesting. (复合宾语)

4.表语：表语用来说明主语的特征、属性、状态、身份等，与前面的连系动词一起构成系表结构作复合谓语。

My pen friend is an American boy. (名词)

This book isn’t mine. (代词)

He was the first to come to school yesterday. (数词)

The man looks strong. (形容词)

My father is out. (副词)

His job is to clean the school. (动词不定式短语)

The dictionary is in the bag. (介词短语)

Wasting time is killing yourself. (动名词短语)

The trouble is that she has lost his phone number. (从句)

5.定语：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分，分为前置定语和后置定语两种。

（1）前置定语：常用来充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格，动词-ing形式等。

We had a good time in the park. (adj.)

His father is doctor. (pron.)

She cut the meat into two pieces. (numeral)

This is a stone table. (n.)

Let’s put the child in the sleeping bag. (v-ing)

（2）后置定语: 常用来充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语和从句等。

I have got something interesting to tell every one of you. (Adj.)

The trees around were cut last week. (Adv.)

Would do you like something to drink? (Infinitive)

The book on the bed is mine. (Prepositional phrase)

The model plane flying in the sky is made by Bill. (Present participle)

The woman who stands at the gate is my mother. (Subordinate clause)

6.状语：状语常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。它可以表示时间、地点、程度、原

因、目的、结果等。状语常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、从句等担当。

They are walking in the park.

He was looking everywhere for Jane.

She was deeply moved by the story I told her.

I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a long time.

He spoke so fast that I couldn’t hear clearly what he said.

7.补足语: 补足语是用来说明主语或宾语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。含有宾语补足语的

句子变为被动语态时，宾语补足语成了主语补足语。可以作为补足语的有名词、形容词、副

词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。

You must keep your bedroom clean.

He was once again found wandering along the street. (现在分词作主语补足语)

His parents made him stay at home. (动词不定式作宾语补足语)

→He was made to stay at home by his parents. (动词不定式作主语补足语)

8.同位语: 对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分即

同位语。同位语常置于被说明的词之后。同位语由名词、代词、数词、从句等充当。

This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.

We each have a cellphone now.

You may leave it to us two.

We are excited about the news that we win the match.

9.独立成分: 在句子中插入一个词或短语，这个词或短语并不和其他成分发生语法关系，此时

这个词或短语就是一种独立成分。独立成分包括称呼语、感叹语、插入语等。

Hurry up, friends, or we’ll be late. (称呼语作独立成分)

Aha! I’ve got you right h ere. (感叹语作独立成分)

By the way, what do you usually do at weekend? (插入语作独立成分)

二、句子结构

英语句子按照结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

1.简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫简单句。

判断下列句子属于哪种简单句的基本句型：

We walked and laughed.

The children are playing.

Children often sing this song.

I don’t know what to do.

My bike is new.

He became a famous scientist.

Mr. Wu teaches us English.

My father bought me a new camera.

We can hear someone playing the violin next door.

We can keep it warm.

拓展：There +be +主语+ 状语

英语中有一个独特的句型叫there be 结构，该结构表示“某地/某时存在某人/某物”。There 无意义，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者在数上必须保持一致。句子最后为地点状语或时间状语。

There is a car in front of the house.

There are many books in his school bag.

2.并列句: 并列句是由并列连词and, but, or, so等把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句

子。并列连词的基本句子结构为：简单句+并列连词+ 简单句。

（1）表示并列的并列连词

I help her and she helps me.

＊Both Wendy and Kate are from American.

（2）表示选择的并列连词

The girls can go with us, or they can stay at home.

＊Either he or she is going to help us.

（3）表示因果的并列连词

The days are short, for it is now December.

The boy did his homework carefully, so he never made any mistakes

（4）表示转折的并列连词

It is very good, yet it can be better.

He is old but he is in good health.

That region has plenty of natural resources while this one has none.

3.复合句: 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句为句子的主体，从

句不能独立，仅用作句子的一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。

We shouldn’t give our children whatever they want.

I’ll never forget the stories that my grandma told me.

He worked for a foreign company when he was in Shanghai.

一．划出下列句子中的主语

①A mooncake is a delicious, round cake.

②I don’t know if it will grow.

③ Doing your homework in time is important.

④To win the game is difficult.

⑤There are some people in our classroom.

⑥Five is not enough.

二. 划出下列句子中的谓语

①I saw a girl.

②I love you.

③ You should work English hard.

④You had better take a bus.

⑤I want to give you a book.

三．划出下列句子中的宾语

①I saw a cat in the tree.

②We think you are right.

③ My father bought me a book.

④We call him LaoWang.

⑤We forgot to close the window.

四．划出下列句子中的定语

①That is a beautiful flower.

②This is my book, not your book.

③ I have a lot of things to do.

④I have met the boy in that room.

⑤He has something important to say.

五．划出下列句子中的状语

①He is playing under the tree.

②Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.

③ The house is dirty because he didn’t clean it.

④He buys a gift to make her happy.

⑤If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.

六. 划出下列句子中的表语

①These desks are yellow.

②It is getting cooler and cooler now.

③ My work is teaching English,

④It sounds good.

⑤It smells nice.

七. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

① Please tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.

④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.

⑤ Did he leave any message for me?