高考英语作文评分标准解析

高考英语作文评分标准解析
高考英语作文评分标准解析

(一)高考英语作文评分标准

1本体总分为25分,按5个档次给分。

2评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。

3词数少于或多余要求字数的,从总分中减去2分

4评分时,应注意的主要内容为:内容要点,应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性,上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。

5拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英,美拼写汉词汇用法均可接受。

6如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。7内容要点可用不同方式表达,对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。

{各档次的给分范围和要求}

第五档(很好);(21-25分)

1完全完成了试题规定的任务。

2覆盖所有内容要点。

3应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。

4语法或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或词汇所致。具备较强的语言运用能力。

5有效地使用了语句间的成份,使全文结构紧凑。

6完全达到了预期的写作目的。

第四档(好);(16-20分)

1完全完成了试题规定的任务。

2虽漏掉一两个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。

3运用的语法结构或词汇方面能满足任务的要求。

4语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。

5应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。

6达到了预期的写作目的。

第三档(适当);(11-15分)1基本完成了试题规定的任务。

2虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。

3应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。

4有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。5应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文内容连贯。

6整体而言,基本达到了语气的写作目的。

第二档(较差);(6-10分)

1未恰当完成试题规定的任务。

2漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。3词法结构单调,词汇项目有限。

4有一些语法结构词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。

5较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。

6信息未能清楚地传达给读者。

第一档(差);(1-5分)

1未完成试题规定的任务。

2明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。

3语法结构单调,词汇项目有限。

4较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。

5缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。

6信息未能传达给读者。

不得分(0分)

未能传达给读者任何信息:内容太少,无法评判,写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。

(二)高考英语作文评分标准详解

一般来说,写作题的高考评分标准包含评分原则、内容要点、给分范围及要求、说明和参考范文五个部分。其中内容要点以及词数、标点、书写等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时,应该注意的主要内容为……应用词汇和语法结构的数量……上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则,“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致,具备较强的语言运用能力;有效地使用了语句间的连接成份,使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求、以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明,相对比较抽象,不易捉摸。

一、如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”

这里所说的“词汇”,可以从高级词汇的使用、同义

词的使用、短语的使用等方面去理解:

(一)高级词汇的使用

评分标准第五档次的要求中提到,“词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”,指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求,但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇,比如frustration, awkward, awfully, concern等词,都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇,定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。

1. I can’t find any way to solve the problem. (换作高级词汇:I can’t find any solution to the problem.)

2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. (换作高级词汇:The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.)

3. The question is really difficult to understand. (换作高级词汇:The question is really confusing.)

4. He had to face all the possible difficulties. (换作高级词汇:He had to cope with all the possible difficulties)

(二)同义词的使用

英语中有些词的使用频率非常高,比如interesting, clever等,在表达时大家都很喜欢用,这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词,就可以做到与众不同,给评卷者带来清新的感觉。例如:

1. It will be very interesting. (换作同义词:It will be

a lot of fun.)

2. He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.( 换作同义词:He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.)

3. Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents. (换作同义词:Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.)

(三)适当利用短语取代单词

总体而言,使用短语的难度比单词要大一些,因此适当运用短语更能显出作者的功力。例如:

1. Suddenly I had a good idea. (换作短语:Suddenly I came up with a good idea.)

2. Take a moment to see what is happening around you. (换作短语:Take a moment to see what is going on around you.)

3. Everyone should do his or her best. (换作短语:Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.)

二、如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”

固定句式(如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等)、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的语法结构。这些

结构的正确使用,可以使文章的语言充满层次感,从

而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。

(一)使用固定句式

1. She was robbed of her purse but she had no time

to call for help.(使用before one can do sth.结构:She was robbed of her purse before she could

call for help.) 2. The environment will never improve until

everybody takes care of it. (使用倒装结构:Not

until everybody takes care of it will the

environment improve.)

(二)使用现在分词结构

现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语,因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子的表达更加简洁、生动,而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。例如:

1. Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to

another and this bridges the gap among

different races or cultures. (换作现在分词短语:

Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place

to another, thus bridging the gap among

different race or cultures.)

2. People worked together on the assembly line.(换

作现在分词短语:People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently.) (三)使用定语从句

定语从句的使用,不仅能使上下文更加流畅,也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如:1. My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he

is a genius. (使用定语从句:My favorite living

writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.)

2. My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book

is All about USA. (使用定语从句:My aunt bought me a book, whose title is All about the USA.) 三、如何理解“上下文的连贯性”

评分标准指出,书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”,并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成份,使全文结构紧

凑”。这里说的连贯性,就是指通过连接词(包括并

列连词,从属连词和连接性副词)、非谓语动词短语

等语法成分,使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观

点在同一个句子内得以表达,从而使整个段落或篇章

浑然一体,连贯流畅。

(一)连接性副词

连接性副词也被称为过渡词。它们的位置一般以句首居多。

连接性副词承上启下,能够令读者对后续的句子产生

心理上的期待和准备,因此整个篇章会因它们而紧凑

连贯。常见的连接性副词有:also, furthermore, in

addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile,

however, instead, in other words, in brief, in a

word, in my opinion, on the whole等等。例如:

1. We have many things to do. We believe we

can finish before the day is over. (使用连接性副

词:We have quite a lot to do. Hopefully, we will be able to finish before the day is over.)

2. The boy comes from a poor family. The boy

does very well in his studies. The boy plans to

work his way through college. (使用连接性副词:Even though he comes from a poor family, the

boy does very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his way through college.)

(二) 使用从属连词

常见的从属连词有after, as, when, while, as long

as, as soon as等。例如:

1. You work hard and never give up. You will

succeed in your studies. (使用从属连词:So long as you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.)

2. The teacher came in. the students were quiet.

(使用从属连词:The students were quiet as soon as the teacher came in.)

四、如何理解“语言的得体性”

评分标准要求考生应注意“语言得体性”,就是要求在表达时根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。

(一)体裁和题材对得性的要求

不同体裁和题材的文章有不同的用语要求。比如,书面通知中就不适合用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention, please?”等句子。这些句子只有在口头通知中才算得体的语句。

2003年高考的书面表达要求“你”给一位外国朋友

回信,介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系,所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地,叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性,像“The house is very suitable fo r

you.”等语句显得相当主观,若改为“Do you think it is suitable for you? If not, I will try again.”就比较得体。

另外,英语中还有正式语和非正式语,书面语和口头语之分。写作前,还应该认真分析题目的体裁,根据不同的体裁,确定用语的类别。正式用语或书面语的句子结构严格遵循语法规则,所采用的单词使用频率不是很高,比如:permit, inform, discover, depart等词都属于正式用语;而非正式用语或口头用语则较多地使用短语,所采用的单词使用频率高,也比较短。比如let, tell, find out, leave等等。费正式用语也经常使用简略语或缩略词。

(二)文化和思想内涵对得体性的要求

只有了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响,才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如:

1. People who live on the farm can hear cocks’

crow every morning. (rooster 和cock 都可表示

“公鸡”,但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁,所以应把

cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)

2. Because he was ill, he had to stay at home

yesterday. (本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了,所以他不得不呆在家里”。汉语思维中常常是先原因,后结果,而英语则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为:He had to stay at home yesterday because he was

ill.)

五、如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”

所谓“紧扣主题的适当发挥”,就是指在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的

信息。请看2003年全国高考的一篇优秀考场作文(节选):

I am very pleasant to learn that you will come to

China to study Chinese. I have found an

apartment for you. The apartment is on the third floor of a quiet tree-lined

street—Fangcao six-storeyed building, which is located on a where you are Street. It is only

one bus stop away from Jianxin Chinese School, planning to study this summer. The apartment

has a bedroom, in which there is a a single bed.

Inside there is a for office and comfortable

sofa, a desk bathroom and a kitchen. The

apartment occupies an area of 25 square meters.

The rent is 500 yuan per month. I hope that the

apartment will meet your expectation.

出开头和结尾外,本文适当发挥的地方有五处(见文中标注),都是稍加扩展又立即收题,而且无一例外都是

定语。这些信息的添加,不仅增强了文章的个性,而

且使文章内容更加丰富。可见信息的添加不能旁逸斜

出或标新立异,否则就会适得其反,突然增加一些出

错的机会。

高考英语作文(全国卷):六步拿高分

一、试题回顾分析

今年全国卷作文命题思路和前几年相比变化不大,仍然采用是应用文考查形式,列举提纲要点,体现了高考命题的稳定性。材料如下:

假如你是李华,正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程,遇到一些困难,希望得到学校辅导中心(learning center)的帮助。按照学校规定,你需要提前预约。请按下列要点写一封信:

1 本人简介

2 求助内容

3 约定时间

4 你的联系方式(Email: lihua@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1a16227797.html,, Phone: 1234567)

注意:词数100左右,可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯,结束语已为你写好。

Dear Sir/Madam,

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________

Look forward to your reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

题示材料对写作范围作了较明确限定。但仍给考生留出了一定的发挥空间,有利于考生充分展示自己的英语书面表达能力。

这次英语作文试题采用了以往的书信形式,考生在复习和模拟训练时见过不少,并不陌生,同时题材属于校园生活,要求考试对学习困难进行求助,贴近学生生活,因此总体难度不高。英语作文没有唯一的固定标准答案,只要书写工整、要点齐全、词句准确,就能拿到满意的分数。

二、把握评分标准

高考评分原则及标准是考生平常写作训练的指导

原则,在高考进行写作的规范,也是阅卷老师给分的重要依据和标准。

(一)评分原则:

1、本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。

2、评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。

3、词数少于80和多于120的,从总分中减去2分。

4、评分时应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。

5、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。

(二)评分标准:

第五档(21-25分):完全完成了试题规定的任务,完全达到了预期的写作目的

--覆盖所有内容要点。

--应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。

--语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。

--有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。

第四档(16-20分):完全完成了试题规定的任务,达到了预期的写作目的

--虽漏掉1、2个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。

--应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。

--语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。

--应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。

第三档(11-15分):基本完成了试题规定的任务,整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的

--虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。

--应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。

--有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。

--应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文内容连贯。

第二档(6-10分):未恰当完成试题规定的任务,信息未能清楚地传达给读者

--漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。

--语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。

--有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。

--较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。

第一档(1-5分):未完成试题规定的任务,信息未能传达给读者

--明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。

--语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。

--较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。

--缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。

不得分(0分):未能传达给读者仟何信息:内容太少,无法评判;写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。

三、写作步骤与注意事项

草拟提纲

考生认真审题后,如果时间允许,最好留出1-2分钟在草稿纸上列一个提纲,再往卷面上写。这样作文时心中有数,写得更出色,书写更整齐,增加得分的几率。列提纲时应做到:

1 简要写出要使用的词汇句型;

2 快速浏览修改:注意按照要求覆盖试题规定的所有内容要点,留心是否有要点遗漏,同时适当发挥,补充相关内容;

3 稳定为上:按照平常要求和个人写作习惯来完成,不要追求标新立异,这样往往适得其反。

整洁书写

主观试题评分过程中一定存在所谓"感情分"。漂亮的字体,干净整洁的卷面会使人赏心悦目,无疑会给考生的作文增色不少。因此,考生在写作时要注意书写求方、求齐,如有删除勾一笔即可;如感觉可写不多,字母形状向大、向宽发展,但仍需记得求方求齐原则。

减少错误

错词病句出现太多,会直接影响评分。首先考生应杜绝汉字、拼音、空格等低级错误,回避没有把握的词句。为追求句式变化出现本可以避免的错误,就得不偿失了。在保证准确的前提下,才可以考虑句式的变化,应用多样语法结构。

字数把握

全国卷作文评分原则明确指出,考生作文词数少于80词和多于120词的,从总分中减去2分。由此看来,词数不够是要扣分的,而且也并不是词数写得越多就越

好。因此,考生在写作时一定要按照评分原则的要求来完成写作任务,严格控制好词数。

消灭空白

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重点检查

重点检查单复数、拼写、搭配、时态、标点符号等方面的错误,这类错误考生容易出现也易于发现改正,从而提高了书面表达准确性。

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