生物医学工程专业英语

Images of the human body are derived from the interaction of energy with human tissue. The ener gy can be in the form of radiation, magnetic or electric fields, or acoustic energy. The energy usual ly interacts at the molecular or atomic levels, so a clear understanding of the structure of the atom is necessary. In addition to understanding the physics of the atom, learning imaging jargon is also necessary. For example人体的图像来自能源与人类之间的相互作用的组织。能量可以以辐射的形式,磁场或电场,或声波能量,能量通常在分子或原子水平相互作用,所以清楚地了解原子的结构是必要的。除了了解原子的物理,学习成像术语也是必要的。例如:

? Tomography: a cross-sectional image formed from a set of projection images. The Greek word t omo means cut.

?断层扫描:横断面图像由一组投影图像。希腊语tomo意味着削减。

? CT: Computed (or Computerized) Tomography

?CT:(或计算机)计算层析成象技术

? MR, or MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This was first called nuclear magnetic resonance (N MR), but the mention of anything nuclear scared patients, so the “N” was dropped.

?先生,或MRI:磁共振成像,这是第一次被称为核磁共振(NMR),但提到任何核害怕病人,所以“N”掉了。

? PET[1]: Positron Emission Tomography. Understanding this phenomenon requires acceptance of the theory that there is antimatter in the universe, and when antimatter meets matter, then both kin ds of matter are annihilated, and pure energy is formed.

?宠物[1]:正电子发射断层扫描,理解这种现象需要接受的理论,宇宙中有反物质,反物质与物质,这两种物质是湮灭,纯粹的能量就形成了。

? SPECT[2]: Single Photon Emission Tomography ? Ultrasound: Sonar in the body

?SPECT[2]:单光子发射断层扫描?超声波:声纳

? OCT: Optical Coherent Tomography – the use of infrared light to image (particularity) the wall s of an art?10月:光学相干断层扫描,使用红外线图像(特殊性)动脉的城墙A modality is a method for acquiring an image. MR, CT, etc. are all imaging modalities. Modalitie s are sometimes categorized based on the amount of energy applied to the body. For example, the X-ray modality produces energy that is sufficient to ionize atoms (i.e., eject an electron from an or bit of an atom, thereby creating a positively charged ion that damages human tissue). The modaliti es that cause ionizing radiation are X-rays, CT, SPECT, and PET. Non-ionizing modalities include MR and ultrasound. 形态是一个方法获取图像。先生,CT,等等都是成像模式。模式有时被分类基础上的能量应用到身体。例如,x射线形态产生的能量足以电离原子(即,逐出一个电子从一个原子的轨道,从而创建一个带正电的离子,损害人体组织)。引起电离辐射x射线的形式,CT,SPECT和PET。非电离形式包括先生和超声波。

Lesson 8 Basic Knowledge on X-rays in Medical Radiology

Part 1 X-RAYS

The discovery and nature of X-rays

X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Konrad R?ntgen[1] in 1895. They are often called ‘roentgen rays’ (particularly in the USA). They are emitted from the positive electrode in an electrical disc harge tube through which a current is passing. One of their first applications was in the ‘medical ’ field: R?ntgen made a radiograph of his wife’s hand showing the soft tissue and bone structure and the great radiopacity of the wedding ring. Th e properties of X-rays that are of significance in medical radiology are: (1) they penetrate matter to a greater or lesser degree; (2) they produce ionization and excitation in the atoms of matter; (3) th

ey produce fluorescence and hence visible light from certain materials; (4) they affect photographi c emulsions[2]; and (5) they produce biological effects in living tissues.

x射线的发现和性质

x射线是由威廉·康拉德·伦琴发现[1]1895年。他们通常被称为“伦琴射线”(特别是在美国)。它们发出正极的放电管,通过它的电流通过。他们的第一个应用程序是在医学的领域:伦琴射线照片了妻子的手显示软组织和骨骼结构和大辐射不能透过的结婚戒指。x射线的特性在医学放射学的意义是:(1)他们穿透物质或多或少;(2)产生电离和激发的原子物质;(3)产生荧光,因此可见光从某些材料;(4)他们影响感光乳剂[2];(5)他们在生活组织产生生物效应。When a beam of X-rays from an X-ray tube falls on a patient, interactions take place between ener gy and matter, and part of the energy is removed from the beam either by absorption or by scatteri ng. The energy remaining in the beam that emerges unmodified from the patient carries informatio n about the internal structures of the body in the form of a distribution of intensity perpendicular t o the beam axis. This distribution in any given plane may be called the X-ray image, and the proce ss may be called X-ray image formation. 当一束x射线从落在一个x线管病人,能量和物质之间的相互作用发生,能量从光束的一部分通过吸收或散射。剩余的能量产生的光束从病人携带的信息修改的内部结构体的形式分布的强度垂直于声束轴线。这在任何给定平面分布可能所谓的x射线图像,这个过程可以称为x射线成像。

Part 2 The production of X-rays: X-ray spectra

This creates a crucial difficulty for the X-ray tube designer, who must ensure that the heat is remo ved from the bombarded area (the focal area) of the target sufficiently fast to ensure that the focal area does not become excessively hot and therefore deteriorate or even melt. This is done in sever al ways, of which two are important in diagnostic radiology and are shown in figure 1.2. First, the target is made in the form of a disc (with a beveled edge) which is caused to rotate whenever X-ra y emission is required; thus the heat is spread out over the periphery of the disc from which it is m ainly radiated but partially conducted away.

这将创建一个至关重要的困难x射线管的设计师,他们必须确保热量从轰炸区(焦区)中删除目标足够快,以确保核心地带不会变得过于热,因此恶化,甚至融化。这样做是在几个方面,其中两个是重要的诊断放射学和图1.2所示。首先,目标是在光盘的形式(斜边)是引起旋转时x射线辐射是必需的,因此,热量在盘的外围的主要辐射但部分进行

The nature of the target material is important. For clinical work tungsten is in almost universal use because it has a high melting point, reasonable thermal conductivity, desirable mechanical propert ies and a high atomic number which increases the efficiency of X-ray production.

目标材料的性质是非常重要的。临床工作钨几乎普遍使用,因为它有一个高熔点、导热系数合理,理想的机械性能和较高的原子序数增加x光生产的效率。

X-rays of high quantum energy (hard X-rays) are more penetrating than those of low quantum ene rgy (soft X-rays). Hence if a filter of aluminium or copper is placed in the beam, the soft X-rays ar e attenuated to a greater extent than are the hard X-rays; the whole beam becomes more penetratin g and is said to be harder. This technique is of importance in clinical radiology because the softer c omponents in a spectrum are preferentially absorbed in the superficial layers of patient tissue near est to the X-ray tube, with unwanted biological effects. Therefore it is customary partially to remo ve the soft components by means of an aluminium filter, though a more radical solution is to ensur e that the potential difference across the X-ray tube is always at its maximum, i.e. is constant pote ntial and not pulsating. Constant-potential generators, or their equivalent, are rapidly displacing th e older pulsating voltage generators from the modern X-ray department. They have the outstandin

g advantage that not only is less soft X-radiation produced but that the heat that would have accom panied its production is absent also, thus rendering the X-ray tube design easier.

高量子能量(硬x射线)的x射线穿透比低的量子能量(软x射线)。因此,如果一个过滤器的铝或铜放在梁,软x射线的衰减在更大程度上比硬x射线;整个梁越来越渗透,据说是困难。这种技术在临床放射学的重要性,因为软组件优先吸收光谱中病人的表层组织最近的x射线管,不必要的生物效应。因此,是司空见惯的部分删除软组件通过一个铝过滤器,但更激进的解决方案是确保跨x射线管的电位差总是最大,即是恒定的潜力,没有脉动。定压发电机,或其等价,正在迅速取代旧的脉动电压发电机从现代x光部门。他们有突出的优势,不仅不太软x光辐射产生的热量会伴随生产也没有,因此呈现x射线管的设计更加容易。

It is often desirable to specify the quality or penetrating power of a beam of X-rays. As this consist s of a complex spectrum, it cannot be done unequivocally in terms of quantum energy. In such a ca se recourse is had to a concept known as the equivalent energy of the beam. The latter is passed th rough various thicknesses of matter, and the thickness of a given material (for example, aluminiu m) that reduces the beam to one-half of its intensity is noted. This is called the half-value layer of t he beam in that particular material. The measurement is then repeated using monoenergetic source s of X-rays and the quantum energy of the monoenergetic X-ray beam that has the same half-value layer as the beam in question is known as its equivalent energy[2]. For example, the equivalent en ergy of a spectrum produced by 100 kVp across the X-ray tube is about 60 keV.

通常需要指定质量或一束x射线的穿透能力,这包括一个复杂的光谱,它不能做明确的量子能量。在这种情况下追索权不得不是一个概念称为等效梁的能量。后者是通过各种厚度的问题,给定材料的厚度(例如,铝),降低了一半的梁的强度。这就是所谓的半值层梁在特定材料。然后重复测量使用单色的x射线的来源和量子的能量单色的x射线,相同的半值层梁的问题被称为等效能量[2]。例如,相当于100千伏峰值产生的光谱能量x射线管大约是60岁的凯文。

CT stands for computerized tomography. In this procedure, a thin X-ray beam is rotated around th e area of the body to be visualized. Using very complicated mathematical processes called algorith ms, the computer is able to generate a 3-D image of a section through the body. CT scans are very detailed and provide excellent information for the physician.

CT代表电脑断层摄影术。在这个过程中,薄的x射线是旋转的身体被可视化。使用非常复杂的数学过程称为算法,计算机能够生成一个三维图像的部分通过身体。CT扫描非常详细,为医生提供良好的信息。

You will be asked to lie on a narrow table that slides into the center of the CT scanner. Depending on the study being done, you may need to lie on your stomach, back, or side.

你将被要求躺在狭窄的台上,滑向了CT扫描仪的中心。根据所做的研究,你可能需要躺在你的胃,或侧面。

You must be still during the exam, because movement causes blurred images. You may be told to hold your breath for short periods of time.

你仍然必须在考试期间,因为运动造成图像模糊,你可能会告诉屏住呼吸的时间。

Certain exams require a special dye, called contrast, to be delivered into the body before the test st arts. Contrast can highlight specific areas inside the body, which creates a clearer image.

某些考试需要一种特殊的染料,称为对比,交付测试开始前进入体内。对比体内可以突出显示特定的区域,形成清晰的图像。

If you weigh more than 300 pounds, have your doctor contact the scanner operator before the exa m. CT scanners have a weight limit. Too much weight can cause damage to the scanner's working parts.

如果你的体重超过300磅,你的医生联系考试前扫描仪操作符。CT扫描仪有重量限制。太多的重量会导致损害扫描器的工作部件。

CT scans and other x-rays are strictly monitored and controlled to make sure they use the least am ount of radiation. CT scans do create low levels of ionizing radiation, which has the potential to ca use cancer and other defects[3]. However, the risk associated with any individual scan is small. Th e risk increases as numerous additional studies are performed.

x射线CT扫描和其他受到严格的监督和控制,以确保他们使用最少的辐射。CT扫描的确创造了低水平的电离辐射,这有可能导致癌症和其他缺陷[3]。然而,与任何个人扫描相关的风险很小。风险增加许多额外的研究。

In some cases, a CT scan may still be done if the benefits greatly out weigh the risks. For example, it can be more risky not to have the exam, especially if your health care provider thinks you might have cancer.

在某些情况下,CT扫描可能仍然做如果权衡风险极大好处。例如,它可以是风险更大没有考试,特别是如果你的卫生保健提供者认为你可能有癌症。

An abdominal CT scan is usually not recommended for pregnant women, because it may harm the unborn child. Women who are or may be pregnant should speak with their health care provider to determine if ultrasound can be used instead.

腹部CT扫描通常不建议孕妇,因为它可能会伤害未出生的孩子。或可能怀孕的妇女应该与他们的卫生保健提供者来确定超声波可以使用。

60

Lesson 10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

In 1952, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which laid the groundwork for one of the most unique and important inventions in medical imagin g since the discovery of the X-ray.

1952年,诺贝尔物理学奖授予了核磁共振的发现,它奠定了基础最独特和最重要的发明之一自发现x射线在医学成像。

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a method of looking inside the body without using surgery, harmful dyes or radiation. The method uses magnetism and radio waves to produce clear pictures of the human anatomy.

磁共振成像(MRI)是一种方法不用手术,体内的有害染料或辐射。该方法使用磁性和无线电波产生人体解剖学的清晰照片。

Although MRI is used for medical diagnosis, it uses a physics phenomenon discovered in the 1930 s in which magnetic fields and radio waves, both harmless to humans, cause atoms to give off tiny radio signals. In the 1940s, research physicists found that the length of time these response signals are emitted after an atom is stimulated by radio waves varies widely depending upon the substance being examined[1]. This amazing phenomenon also holds true for biological tissue.

虽然核磁共振用于医学诊断,它使用一个物理现象在1930年代发现磁场和无线电波,都对人类无害,导致原子释放出微型无线电信号。在1940年代,物理学家研究发现,这些响应的时间信号发出后一个原子是由无线电波刺激变化很大取决于物质检查[1]。这一惊人的现象也适用于生物组织。

It wasn't until 1970, however, that Raymond Damadian, a medical doctor and research scientist, di scovered the basis for using magnetic resonance as a tool for medical diagnosis when he found tha t different kinds of animal tissue emit response signals of differing length. He also discovered diffe rences in response signals between cancerous and non-cancerous tissue, and among the response ti mes of other kinds of diseased tissue.

然而,直到1970年,雷蒙德?Damadian医生和科学家,发现使用磁共振作为一种工具的基础医学诊断时,他发现,不同种类的动物组织发出的响应信号不同的长度。他还发现响应信号之间的差异癌变和癌变组织,以及其他类型的病变组织的响应时间。

61

Many of the problems encountered were from the use of low-field strength magnets and the limits of the prevailing technology of the time[2]. However, with the introduction of high-field magnets i n the mid-1980s came faster scan times and better techniques, and soon MRI was the superior choi ce over CT scans.

遇到的许多问题都来自low-field力量的使用磁铁和当时的主流技术的限制[2]。然而,通过引入更磁铁在1980年代中期更快的扫描速度和更好的技术,很快,MRI是优越的选择在CT扫描。

Another advantage is MRI produces high-resolution sectional images in multiple planes without m oving the patient. This ability makes it versatile offers special advantages for radiation and surgica l treatment planning.

另一个优势是核磁共振产生高分辨率截面图像在多个飞机不动病人。这种能力使它多才多艺的辐射和外科治疗计划提供特殊的优势

Lesson 11 Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transducers when they both send and receive) work on a princi ple similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from ra dio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and eval uate the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sen ding the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. 超声波传感器(也称为传感器发送和接收)时的工作原理类似于雷达和声纳评价属性的目标解读回声分别从无线电或声波。超声波传感器产生高频声波和评估由传感器接收回声返回。传感器计算之间的时间间隔发送信号和接收回声来确定物体的距离。

This technology can be used for measuring: wind speed and direction (anemometer), fullness of a t ank, and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or direction a device uses multiple detect ors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to particulates in the air or water. To measu re the amount of liquid in a tank, the sensor measures the distance to the surface of the fluid. Furth er applications include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultrasonography, burglar alarms, and non-destr uctive testing.

Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above 20, 000 hertz, by turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound wa ves into electrical energy which can be measured and displayed.

这种技术可以用于测量:风速和风向风速计,丰满的一辆坦克,并通过空气或水速度。速度或方向测量设备使用多个探测器和计算速度的相对距离微粒在空气或水。测量液体的数量在一辆坦克,传感器测量液体表面的距离。进一步的应用包括:加湿设备、声纳、医学超声、防盗报警器、无损检测。

系统通常使用超声波换能器产生声波的范围,20000赫兹以上,通过将电能转变为声音,然后在接收到回波将声波转化成电能,可以测量并显示出来

An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts energy into ultrasound, or sound waves above th e normal range of human hearing. While technically a dog whistle is an ultrasonic transducer that converts mechanical energy in the form of air pressure into ultrasonic sound waves, the term is mo re apt to be used to refer to piezoelectric transducers that convert electrical energy into sound. Piez oelectric crystals have the property of changing size when a voltage is applied, thus applying an alternating current (AC) across them causes them to oscillate at very high frequencies, thus produ cing very high frequency sound waves. Detectors

超声波传感器是将能量转换成超声波设备,或声波高于正常人类听觉范围。虽然技术上狗哨子是一个超声换能器,将机械能空气压力的形式转换成超声波声波,这个词更合适是指压电换能器,将电能转换成声音。压电晶体的性质变化的大小一个电压时,因此应用交流电(AC)使他们以非常高的频率振动,从而产生高频率声波探测器

Although ultrasound is a valuable tool, it does have its limitations. Sound doesn't travel well throu gh air or bone, so ultrasound isn't effective at imaging parts of your body that have gas in them or t hat are obscured by bone. Rather than using ultrasound to view these areas, your doctor may instea d order other imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans, or X-rays.

虽然超声是一种宝贵的工具,但它也有其局限性。声音通过空气或旅行不好骨头,所以超声波不是有效地成像的部分你的身体,有气体,或者是被骨头。而不是使用超声波来查看这些领域,你的医生可能会订购其他影像检查,如CT或MRI扫描,或x射线。

Still others require that you not urinate before the exam to ensure that your bladder will be full[1]. 还有一些要求你不小便考试前确保你的膀胱会完整的[1]。

During an ultrasound exam, you lie on an examination table. A small amount of warm gel is applie d to your skin. The gel helps eliminate the formation of air pockets between the transducer and yo ur body. During an ultrasound, a technician trained in ultrasound imaging (sonographer) presses a small hand-held device (transducer), about the size of a bar of soap, against your skin over the are a of your body being examined, moving from one area to another as necessary.

超声波考试期间,你躺在检查台上。少量的热凝胶应用于你的皮肤。凝胶有助于消除气泡的形成和传感器之间的身体。在超声波,技师培训超声成像(超声波检验师)按小型手持设备(传感器),大小的一块肥皂,对你的皮肤面积的身体检查,必要时从一个领域转移到另一个。

Lesson 12 Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a t hree-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays[1] emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. Images of tracer concentration in 3-dimensional s pace within the body are then reconstructed by computer analysis. In modern scanners, this recons truction is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient during the same session, in the same machine.

正电子发射断层扫描(PET)是一种核医学成像技术,产生一个三维图像或图片的功能过程。系统检测到双伽马射线[1]间接排放的发射正电子放射性核素(示踪剂),它是引入体内示踪剂浓度的生物活性分子。图像在三维空间内的身体然后重建通过计算机分析。在现代扫描仪,这种重建通常借助CT x射线扫描完成执行病人在同一会话中,在同一台机器上。