时态讲义
时态讲解
▲一般现在时态
一、.结构：1.主语（非第三人称单数）+动作词（原形）+其它
I play ping-pong quite well.
否定句：I don’t play ping-pong quite well.
一般疑问句：Do you play ping-pong quite well?
2.主语（第三人称单数）+动作词（三单）+其它
He sleeps with the windows open.
否定句：He does n’t sleep with the window open.
一般疑问句:Does he sleep with the window open?
3.注意：不能乱用be动词。无动作词时，才能用be动词(am \ is \ are)
I am a student.
He is young.
They are in the classroom.
二、在什么情况下用一般现在时态：
1.表示现在经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态；(常与usually,always,every day,twice
a week,seldom,sometimes等时间状语连用)
She always goes to school by bike.
2.表示主语的性格、特征、能力、爱好
_Do you like the material?
_Yes, it feels very soft.
3.在时间，条件，比较等状语从句中表示将来的动作。从句一般由下列词引导：when,if,after,before,as,as soon as,the minute,the next time,in case,though,till,until,unless,so long as,whatever,whenever,wherever…
The volleyball match will be put off if it _______(rain).
I will begin the dictation when you ______(be) ready.
4.表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。
The sun ______（rise）in the east.
Water _______ (boil)at 100℃.
注意：在宾语从句中，主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，但当宾语从句所说的是客观真理时，它的谓语动词仍用一般现在时。
Galileo insisted that the earth _____ (go)around the sun.
5.表示计划或安排好的，肯定将要发生的，不可随意改变的动作，只限于少数几个动词：go, come ,leave, start,begin, arrive, return,open,take off…
The train ______(start) at 10 o’clock in the morning.
The summer holiday ______(begin) next week.
6.在新闻标题、小说、和电影以及戏剧情节介绍、幻灯片和图片的说明中常用一般现在时态。
American ambassador leaves Beijing.
练习：
1.The house could fall down soon if no one ______ some quick repair work.
A has done
B is doing
C does
D had done
2.I ______ foot ball well,but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.
A will play
B have played
C played
D play
▲一般过去时态
一．构成：
主语+动词过去式+其它
He came to class yesterday.
He didn’t come to class yesterday.
Did he come to school yesterday?
注意：无动词时，才能be用动词(was\ were)
I was in Beijing last month.
They were children when the accident happened.
二、什么情况下用一般过去时态：
1.表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常有明确的过去时间状语：如yesterday ,last+时间，时间+ago ,in 1890,when引导的时间状语从句
We ______ (go) to dance last night.
We often _______ (play)together when we were children.
2.表示过去习惯性或经常发生的动作，常与often,usually,seldom…等副词连用。（区别一般现在时态）
When I was in the countryside,I often _______ (call) on my old friends there.
I _______ (go) to the cinema once a week when I was at school.
注意：表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，还可用used to 或would加动词原形表示
She _____ _____ _____ (go)for a walk after supper,but now she prefers to stay at home.
3.在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。（比较一般现
在时态）
They said they would let us know if they ______ (hear)any news about him.
他们说如果听到关于他的任何消息，就通知我们。
He said that when he _______ (go) to the bookstore, he would buy me a book.
They told us that they would not leave until she _______ (come)back.
4.表示虚拟语气时
这一用法只适用于某些特定句型，表示现在或将来的非真实的、主观的意图或愿望。
常用句型有：
If only I _______ (have)a better memory.
If I _______ (be) you, I would leave here now.
Would you mind if I_______ (close) the door?
It’s time that we _______ (draw) some pictures.
I would rather tha t you______(be) not here now.
I wish I _____(fly) in the sky .
练习
1.-I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.
-Oh, how nice! Do you know when she _____ ?
A was leaving
B had left
C has left
D left
2. Thomas Edison (1847-1931)______ the world leading inventor for sixty years.
A. would be B has been C had been D was
▲一般将来时态
一、构成：
1.主语（二三人称）+will +动词原形
He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.
2.主语（第一人称）shall + 动词原形
We shall leave for London next Monday.
3.主语+ be going to + 动词原形
They are going to meet outside the school gate.
4.主语+be to +动词原形
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
5.be about to do… when…(正要做某事，这时。。。)
二、什么时候用一般将来时态
1.表示将来的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语如：tomorrow ,next +时间, soon, in a month, in the future等连用。
2.有些动词，用现在进行时态结构表示将来时的意义。如：come,go leave,start,move ,arrive,stay ,return…等
I____________ (leave) for Tibet on Sunday.
He ______ ______ (not come)他不来了。
3.用一般现在时态结构表示一般将来时的意义。(看一般现在时态的“5”和“3”) The plane ______ (start) at 8 o’clock in the morning.
When _____ the show begin?
4.将来反复发生的动作(比较一般现在时的“1”和一般过去时的“2”)
We shall come and work in this factory every year.
我们将每年来这个工厂参加劳动。
5.在句型“祈使句+and\or+主语+简单句中”
Work hard and you will succeed.
Work hard___ you ____ fail.
注意：.will 与be going to的区别
①will可以指遥远的将来，be going to指有迹象表明即将，很快要发生的
He _______________ get better.
Look at his face. He _______________ get better.
Look at the cloud. I think it ________________ rain soon.
②will不是事先考虑的，临时决定的，be going to事先考虑过的，计划、打算的
I _________ rewrite it.我要重写。
-Is it really a big stone?
- I _________ help you to move it.
③be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will不能。
If you ___________ accept the job, start to work now.
练习
1.Turn on the TV or open a magazine and you_____ advertisements showing happy families.
A will often see
B often see
C are often
D have often seen
2.Because the shop ______ ,all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
A has closed down
B closed down
C is closing
D had closed down
3.Let’s keep to the point, or we ______ any decisions.
A will never reach
B have never reached
C never reach
D never reached ▲过去将来时态(比较一般将来时态)
一、构成：（比较一般将来时态构成）
主语+would/should +动词原形
主语+was./were going to +动词原形
主语+was/were to + 动词原形
主语+. was/were about to do …when…
we were about to go there ______it began to rain.
二、什么情况下用过去将来时态：
1.表示对于过去某一时间而言，将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
She hoped that they would meet again someday.
2.was going to do
表示过去的打算和意图
He said he was going to start work the following week.
表示没有实现的打算和意图
I thought the film was going to be interesting. But it wasn’t.
（我想这部电影会很有趣。结果不是。）
3.有些位置转移的动词（如等）构成的过去进行时态，表示过去将来意义。（比
较一般将来时态）
-What were you doing when he came to see you?
-I had just put on my overcoat and ___________________ (leave) to visit a friend.
I didn’t know you ____________ (come).
He hurried into the carriage. The train _________ (leave)in a few minutes.
注意：过去将来时态通常用在从句中（宾语从句，状语从句。。。等）
练习
1.-what were you doing when Tony phoned you ?
-I had just finished my work and ______ to take a shower.
A had started
B started
C have started
D was starting
2.-Michael left for California this morning.
-Oh, I thought he _____ until next week.
A.won’t be going B isn’t going C wasn’t going D hadn’t been going
▲现在进行时态
一、构成：
主语+am /is /are/+动词的现在分词（doing)
二、什么时候用现在进行时态
1.表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，翻译成：“正在。。。”这一用法常和表示
“此刻”的时间状语连用：now, at this time ,at present, at the moment
-what are you doing now?
-I’m doing some washing.
2.表示现阶段正在进行着的动作，翻译成：“正在，一直在。。。”这种动作常与
表示一段时间的状语连用，如these days ,this week 等
Science and technology is developing rapidly.
He is writing a novel now.
3.表示最近按计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始的动作，（看一般将来时
态）通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。
He is coming to see you tomorrow.
His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.
4.always ,.forever,constantly,instantly,continuously 等副词连用，表示厌烦，愤怒，
抱怨，赞扬等情感。
He is always working hard.
They ‘re forever quarrelling about something.
He is constantly leaving his things about.
三、一般现在时与现在进行时的区别：
1.He is reading the newspaper._______________________
She reads newspaper everyday._______________________
2.He lives in Liangxiang.________________________.
He is living in Liangxiang._________________________.
注意：
并非所有的动词都有进行时如：
know, love ,hate.,want,like,see,hear ,taste,smell,have(有),
The food tastes delicious.
I like English very much,
练习
1-What’s that terrible noise?
-The neighbors _____ for a party.
A have prepared
B are preparing
C prepare
D will prepare
2.I don’t really work here; I _____ until the new secretary arrives.
A just help out
B have just helped out
C am just helping out
D will just help out
3.I’ve won a holiday for two to Florida. I ____ my mum.
A am taking
B have taken
C take
D will have take
▲过去进行时态
一、构成
主语+was/were +动词的现在分词（doing)
二、什么时候用过去进行时态
1.过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或状语从句来表明。
The students____________ (sing) when the teacher stepped in.
It___________ (rain) at 6 o’clock this morning.
2.过去某段时间正在进行的动作。
She was writing a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
3有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个用一般过去时。My pen dropped on the ground when I _____________ (walk) in the park.
When I entered the room,she ______________ (sit)at her desk
4两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的动作都用过去进行时。
While I was watching TV, my mother was preparing something for my trip.
在我看电视时，母亲（却）在为我的旅行准备东西、
5固定搭配中：正在做、正要做某事时，这时发生了另一动作
Be doing ….when…
Be about to do … when…
He was just falling asleep when there was a loud knock on the door.
6用于come,go,leave,start,stay ,arrive,等表示位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。
（看现在进行时态3）
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.
She asked me whether he was starting the next day.
她问我是否他第二天就走。
7过去进行时和always ,constantly ,continually,forever,等频度副词连用，表示说话人主观感情，如：赞扬，不满，厌烦等。（看现在进行时态4）
一般过去时态和过去进行时态区别
Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.(写完了)
玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.（不一定写完）
玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。
We built a bridge last winter.（建成了）
We were building a bridge last winter.（一直在建，不涉及结果。）
As she was reading the newspaper,Granny fell asleep.
奶奶读报时睡着了。（睡着前一直在读报，没读完。）
练习
--You were out when I dropped in at your house.
--Oh,Ｉ_____ for a frind from English at the airport.
A was waiting
B had waited
C am waiting
D have waited,
2.The teacher,with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class,____ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.
A was
B were
C had been
D would be
将来进行时态
一、构成
主语+ shall/will + be + doing
疑问句形式：把shall /will提前
否定形式：主语+shall/will +not +be doing
翻译：将正在。。。将一直在。。。
二、什么情况下用将来进行时
1.表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作，常与this time,tomorrow,at 4
o’clock, tomorrow afternoon ，then, when, at that time 等时间状语连用。（联系过去进行时态）
At this time tomorrow ,we _________________ (fly)over the Atlantic.
明天这个时候我们正飞跃大西洋。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory.
下星期这个时候，我们将在那个工厂劳动。
2.用于表示将来的动作迟于所安排的另一个动作。
He is going to take a walk in the park and then he ________________ (water) the flowers.
他打算到公园散步，然后浇花。
This term will end in July and I will be going back home in the country.
△过去将来进行时态
一、构成
主语+should/ would + be + doing
二、什么情况下用过去将来进行时态（参考将来进行时态）
过去将来进行时态通常放在从句中，在参考的过去时间的将来
He asked what I ________________ (do) the next day.
他问我第二天6点将在干什么。
They said that they _______________ (expect)us come the next week.
他们说他们将一直盼望着我们下个星期去。
The plane took off. John would be flying to America.
▲现在完成时态
一、构成
主语+have/has +done（过去分词)
二、什么情况下用现在完成时态
1.翻译成：到现在、说话时为止，已经做过、做了、没做过、做过几次、已经完成、还没有完成，常与by now, up to now ,so far, already ,not …yet, recently ,just 等时间状语连用。
He has finished all the work. /What ? Have you already finished the work?
他已经完成了所有的工作。（到现在。。。）
I have been to Beijing twice.
我去过北京两次。
2.从过去开始一直持续到现在，也许还将继续下去。常与for +段时间、since +点时间、the last /past +段时间、recently等时间状语连用。
I have waited for you for two hours.
I have waited for you since two hours ago.(动作从过去持续到现在两个小时)
3.表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作，常与this week, so far, these days 等连用。
He has been late for class every morning this week.
Eight times he has tried and eight times he has failed.
4.时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来的动作，通常在主句动作之前完成。
He will be back after I have finished my work.
We will set off if it has stopped raining.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
5. It /This is(will be) the first /second/third…+ time + that从句中
This is the first time I_________ (be)here.
注意：It was the first time I _______ here.
5.It (This ) is the best(worst,most interesting…最高级)+ 名词+ that 从句中，
常与”ever”连用。
This is the best film I’ve ever seen.
这是他写得最有趣的一部小说。
__________________________________________________________________-
注意：
1. It is weeks since I was ill.
It is weeks since I fell ill.
2.“for + 段时间，since + 点时间“时，要用延续性动词。
他离开这儿已经三年了。
It is three years since ______________________________________________
He left here _____________________________________________________
He has been away from here ________________________________________.
3.have /has been to 和have /has gone to 的区别
He has been to the Great Wall .他到过长城。（现在他已不在长城）
He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。（现在他不在说话处）
练习：
How long______ David and Vicky ______ married?
A.were; being B have; got C have ; been D did ; get
▲过去完成时态
一、构成
主语+ had + done ( 过去分词)
否定句：主语+ had +not +done
疑问句：把had 提前
三、什么时候用过去完成时态
1.动作发生在过去的过去。句中一定要有过去发生的动作或过去的时间，
并且，在这个过去动作或时间之前发生的或完成的动作才能用过去完成
时态
Helen ________ (leave) her keys in the office so she had to wait until h
er husband came home.
By the end of the match,they _________ (kick) 2 goals,and we _________ (kick)4.
When Jack arrived ,he learned Mary __________ (离开) for almost an hou
r.
2.用于表示与过去事实相反的if虚拟条件从句或as if, wish, would rather,
if only 引导地从句中。
I should have called you if I ________ (know ) your telephone number.
假如我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
He described the scene as if he ________ ( be) there.
______ I ________ (know) that you wanted the book, I would have sent i
t to you.
3.用在“It /That /This was the first /second…time that。。。从句中（看现在
完成时态5.6）
4.intend, mean, hope, want ,plan, suppose, expect, think, 等动词的过去完
成时态可以表示一件本来打算做而事实上没有做的事。
I __________（intend）to call you yesterday,but I had an unexpected visit or.
We ___________ （mean）to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.
4.过去完成时态常用在有“hardly,scarcely….when…,/ no sooner…than…
“等句子中。
She hardly __________ (go) to bed when the bell rang.
No sooner ______ they _______ (leave) the building ______ a bomb expl oded.
练习
1.he kept looking at her, wondering whether he _____ her somewhere.
A saw
B has seen
C sees
D had seen
2.John and I ______ friends for eight years. We first got to know each ot her at a
Christmas party. But we ______ each other a couple of times before that.
A had been ; have seen
B have been ; have seen
C had been ; had seen
D have been ; had seen
3.—Hurry up ! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
---Oh !I thought they _____ without me.
A went
B are going
C have gone
D had gone
▲将来完成时态
一、构成
主语+ will/shall + have done…
否定句：主语+ will / shall not have done…
翻译：将已经，将做完。。。可能已经。。。
二、什么情况下用将来完成时态
1. 表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，常与before,by连用。Before long, he _________ (forget) all about these.
不久，他就会把这些全忘记。
By the end of this month, we ___________ (study) 10 units.
到这月末，我们将学完10单元。
2.表示持续到将来某一时间或动作发生之前的动作。
When they move here next month, we _____________ (live) in the city fo r 5 years.
下月他们搬到这里时，我们就已经来这里两年了。
3.表示对现在或将来可能完成的动作的推测。
It is sever. He will have got up.
现在7点。他可能已经起床了。
He is somebody now. He will have forgotten his old friends.
他现在是个重要人物了。可能把老朋友都忘了。
△过去将来完成时态(参考将来完成时态)
一、构成
主语+would / should have done
He said they would have arrived by seven o’clock.
三、什么时候用过去将来完成时态
通常用在转述中：
She told me that she __________________________ (finish) typing the lett er before I came back.
I thought mother _____________________ (make) some sandwiches by the time we got back.
▲现在完成进行时态
一、构成
主语+ have / has been doing
否定句：主语+have/has not been doing
翻译：（从过去到现在）一直在
三、什么情况下用现在完成进行时态
1.表示从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时，有可能刚结束，也有可
能还在继续，并延续下去，常和for ,since 引导地时间状语连用。They have been living here for 10 years.
2.表示重复（指断断续续，而非一直不停）
I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.
现在完成时态与现在完成进行时态的比较
1.
I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。（现在已写完）
I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。（现在还在写）
They have built a ship. 他们建了一艘船。（现已完成）
They have been building a ship. 他么一直在建一艘船。（仍在进行）2.—you look tired. What have you been doing ?
--- I ______________________ (play) football.（强调说话前一直在踢球的情景。带有感情色彩）
练习：
He______articles for our wall-newspaper these years, and he ______ about
40 articles.
A has written; has written
B has been writing; wrote
C is writing; has been writing
D has been writing; has written
--Hi,Tracy,You look tired,
--I’m tired,I _____ the living room all day.
A painted
B had painted
C have been painting
D have painted
▲过去完成进行时态。(根据现在完成进行时态和过去完成时态)
一、构成
主语+ had been doing
三、用法
表示在过去某一时刻之前一直在进行的动作，这一动作可能已经停止，也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.