托福阅读长难句解决方法解析.doc
托福阅读长难句解决方法解析
托福阅读长难句解决方法
首先：长句子。
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
对于这样一个句子，大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in，说明此处有倒装，还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长，为了防止头重脚轻。
在原句中，是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，还一个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。
综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构(并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。
以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译：几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。
其次：长文章
新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上，而这么长的文章主要就是由简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成，除了句子理解外，为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
对于这种较长的段落，如何快速辨别段落内部结构和句与句之间的逻辑是理解的关键。一般来说，段落的主题常出现的位置在段首和段尾，但是也有例外，比如段落内部出现转折，那么要注意转折后的内容与前面相反而且是重点。
这个段落，首句在讲两个党派的社会组成是相似的，接着的第二三句出现了both、neither表示都、都不，提出了两点相似之处。第四句出现了关键性的however，而该句以及接下来的句子主语也发生了转变，都变为两个党派的其中一个。那么，可以推断出however之后的内容与前面相反，所以段落的主题落在了Democrats和Whigs社会组成的不同之处。
最后：长题目
大家在备考托福阅读时，或者在做真题(有可能是TPO)大家会发现有些题目有好几行，其中的选项也有好几行的，这时考生好不容易弄懂了文章的意思，又碰到这么的题目和选项，瞬间眼前一黑，这时不会做题时只好去蒙答案了，就使得大家的答题正确率直线下降。
对于这种题目，主要的解题方法就是同义改写。同义，意味着核心意思保持一致;改写，意味着换一种说法，简单的例如替换同义词语，复杂的例如改变句子结构。下面，我们结合前面所讲的长难句理解内容来做一道句子简化题。
The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs control of the market economy.
D. The Democrats power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.
答案：选D
单词：
integrate v. 使融合;使结合
dominate v. 主宰
semisubsistence n. 半自给自足
languish v. 失去活力
快速做法：
Step 1：根据逻辑排除A，因果逻辑无
Step 2：根据主干结构排除C，主语不对
Step 3：细读B和D，发现B与原句矛盾，排除。
详细解析：
原句的结构比较简单易懂，主语是红色部分。句子逻辑是绿色的whereas，表示然而。所以这句话是在对比Whigs和Democrats势力分布上的区别。
A选项的极端词only、最高级wealthiest、because因果逻辑均无体现
B选项表示两个党派的势力在城市和乡村地区各自自然分布，与原句前半句矛盾
C选贤偷换主干，原句主干不是farming areas
D选项涉及同义改写，whereas与while同义替换，逻辑对应。poorer areas 同义对应原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同义对应原句的fully integrated into market economy
托福长难句阅读技巧
1. 定义：
托福阅读备考练习中如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示。
2. 分析方法：
对于难度较大的托福阅读简单句，阅读的基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾，找出句子的主干，忽略其他的成分，将长句变成短句，新托福阅读要学会将句型结构复杂的句子变成句型结构简单的句子。
3. 复杂的简单句解析：
(1)不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语
例1.To hold people accountable for their actions is important.
中文译文：督促人们为自己的行为负责是十分重要的。
结构分析：不定式短语to hold people accountable for their action 做主语。
(2)动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语
例 2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions，and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.
中文译文：它涉及到探究深层次的关注，想出有创造性的解决方案，以及当利益矛盾时，做出交易和妥协。
结构分析：这是一个简单句。主语是it，谓语是involves，三个动名词短语做宾语(属于平行结构)。在阅读中经常出现a and b 或a or b 的形式，其中a 与b 同义或近义，所以只要认识其中一个词就能猜测出另一个词的大致意思。例如：trade-off and compromises。
(3)后置定语
例3. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation，the act of communication intended to reach agreement.
中文译文：做这件事最常用的方法是谈判，一种想要达成一致的交流的行为。
结构分析：The most common procedure for doing this 是主语从句;过去分词短语intended to reach agreement 是the act of communication 的后置定语，the act of communication intended to reach agreement 是negotiation的同位语，对negotiation 进行解释。
简化长难句的三步骤
判断句类：简单句or复杂句?
当我们拿到一道句子简化题的时候，首先要做的就是对于题目中出现的长难句进行句类的判断。如果该句只含有一个主谓结构，并且句子各成分都只由单词或者短语构成，那么这个句子就是简单句。如果该句包含分句，那么这个句子就是复杂句。
找出主干和句内逻辑
当我们完成对于长难句的句类判断时，我们就要开始对这个句子内部的逻辑关系进行分析。
对于简单句来说，我们要找出这个句子的主干，也就是主谓宾语。
对于复杂句来说，我们需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。
在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种：并列、因果、转折、比较。要判断逻辑关系，考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词，如and、but、because等等。
在选项中找到句子主干和逻辑关系
当我们完成对句子的分析之后，我们就要去看选项了。但是这个时候我们不能只是去看选项，我们要做的是在选项里寻找我们刚刚对句子进行分析的结果：主干和逻辑关系。
下面老师将选取TPO中的一道题来具体讲解上面方法在实际中的运用。该题考到的长难句和问题如下：
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held。
12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information。
首先我们先要判断一下这个句子是什么句类。根据句子的意思和句中出现的分号，我们可以判断出这是一个复杂句。
然后我们就来找各个分句间的主干和逻辑关系。读过这句话之后之后我们可以得知这句话的分句讲到了孔大和孔小两种情况。又因为有一个but存在，所以
可以判断两个分句间的逻辑应该是转折关系。那么下面我们就要读出转折的转的是什么。这句话的意思是：如果孔很大，水就会作为水滴存在;但是如果孔很小，水就作为薄膜存在。可见，转折的内容是大孔和小孔，水滴和薄膜之间的对比。
在判断句类和找到主干、逻辑关系后，我们就来看一下选项。如果选项主干和逻辑齐全，就是正确选项。其余都是错的。
A. Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores。
B. Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension。
C. Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film。
D. If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist。
A选项存在转折逻辑词but，且讲到当孔大的时候水会变成水滴，but孔小的时候就变成薄膜。主干、逻辑齐全，故正确。B选项错在有主干，但缺少转折逻辑词。C 选项也有主干，但是逻辑关系写成了并列and，但实际上应该是转折关系。D选项说当孔大的时候变成薄膜，这和原句的主干意思完全相反。原句中说水在孔大的时候应该变成水滴。
：
1.托福阅读是怎么算分的以及提分方法
2.托福阅读做题有技巧吗
3.怎么提高托福阅读理解部分水平
4.怎么提高托福阅读速度的方法
5.怎么自学托福是最有效的方法
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托福阅读长难句解决方法解析 托福阅读长难句解决方法 首先：长句子。 A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need. 对于这样一个句子，大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in，说明此处有倒装，还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长，为了防止头重脚轻。 在原句中，是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，还一个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。 综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构(并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。 以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译：几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。 其次：长文章 新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上，而这么长的文章主要就是由简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成，除了句子理解外，为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。
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托福阅读：长难句翻译训练 1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. 2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. 3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. 4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. 5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down. 6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. 7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. 8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds. 9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. 10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant. 1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。 2、但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝 今天我们来看这样一个句子： The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46) recur /r'k/ v. 再发生，复发 periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地 hypothesis /ha'pɑθss/ n. 假说，假设 deflect /d'flkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划 meteor /'mit/ n. 流星 devastation /dev'sten/ n. 毁坏，荒废 impact /m'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响 such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的 我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解 The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46) 托福阅读长难句100句分析：
实例深度分析如何看懂托福阅读长难句
实例深度分析如何看懂托福阅读长难句 朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露 就目前大陆考区学生所接触的北美地区四类热门考试（TOEFL， SAT， GRE， GMAT）的难度而言，TOEFL的难度系数是最低的。在实际教学中，笔者发现经常有一些基础很弱的同学在阅读托福文章的过程中喜欢把所有生词的汉语意思全查出来，但是做题的正确率依然很低。在单词的意思已经知道的情况下为什么还是不会做题？很多基础差的同学虽然了解了每个单词的意思，但是当这些独立的单词组合成一句长难句的时候就看不懂了，也就是长难句分析能力太差。长难句分析能力差不仅会影响阅读速度和阅读准确性，而且还会影响某些题型的正确率。因为在托福阅读十大题型当中，句子简化题、事实信息题和推理题这几种题型都直接或间接地在考察学生分析长难句的能力。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家认为，在面对长难句时，考生一定不能“只见树木（单词），不见森林（结构）”，句子主干部分永远比修饰部分要重要。下面就来谈一谈托福阅读真题当中的长难句结构类型。 一、定语从句 首先，定语从句应该是托福阅读最喜欢考察的结构，一般可以将其分为两种：单层定语从句结构和多层定语从句结构。 1. 单层定语从句结构：指整个句中包含一个或两个并列关系的定语从句。 例：包含一个定语从句的情况 In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. （TPO 26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution） 解析：该句是that引导的定语从句 固定搭配： （be） applied to应用于 a variety of很多…。。. 词汇： viable=practicable=feasible=practical=possible （adj.）切实可行的 variety=category=group=lot （n.）种类 翻译：十七世纪末，James Watt设计了一种高效并且可商用的蒸汽机，随着其价格降低，很快被应用于各种工业。
【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练(二)
【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练（二） 在以下的内容中为大家整理了具有代表意义的托福阅读长难句，给出了专业的语法解析、原句翻译及意群训练，作为托福备考的重要资料。考生可以通过这些长难句的专项训练，迅速掌握阅读长难句的理解方法和做题技巧。 In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. 托福阅读长难句类型：复杂状语+复杂句子结构+插入成分+不明显的倒装+抽象名词 虽然表面看来这个句子没有什么生词，但是这个句子理解起来并不容易，因为这个句子中出现的单词都是比较抽象的单词，例如 structure, achieve, size, strength, purpose, method, 所以读句子的时候让人觉得不舒服。句子开头就是一个目的状语，但是这个状语很长，让同学们搞不清楚谁是为了实现谁。主句结构是 architecture employs methods of support，但是随后作者又用 that 引导了一个定语从句来修饰 method,并且在定语从句一开始，that 后面直接用because 引导了一个插入的句子，割裂了定语从句。所以完整的复合句是这样的：architecture employs methods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them，到此处作者仍不肯收手，用