考研基础语法

第二部分并列句

三选择题练习

1.Permission was not granted for the interview; ___c____, the reporters never

gave up hope.

A. consequently

B. likewise

C. however

D. moreover

2 __b__ a well-balanced diet ______ adequate sleep is needed for good health.

A. Neither… nor…

B. Not only…but also

C. Rather… than

D.

Because…so

3 Cramming for(临时准备考试) exams rarely helps; __d___, many students stay up until dawn, studying on the night before a big test.（成功是需要时间的，学生邮件）

A. for

B. again

C. instead

D. nevertheless

4 Two of the students have neither the intelligence nor the diligence（勤奋、勤勉） to learn the required lesson; __b__, they will be dismissed from the program.

A. but

B. consequently

C. similarly

D. indeed

5 I ___d___ keenly interested in newsreels.（新闻短片）

A. as well as he can

B. as well as he is

C. as well as he are

D. as well as him am

四翻译练习

1.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.(94年)

（美国经济确实很厉害，国民生产总值世界第一位，第二位、第三位和第四位综合不及美国的1/2）

2.However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （05年）

3.They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well.94

4. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.

05翻译

5. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.94

6.the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

7. We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

8. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. 2000

9. The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive 2000

10.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. 2003

第三部分名词和名词性成分

1 主语从句

That women are always right is common knowledge.

That You did not pass the exam is a shame (遗憾的事)

真题1）That the seas are being overfished has been known for years,(2006)

2）That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute 98

地球板块在飘逸的，这一点毫无争议。

当一个句子做主语事给人一种头大脚轻的感觉。于是我们习惯于用it 来代替主语，真正的主语放在主句的后面：把上面四句话做下改变

再如

3）it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.05

4) it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.

5）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.2000 72

6）For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, on examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

总结it常用法：

It is reported that

It is believed that 人们相信

It is generally thought that 人们普遍认为

It should be noted that 应当注意

It must be pointed that 必须指出

It is clear that 显然。。。

Possible that 很可能

Likely that 很可能

Certain that 可以确信

Fortunate that 幸运的是

Happens that 碰巧 it happened that I saw him steal my money. Turns out that 结果证明是It turns out that his mother is a killer. 5）whether 联系的主语从句

Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 94

6）特殊疑问词引导的主语从句

试译 Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.

How she died is still unknown (Diana)

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.95

2 宾语从句

She said (that) she would be back by five.

The teacher asked me if I needed any help.

Could you tell me why he got divorced with his wife.

I am not sure who I will vote for.

7）Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking woul d kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?

95

8）难：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction（演绎法）, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain

natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.93

3 表语从句

Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That’s why it’s called the present! Money is what we are badly in need of.

(男朋友向你许诺，等有了钱，给你买…) the point is when you will become rich.

9) A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them 97

10)women are much too preoccupied by family, once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they are lost. That is where their unhappiness spring from and that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims

练习：Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.94

4 同位语从句

11) n +that、whether +陈述句

A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears;05 12）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts

peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 99.74

下面情况下先行词和同位语从句可能被隔开：

主语+同位语从句+谓语+宾语头大脚轻一般写成主谓宾+同位语从句

比如：a tragic news reached her that her husband was killed for no reason.

她丈夫无缘无故的被杀这个坏消息传到了她的耳朵里。

They spread the fact everywhere that he is dismissed by his employee.

他们到处散播她被老板开出这个事实。

真题 13）Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 01

14）evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

15) The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.95

第四部分修饰名词的成分

谁可以修饰名词？

形容词，名词，介词短语，动名词，形容词短语，动词不定式，定语从句。

An innocent nightingale

The singing of the nightingale

The nightingale out of the window

The nightingale singing to the rose

The rose whiter than snow (比白雪还要白的玫瑰花)

The youth to the party

一）找出下列句子中所有的定语成分

Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. （of 做定语）

In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” 05介词短语做定语

翻译为：联合我们所有的，分享我们共有的；

美国崛起意味着我们的衰落

我们站立必然会跌倒

Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 96 （分词做定语）

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. （96 形容词短语作定语）

After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.97 （介词短语作定语）

安乐死：荷兰，比利时，瑞士和卢森堡。我认为一个人无法选择的自己的出生，但有选择死亡的权利。只有在一个高度民主和法制的国家才能控制安乐死。

个人同意；家属同意；医院认为病是incurable

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 95 （分词做定语）

“In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”（介词短语，定语从句做定语）

二）定语从句

定语从句的核心是什么？

考研中定语从句必须掌握的什么？----找定语从句的先行词

一个词：

1.Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. 06

2.The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.

95

3.The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes（致癌基因）, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. 94

(小结，区别when 引导的是定语从句还是状语从句：

4. By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.（98年完型）

About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.（99）

5.There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（2001）

6.Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. 91翻译

除非人类终于认识到，要把人口减少到地球能为之提供足够粮食的程度，否则人们将不得不接受更多的人造食品

一个短语

例如：he likes lifting weight, which is a good exercise.

7.Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve 95

8.For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee. 97(

9.In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

一个分句

比如：he said he had no money ,which is not true

10.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 04.61

一个完整的句子

11.And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon（计算机，网络）. 99 计算能力的成本持续自由下落，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说，都是好兆头。

定语从句难句子：

先行词+其他定语/状语+定语从句：

比如 I saw a girl in the street who can take my breath away.

12.For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. 04 完型

13.Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. 99

14.As a linguist(后缀doer,专业人员 physicist；scientist), he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 05 15.It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. 96

二改错

1.I enjoyed the music which zhoujielun composed it.

2.The people who I met them at the party last night were interesting.

3.I will never forget the days when I spent with you.

（表示时间地点的先行词要注意，如果定语从句中不缺状语，而是缺主语或宾语，要用which或者是that来引导定语从句，when和where 在定语从句中只做状语）

4. I will never forget the day when I met you for the first time.

5. Do you love that building which roof is round.（修饰名词只能用whose）

6. This is the town where I was born.

7.This is the town where I will visit.

第五部分动词

动词做谓语，与动词有关的是分词，动名词和不定式

一动词分类

实意动词助动词情态动词

一）实意动词分为及物和不及物动词

A及物动词：有些动词只是及物动词; 它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。

I am watching TV; he is sending a letter

How long can I keep the book?

I believe you/what you said;

B不及物动词：有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词。

Birds can fly. The story happened in 1900.

I am looking (at you)/ I am looking you;

He is listening to （the teacher carefully）.

C有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词; 但是有时候词义会改变。

1.I began at once ;(vi)/ I began studying at once when I got home.(vt)

2.He has left/ he has left Chongqing.

3.意义发生变化：

I can see your mind/ I see. (明白)

Can I ask you a question? (is your father a thief)/He always ask for trouble.(自找麻烦)

My heart is beating(跳动)/ he always beats his dog.(打，敲)

D 练习（学生没有）

● The young must obey to their elders.

● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.

● The a udience attacked on the rude speaker.

● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.

● Do you hope to serve for your nation?

● When did Susan marry with Paul?

例子：This view is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists in history and economics, have __49__ two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty,

[A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated

He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to __44__ old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.00

[A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose

homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. 06

[A] stand vt[B] cope [C] approve [D] retain （保持，保留）

二）情态动词

情态动词后跟动词原形,相当于助动词。

Can; may; must; should; ought to; dare…

表示推测用法：

1，对现在的推测：must, cannot, may might ,could

2，特殊用法：

A must/cannot have done

He must have been a gay

B needn’t have done 本没有必要做，但是做了

You needn’t have shown your love in this way.

C could have done 本能做而实际未作，表示遗憾

He could have been a qualified poet.

D should have done 本应该做，但却没有做

They should have get married years ago, if there is the fate.

练习

1.Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she ________ have studied very hard.

A) may B) should C) must D) ought to

2.You ________ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks.

A) needn’t have seen B) must have seen C) might have seen D) can’t have seen

3.You ___ all those calculations.we have a computer.

A neednot have done

B shouldnot have done

C must not have done

D can not have done

（

4 Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to

work for the sake of the family.

A) must make B) should have made C) would make D) could have made

5.The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He ________ have driven so fast.

A) can’t B) wouldn’t C) shouldn’t D) mustn’t

二分词用法

1）Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (94翻译) 单个分词作定语放到名词的前面

2）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a

cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 03年翻译

3）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 96 （分词做定语，已讲过）

4）Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. （95）

eet-walker)

真题解析

分词做状语：分词做状语在句子中有不同的意义，可以表示时间，原因，条件，让步，结果，伴随等。翻译时灵活掌握。

（由于）Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 04

In response, schools are modifying their programs,（目的是） adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.94

作为回应，学校也正在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应残疾儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正或已的儿童的需要。

练习

一、两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语。

1)Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting．

2)As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out．

3)They went hunting for hours，but when they returned they were empty-handed

4)When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him．

5)Teenagers are pressured by school work．They are also encouraged by their peers．Under such circumstances，they resort to smoking．（人就是这样，总爱和周围的人一致，可能你也发现了，一个宿舍是一个宿舍的风格，其实人和人真不具有可比性。有些人生来就具有的可能就是你毕生所追求的。大家的机会是不一样的，跟自己比就行了，每天都很充实并且在进步就行了。）

6) College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently．

二、两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。

1)He sat in front of them．And his dusty face masked his age.

2) She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room．Her heart beat fast．

3)The old beggar sat at the comer．Tears welled up in his eyes．

4)Jim continued on his way．The dog was jumping about in front of him．

5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile．Her long hair flowed in the breeze.

三、翻译练习：（不要翻译成状语从句）

1如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.

2 工作完成后，我们才回家。

This done, we went home.

3会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.

4 我有很多特色，包括长得帅（smart不用cute）。

5狗跟着他，Peter走出了教室。

虚拟语气练习题

1. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.

A. must finish

B. would be finished

C. be finished

D. must be finished

2. He is talking so much about America as if he _____ there.

A. had been

B. has been

C. was

D. has gone

3. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.

A. did; set

B. had done; should be set

C. should do; be set

D. had done; must be set

4. I suggested there ____ be a kind of language all could understand and use ____ .

A. can; it

B. /; /

C. would; it

D. may; /

5. It is important that we _____ wild animals.

A. will protect

B. should protect

C. shall protect

D. are protecting

6. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.

A. are

B. were

C. would be

D. would have been

7. Should it rain, the crops _____ .

A. would be saved

B. would have been saved

C. will be saved

D. had been saved

8. He treated me as though/as if _____ his own son.

A. I am

B. I would be

C. I was

D. I were

9. --- “Have you ever been to Beijing?”

--- “No, but I wish I _____”

A. have

B. will

C. do

D. had

10. I’m glad I went over all my notes; otherwise _____ .

A. I may have failed

B. I’d fail

C. I’d have failed

D. I’ll have failed

第六部分形容词副词

2.As 专题

1 动词+ as

用作介词的as，常常与一些动词搭配使用，比如 define…as; view…as; See…as ; regard…as; think of…as（把看做） ; refer to…as (把称作)

Classify…as （把化归为）；use…as（把用作）

I regard you as my best friend.

I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 06

Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom 04 把股市的波动看做持续繁荣的一个必要条件。

Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. 04七选五

2 as单独使用，意思是作为…，当做…

作为一个军人，要时刻准备战斗。（army man； each time）

He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which

he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil. 00

As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.

01

3．As做后置定语

As用在名词后面，做后置定语，在意义上相当于所修饰名词的同位语。

Mother as your faithful angle is protecting you all the time.

T hree weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. 04

她得到了第一份职位通知，得到了公司内部顾问的职位

Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 94

4as做关系代词，引导定语从句（已讲）

5. as做连词，引导各种从句

1）引导时间从句

As industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive by reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 97

2）引导原因从句

3）引导方式从句

4）引导让步从句

难点：

1as much… as 不要翻译成和…一样多，它表示两个事物之间程度的比较，表示“在同等程度上”

1)痛苦和快乐同样是生命的一部分。

Tears are as much a part of life as are smiles.

2) Small as it is , the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth. (它和地球上的任何其他动物一样，都是一种生命)

2 not so much as = not even 甚至不/没有

He cannot so much as spell a word.

He did not so much as ask me to sit down

3 not A so much as B / not so much A as B表示比较

1)基本含义为：“与其说A倒不如说B”，或“是B，而不是A”。但在实际

句子中翻译非常灵活。

2)A和B是两个被比较的平行结构，如：同为介词短语，动词不定式，名次

短语或其他平行结构。

例子：比如说经常见到小丽和李渊在新东方门口跳沙包，是不是觉得很幼稚。

与其说是幼稚，不如说是对过去美好的留恋。

They are not so much childish as they still miss their good old days

A The greater use of school education is not so much to teach you

things as to teach you the art of learning.

B The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.

C He does not respect learning and prefers “sport”. The problem set for society is not the virtue of the type so much as its adequacy for its function. 他不重视学习，只喜欢“消遣”。社会要回答的问题并不是这类人有无美德，而是他是否胜任其职务。

D Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(94)

3. Than 专题

1）more A than B 与其说B不如说A

he is more a poet than a teacher.

He is more innocent than brave.(与其说他单纯，不如说他勇敢)

2）more than…

A+数字多于 we have known each other for more than a year.

B +名词或动词不只是

He is more than a father to her

He more than smiled ,but laughed.

C +形容词，副词或分词及其，非常

She was more than friendly to everyone.

I was more than upset by these foolish students.

3) The more…the more; more and more

The more she practiced, the worse she sang;

The higher you go, the less sense air becomes

4.) No more --- than 表示比较

A No more --- than或not --- any more than “同---一样不---”

B Than后面句子肯定形式，否定意思。

? A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.傻瓜看不到自己的愚蠢，就像他看不到自己的耳朵一样。

?The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. (97考研)

心脏和胃一样笨，因为他们都被脑子所控制。

试翻译：玩游戏没有学英语有意义。

与其说他是一个伟人，倒不如说他是个父亲。

二状语从句

一选择

1.I’ll let you know ____ he comes back.

A. before

B. because

C. as soon as

D. although

2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.

A. if

B. unless

C. for

D. since

3. We will work ____ we are needed.

A. whenever

B. because

C. since

D. wherever

4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.

A. so that

B. if

C. when

D. although

5._____ you go, don't forget your people.

A. Whenever

B. However

C. Wherever

D. Whichever

6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.

A. since

B. for

C. when

D. as

7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.

A. because

B. however

C. when

D. since

8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.

A. When

B. Because

C. Though

D. As

9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.

A. As

B. Although

C. Even

D. In spite of

10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.

A. as

B. when

C. since

D. for

二翻译

1. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention

from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.95

2 In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be

measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

3 The rats __49__ bacterial infections of the blood, __50__ their immune

systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had

crashed.95

[A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only

4 He can continue to support himself and his family __42__ he produces a

surplus. 00

[A] only if [B] much as[C] long before[D] ever since

5 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are

historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history

as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.99

第七部分倒装和强调句式

5.For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 95(苦难是一笔财富)

6.Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. 05

7. point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.

94