词汇学题目

英语词汇学试题

Introduction and Chapter 1

Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）

I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the

use of _________construct.

A. word

B. form

C. morpheme

D. root

2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.

A. Semantics

B. Linguistics

C. Etymology

D. Stylistics

3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Italian

D. Germanic

4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.

A. linguistic

B. grammatical

C. arbitrary

D. semantic

5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects

A. situation

B. context

C. time

D. place

6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.

A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic

7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.

A. technical

B. artistic

C. different

D. academic

8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.

A. Slang

B. Jargon

C. Dialectal words

D. Argot

9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.

A. Jargon

B. Argot

C. Dialectal words

D. Slang

10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.

A. workers

B. criminals

C. any person

D. policeman

11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.

A. Argot

B. Slang

C. Jargon

D. Dialectal words

12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.

A. common

B. little

C. slight

D. great

13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.

A. new

B. old

C. bad

D. good

14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.

A. functional

B. notional

C. empty

D. formal

15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.

A. content

B. notional

C. empty

D. new

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.

17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.

18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, ______,etymology, stylistics,

________.

19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words

4)characteristics of the basic word stock.

A B

21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail

22. Collocbility( ) B. aught

23. Jargon( ) C. por

24. Argot ( ) D. upon

25.Notional words( ) E. hypo

26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart

27. Aliens ( ) G. man

28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip

29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh

30. Empty words ( ) J. emir

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.

31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )

33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )

35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )

37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )

39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )

V. Define the following terms.

41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans

VI. Answer the following Questions

46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.

47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.

48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.

VII. Analyze and comment on the following.

49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.

earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.

50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.

Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirt

Key to Exercises:

I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.C

II.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20.

vocabulary

III.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.D

IV.31. the basic word stock; productivity

32. the basic word stock; collocability

33.the basic word stock; argot

34.nonbasic word stock; slang

35. nonbasic word stock; jargon

36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology

37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words

38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms

39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms

40. the basic word stock; polysemy

V-----VI. (see the course book)

VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, five

Functional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.

50. Denizens: port, shirt,

Aliens: bazaar, kowtow

Translation-loans: lama, masterpiece

Semantic-loans:dream, pioneer

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped

into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.

A. 500

B. 4000

C. 300

D. 2000

2.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.

A. inflected

B. derived

C. developed

D. analyzed

3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.

A. Greeks

B. Indians

C. Romans

D. French

4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.

A. Hinduism

B. Christianity

C. Buddhism

D. Islamism

5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many

________words came into the English language.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Celtic

D. Scandinavian

6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.

A. 500

B. 800

C. 1000 .

D. 900

7.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of

______ words into English.

A. French

B. Greek

C. Roman

D. Latin

8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and

government and regained social status.

A. 12th

B. 13th

C. 14th

D.15th

9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.

A. small

B. big

C. great

D. smaller

10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Indian

D. Russian

11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the

dead language.

A. Sanskrit

B. Latin

C. Roman

D. Greek

12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.

A. Latin

B. Hellenic

C. Indian D . Germanic

13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the

Italic through an intermediate language called _______.

A. Sanskrit

B. Latin

C. Celtic

D. Anglo-Saxon

14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish

and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.

A. Germanic

B. Indo-European

C. Albanian

D. Hellenic

15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many

of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.

A. 10th

B.11th

C.12th

D. 13th

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.

17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.

18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____

language.

19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into an

Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.

20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words

2)history off English development 3) language family.

A B

21. Celtic ( ) A.politics

22. religious ( ) B.moon

23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian

24. French ( ) D.London

25. Old English ( ) E. abbot

26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt

27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu

28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen

29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight

30.Sanskrit ( ) J. Norwegian

IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.

31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )

33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )

35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )

37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )

38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )

V. Define the following terms.

41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixes

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.

46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .

47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.

48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.

VII. Answer the following questions with examples.

49. What are the three main sources of new words ?

50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?

Key to exercises:

I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.B

II.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,te(1700-up to the present )

III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. C

IV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix

35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root

40.bound root

V.-VI ( See the course book )

VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :

(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;

(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;

(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.

50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.

Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.

A.reversative prefixes

B. negative prefixes

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative prefixes

2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust.

A. reversative prefixed

B. negative prefixes

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative prefixes

3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.

A. reversative prefixed

B. negative prefixes

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative prefixes

4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .

A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes

5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.

A. number prefixes

B. prefixes of degree or size

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative prefixes

6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.

A.Prefixes of orientation and attitude

B. Prefixes of time and order

C. Locative prefixes

D. Prefixes of degree or size

7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,s of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,s of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.

A.negative prefixes

B. prefixes of degree or size

C. prefixes of time and order

D. locative prefixes

10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______

A. names of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.

A.negative prefixes

B. prefixes of degree or size

C. prefixes of time and order

D. miscellaneous prefixes

12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.

A.prefixes of degree or size

B. prefixes of orientation and attitude

C. prefixes of time and order

D. miscellaneous prefixes

13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,s of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.

A. noun suffixes

B. verb suffixes

C. adverb suffixes

D. adjective suffixes

15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.

A. noun suffixes

B. verb suffixes

C. adverb suffixes

D. adjective suffixes

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.

18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.

19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.

20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.

A B

21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless

22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward

23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer

24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken

25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist

26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness

27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable

28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent

29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood

30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survival

IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.

31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )

36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )

V.Define the following terms .

41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixation

VI. Answer the following questions with examples.

46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?

47. What are the main types of blendings ?

48. What are the main types of compounds ?

VII. Analyze and comment on the following:

49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.

(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion

(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar

(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter

(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy

50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.

(1) I‘m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.

(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.

(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.

Key to exercises :

1. B

2. C

3. A

4. B

5. A

6.C

7.B

8.D

9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B

II. 16. derivation https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clipping

III. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.D

IV.31. Front clipping, earthquake

32. Back clipping, stereophonic

33.Front and back clipping, influenza

34.Phrase clipping, public house

35. Initialisms, care of

36. Acronyms, Victory Day

37. Initialisms, tuberculosis

38. Back clipping, discotheque

39. Front clipping, helicopter

40. Phrase clipping, permanent waves

V-VI. (See the course book)

VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.

(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others

(4) From adjectives

50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun

(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verb

Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1. A word is the combination of form and ________.

A. spelling

B. writing

C. meaning

D. denoting

2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Sense

D. Context

3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.

A. outside

B. with

C. beyond

D. inside

4. Most English words can be said to be ________.

A. non-motivated

B. motivated

C. connected

D. related

5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.

A. morphologically

B. semantically

C. onomatopoeically

D. etymologically

6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.

A. morphologically

B. onomatopoeically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

7.In the sentence ? He is fond of pen ‘ , pen is a ______ motivated word.

A. morphologically

B. onomatopoeically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.

A. onomatopoeically

B. morphologically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in

particular.

A. grammatical meaning

B. conceptual meaning

C. associative meaning

D. arbitrary meaning

10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.

A.Stylistic meaning

B. Connotative meaning

C. Collocative meaning

D. Affective meaning

11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker‘s _______towards the person or thing in question.

A. feeling .

B. liking

C. attitude

D. understanding

12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.

A. Prepositions

B. Interjections

C. Exclamations

D. Explanations

13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.

A.conceptual meaning

B. grammatical meaning

C. lexical meaning

D. collocative meaning

14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.

A. only one word

B. two words

C. more than three

D. different words

15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.

A. speakers

B. listeners

C. world

D. specific country

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the

morphemes combined.

18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.

19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the word

explains the meaning of the word.

20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.

A B

21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear

22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny

23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender

24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss

25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic

26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)

27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail

28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home

29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug

30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and aword

IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.

31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )

33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )

35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )

37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )

39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )

V.Define the following terms .

41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning

VI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.

46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?

VII.Analyze and comment on the following.

49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.

50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.

Key to exercises:

I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C

II.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaning

III.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.C

IV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation

33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation

35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning

37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative

39. collocative meaning 40. appreciative

V-VI. See the course book.

VIII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.

(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.

(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.

(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.

50. Associative meaning comprises four types:

(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,

traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ?female parent‘, is often associated with ?love‘, ?care‘, etc..

(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which

make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.

(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker‘s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words

that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.

(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words,

it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don‘t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.

Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)

I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.

A. English only

B. Chinese only

C. all natural languages

D. some natural languages

2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the

semantic structure of one and same word .

A. linguistic

B. diachronic

C. synchronic

D. traditional

3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary

meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.

A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection

4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.

A. Derivation

B. Radiation

C. Inflection

D. Concatenation

5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.

A. spelling

B. pronunciation

C. etymology

D. usage

6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.

A. Polysemants

B. Synonyms

C. Antonyms

D. Hyponyms

7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.

A. hyponymy

B. synonymy

C. polysemy

D. antonymy

8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.

A. Homophones

B. Homographs

C. Perfect homonyms

D. Antonyms

9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.

A. contradictory terms

B. contrary terms

C. relative terms

D. connected terms

10.The antonyms big and small are ______.

A. contradictory terms

B. contrary terms

C. relative terms

D. connected terms

11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.

A. contradictory terms

B. contrary terms

C. relative terms

D. connected terms

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.

A. absolute synonyms

B. relative synonyms

C. relative antonyms

D. contrary antonyms

13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in a

conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.

A. homographs

B. homophones

C. absolute homonyms

D. antonyms

14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning .

The first meaning is called ______.

A. primary meaning

B. derived meaning

C. central meaning

D. basic meaning

15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.

A. primary meaning

B. derived meaning

C. central meaning

D. secondary meaning

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second

principal consideration is ________.

17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms are listed as

separate ______.

18.The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas : _______, connotation ,and _____.

19.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word

is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called the _____ terms.

20.The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of

meaning areas. Some large, such as ?philosophy‘ or ?emotions‘, other smaller, such as ?kinship‘ or ?color‘.

Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of ______.

III. Match the words or expression in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) discrimination of synonyms 2) types of antonyms 3) sources of synonyms.

A B

21. difference in denotation ( ) A. dead/alive

22. borrowing ( ) B. handy/ manual

23. dialects and regional English ( ) C. old / young

24. contradictory terms ( ) D. answer the letter / reply to the letter

25. figurative and euphemistic use of words ( ) E. jim

26. contrary terms ( ) F. want/wish/desire

27. difference in connotation ( ) G. dreamer /star-gazer

28. coincidence with idiomatic expressions ( ) H. employer / employee

29. difference in application ( ) I. help/ lend one a hand

30. relative terms ( ) J. foe / enemy

IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms 2) origins of homonyms 3) processes of word-meaning development.

31.neck ( ) 32. word building/word formation ( )

33. candidate ( ) 34. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )

35. NOW ( ) 36. dear/ deer ( )

37.ear from ear ( ) 38. fair from feria ( )

39. bank /bank ( ) 40. change / alter/vary ( )

V.Define the following terms .

41. radiation 42. concatenation 43. antonymy 44. hoponymy 45. semantic field

VI.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.

46.What are the origins of homonyms ?

47.What are sources of synonyms ?

48.What are the characteristics of antonyms ?

VII.Analyze and comment on the following.

49. Divide the following words into four groups and give the superordinate terms:

bark, boat, drum, harp, lute. Microscope. Mirror, destroyer, cruiser, piano, tectangle, rhomboid, rhombus, ship,

spectacles, spectroscope, square, telescope, trapezium, violin.

50. Write the following words into a tree-like graph:

vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal.

Key to exercises :

I. 1. C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.C6.B 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.B 14. A 15.C

II.16. etymology, semantic relatedness 17.headword, entries 18.denotation, application 19.

superordinate, subordinate 20.field theory

III.21. F 22.J 23.E 24.A 25.G 26.C 27.B 28.I 29. D 30.H

IV.31. radiation 32. perfect synonym 33. concatenation 34. homograph

35. shortening 36. homophone 37. change in sound and spelling

38. borrowing 39. perfect homonym 40. relative synonym

V-VI. (See the course book )

VII. 49. (1. ) spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope, spectroscope. Superordinate : optical instruments (2) harp, lute , violin, piano, drum Superordinate: musical instruments

(3) boat , ship, bark, destroyer, cruiser Superordinate: water craft

(4)square, rectangle, rhomboid , rhomboid, rhombus, trapezium Superordinate: quadrilaterals

50.food

_________________________________________________________

meat vegetable cereal

pork beef turnip carrot bread cake cornflakes

Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning and Chapter 8 Meaning and Context (练习６)

I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would

best complete the statement.

1.The original meaning of manuscript is ________.

A.any author‘s writing

B. handwriting

C. any author‘s works

D. a piece of paper

2.The original meaning of barn is ______.

A. a place for storing only barley

B. a storeroom

C. a restroom

D. a bathroom

3.The extended meaning of journal is ______

A. daily paper

B. any paper

C. magazines

D. periodical

4.In Shakespearean line ?rats and mice and such small dee r‘, deer obviously designates ?_____‘ in

general.

A. a doe

B.. animal

C. a deerlike animal

D. buck

5.The original meaning of wife is _______.

A. a married woman

B. a young woman

C. woman

D. widowed woman

6.The meaning of meat changed by mode of _______.

A. extension

B. narrowing

C. elevation

D. degradation

7.The meaning of fond changed by mode of _______.

A. extension

B. narrowing

C. elevation

D. degradation

8.The original meaning of minister is ______.

A. head of a ministry

B. a tutor

C.a farmer

D. servant

9.The original meaning of success is ______.

A.result

B. progress

C. event

D. incident

10.The meaning of churl changed by mode of _______.

A. elevation

B. extension

C. degradation

D. narrowing

11.The original meaning of knave is _______.

A. elevation

B. extension

C. degradation

D. narrowing

12.The original meaning of silly is ______.

A. sad

B. jealous

C. happy

D. cold

13.Loud colours belongs to ______.

A.transfer of sensations

B. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings

C.transfer from objective to subjective

D. transfer from subjective to objective

14. Dreadful and hateful belong to _______.

A. transfer from subjective to objective

B. transfer of sensation

C. transfer from objective to

subjective D. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings

15. The meaning of picture changed by modes of _____.

A. extension

B. narrowing

C. degradation

D. elevation

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,plete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book .

16. V ocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in

form and _____.

17. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, ____and trandfer. Of these,

extension and _______are by far the most common.

18. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ______.

19. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire _____,which may also affect the meaning

of words .

20.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _____.

III.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of changes of the word meaning 2) causes of changes.

A B

21. Extension ( ) A. knight

22. Narrowing ( ) B. fruition

23. Elevation ( ) C. cattle/bee

24. Degradation ( ) D. journal

25. Historical reason ( ) E. pub

26. Class reason ( ) F. cock suck

27. Psychological reason ( ) G. churl

28. By shortening ( ) H. girl

29. By borrowing ( ) I. computer

30. By analogy ( ) J. silly

IV.Study the following sentence and identify 1)types of transfer 2) types of clues for inferring word meaning.

31. As the fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadu.

32. Their greatest fear was of a conflagration, since fire would destroy their flimsy wooden settlement

before help could arrive.

33. Many United Nations employees are polyglots. Ms. Mary, for example, speaks five languages.

34. He is listening to that sweet music.

35. It‘s just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessors ---those tiny parts of a

computer commonly known as ?silicon chips‘.

36. Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested

by Professor Birdwhistell.

37. He is the hope of the family.

38. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’westers, the storm was so heavy that they were

wet through .

39. Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather tan in the geocentric theory.

40. The village had most of the usual amenities :a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical

center, and a school.

V.Define the following terms.

41. extension 42. narrowing 43. degradation 44. elevation 45. transfer

VI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short . Write your answers in the space given below.

46. What are the extra-linguistic factors?

47. What are the linguistic factors ?

48. What are the types of context ?

VII.Analyze and comment on the following . Write your answers on the space given below.

49. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in the following sentence and then make some alternation

in the context so as to pin down the meaning.

50. How do you understand the following sentence : ?Without clear context, the reference canbe very

confusing ‘?

Key to exercises :

I. 1.B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. C 13.A 14. A 15.

A

II.16. content 17. elevation , narrowing 18. grammatical context 19. cultural background

21.homonymy

III. 21.D 22.H 23. A 24. K 25. I 26. G 27. F 28. E 29. C 30. B

IV.31. Antonymy 32. Synonymy 33. Example 34. Transfer of sensations 35. Explanation 36.

Definition 37. Transfer of abstract and concrete sense 38. Relevant details 39. Word structure 40.

Hyponymy

V.–VI. (See the course book )

VI.49. (1) The meaning of hard in the sentence is not very clear . In this context it can mean both ?hardworking‘ and ?difficult‘ . The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for

the reader to decide what the speaker exactly means.

(2) The sentence can be extended as ?He is a hard businessman to deal with‘.

50. This sentence shows one of the functions of context , that is a clear indication of

Chapter 9 English Idioms (练习7 )

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.Jack of all trades is an idiom ________.

A. nominal in nature

B. adjectival in nature

C. verbal in nature

D. adverbial in nature

2.Let the dog see the rabbit is an idiom ________.

A. nominal in nature

B. adjectival in nature

C. verbal in nature

D. adverbial in nature

3.How are you is a(n) __________.

A.idiom nominal in nature

B. idiom verbal in nature

B.idiom adjective in nature D. sentence idiom

4.tooth and nail is an idiom ________.

A. nominal in nature

B. adjectival in nature

C. verbal in nature

D. adverbial in nature

5.Beyond the pale is an idiom _________.

A. nominal in nature

B. adjectival in nature

C. verbal in nature

D. adverbial in nature

6.Play fast and loose shows the feature of ________.

A. repetition

B. reiteration

C. juxtaposition

D. rhyme

7.Spend money like water is an example of _________.

A．metaphor B. simile C. metonymy D. synecdoche

8.The salt of the earth is an example of _______.

A. simile

B. metaphor

C. metonymy

D. synecdoche

9. From cradle to grave is an example of _________.

A. simile

B. metaphor

C. synecdoche

D. metonymy

10.Fall into good hands is an example of _________.

A. simile

B. metaphor

C. synecdoche

D. metonymy

11.The pot calls the cattle black is an example of _______.

A.metaphor

B. personification

C. synecdoche

D. euphemism

12.Powder one’s nose is an example of _________.

A. personification

B. euphemism

C. synecdoche

D. hyperbold

13.A world of trouble is an example of ________.

A. euphemism

B. personification

C. hyperbole

D. metonymy

14.Chop and change shows the feature of __________.

A. rhyme

B. repetition

C. reiteration

D. repetition

15.By hook and by crook is an example of ________.

A. alliteration

B. rhyme

C. reiteration

D. repetition

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.In a broad sense , idioms may include colloquialisms, _____, slang expressions, proverbs, etc.

17.As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ________and exclamative

sentences.

18.In terms of complexity they can be further divided into simple, compound and _____ sentences.

19.Apart from the stylistic features , idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as of

phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and ______.

20.When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience _______changes such as different forms of

verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) phonetic manipulation 2) lexical manipulation 3) figures of speech.

A B

21. Alliteration ( ) A. by and by

22. Simile ( ) B. a dark horse

23. Rhyme ( ) C. up and down

24. Reiteration ( ) D. toss and turn

25. Metaphor ( ) E. like a rat in a hole

26. Repetition ( ) F. fair and square

27. Synecdoche ( ) G. live by one‘s pen

28. Juxtaposition ( ) H. bits and pieces

29. Personification ( ) I. earn one‘s bread

30. Metonymy ( ) J. Failure is the mother of success.

IV.study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of idioms 2) variations of idioms.

31. keep (break ) one‘s word ( ) 32. Never do things by halves. ( )

33. for good(and all) ( ) 34. through thick and thin ( )

35. pin back sb‘s ears =pin sb‘s ears back ( ) 36. sing a different tune ( )

37. the last straw ( ) 38. as poor as a church mouse ( )

39. He has no spots to change. ( ) 40. fly in the ointment ( )

VII.Define the following terms:

41. simile 42. metaphor 43. metonymy 44. synecdoche 45. euphemism

VIII.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.

46. What are the characteristics of idioms ?

47. How many groups may idioms be classified into ?

48. What are the stylistic features of idioms?

IX.Analyze and comment on the following.

49. Explain the structural stability of idioms by using the following idioms.

50. Comment on the sentence: ―structural stability is absolutely unchangeable‖ and explain why.

Key to exercises:

I.1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B

II. 16. catchphrases 17. imperative 18. complex 19. figures of speech 20. grammatical

III. 21. D 22. E 23. F 24. H 25.B 26.A 27. I 28. C 29. J 30. G

IV. 31.Replacement 32.Sentence idioms 33. Addition or deletion 34. Idioms adverbial in nature 35. Position-shifting 36. Idioms verbal in nature 37. Shortening

38. Idioms adjective in nature 39. Dismembering 40. Idioms nominal in nature

V-VI. ( See the course book)

X.49.(1)The constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. For example, lip service (support only in words, not in fact ) is not to be changed into mouth service.

(2) The word order cannot be inverted or changed. For example, by twos and threes are not to be turned into by threes and twos .

(3)The constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to , not even an article. For example, out of the question means ?impossible‘. If the article the is deleted, the idiomaticity will be lost and it will signify ?no question‘instead.

(4)Many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. For example, diamond cut diamond ( two parties are

equally matched ) is grammatically incorrect, for normally the verb cut should take the third person singular-s as the subject diamond is singular.

50.(1) This statement is not true.

(2) Characterized by semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule . But

structural stability is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience

grammatical changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.

(3) Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms : addition, deletion, replacement,

position-shifting, dismembering, etc.

Chapter 10 English Dictionaries (练习8)

I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best

complete the statement and the letter in the bracket.

1.The dictionary that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a

particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically is called __________.

A. lexicon

B. concordance

C. yearbook

D. encyclopaedia

2. A reference book listing alphabetically arranged along with information about their forms,

pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactical and idiomatic uses is called

______.

A. encyclopaedia

B. dictionary

C. glossary

D. concordance

3. A collection of textual glosses or terms limited to a special area of knowledge or usage is called

______.

A. encyclopaedia

B. dictionary

C. glossary

D. lexicon

4.An alphabetical index of the principal words in a book ir the works of an author with the immediate

contexts is called ________.

A. glossary

B. lexicon

C. gazetteer

D. concordance

5. A book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions is

called __________.

A. concordance

B. lexicon

C. glossary

D. encyclopaedia

6. A book of words or of information about a particular field or set of concepts, especially a book of

words and their synonyms is called_____.

A. lexicon

B. handbook

C. thesaurus

D. manual

7. A book capable of being conveniently carried ad a ready reference is called _____.

A. thesaurus

B. yearbook

C. handbook

D. gazetteer

8. A book that is conveniently handled, especially handbook is called _____>

A. manual

B. thesaurus

C. yearbook

D. gazetteer

9. A book published yearly as a report or summary of statistics or facts is called _____.

A.manual

B. handbook

C. thesaurus

D. yearbook

10.A geographical dictionary is called ______.

A. yearbook

B. gazetteer

C. manual

D. lexicon

11.A Table Alphabetical by Robert Cawdrey was published in _____.

A. 1523

B. 1600

C. 1604

D.1623

12.The English Dictionary by Henry Cokeram was published in _____.

A. 1623

B. 1775

C. 1828

D. 1928

13.Universal Etymological English Dictionary by Nathan Bailley was published in____.

A. 1623

B. 1721

C. 1775

D. 1828

14.A Dictionary of the English Language by Sam Johnson was published in ______.

A. 1721

B. 1735

C. 1775

D. 1828

15.The American Dictionary of the English language by Noah Webster was published in ____ .

A. 1775

B. 1785

C. 1800

D. 1828

https://www.360docs.net/doc/218454733.html,plete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book . III.16. The dominant sense of the word dictionary by English-speaking people is a book which presents ______order the words of English , with information as to their spelling, pronunciation , meaning,

usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology.

17. Dictionary is closely related to ______, which deals with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.

18. The target population of monolingual dictionaries are general _______or second language and foreign learners who have reached the intermediate and advanced stages.

19. Linguistic dictionaries aim at ______ and explaining their usages in the language,.

20.Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ________and encyclopedia.

III.Write the full name of the following grammar abbreviations and put them into Chinese.

21.. c.f. ____________ 22. comb.f. __________ 23. fem. _________ 24. mas. ______

25. neg. ________ 26. pref. ________ 27. suf. _______ 28. v.aux._______

29. poss. _______ 30. vt. ________

IV.Write the full name of the following dictionaries .

31. CTCD: __________ 32. CULD _________________

33. CELD __________ 34. CODCE ____________

35. LDCIE＿＿＿＿＿＿＿３６．OALDCE _______________

37. ODCIE _____________ 38. RHDEL ___________

39. WNCD _____________ 40 WNWDAL _________

V.Define the following terms .

41. Unabridged dictionaries 42. Desk dictionaries 43. pocket dictionaries

44. Encyclopedia 45. Specialized dictionaries

VI．Answer the following questions.

46. What are the special features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition (1987)?

47. What are the special features of Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (1987 )?

48. What are the special features of A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition ) (1995 )?

VII.49.Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

1) A small leak will sink a great ship .

2)Behind the mountains there are people to be found.

3)Money makes the mare go .

4)As the touchstone tries gold, so gold tries men.

5)The proof of the pudding is in the rating.

50.Translate the following into English :

1)经济特区2。经济效益3。闭路电视4。集团购买力5）进口检疫

6）劳动密集型7）茉莉花茶8）海蛰9）沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春

10）一国两制

Key to exercises:

I. 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.B 14.C 15.D

II. 16. alphabetical 17. lexicology 18. native speakers 19. defining words 20. linguistic dictionaries III. 21. confer(参看) 22. combining form (构词成分)23. feminine (阴性) 24. masculine (阳性)25. negative (否定词)26. prefix(前缀) 27. suffix 28. auxiliary verb 29 possessive 30 transitive verb

IV. 31. Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary 32. Chamber Universal Learners‘ Dictionary

33. Collins English Learner‘s Dictionary 34. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English

35. Longman Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English 36. Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionart of Current English 37. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English

38. Random House Dictionary of the English Language 39. Webster‘s New Collegiate Dictionary 40.

Webster‘s New World Dictionary of the American Language

V-VI.( See the course book )

VI.49. 1) 千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。

2）山外有山，天外有天。

3）有钱能使鬼推磨。

4）试金石是金，金子则考验人。

5）实验出真知。

50．（1）special economic zone

(2)economic performance

(3) closed-circuit television

(5)the purchasing power of institutions (5) import quarantine (6) labor- intensive

(7) jasmine tea (8) jellyfish (9) A thousand sails pass the sunken ship ,and ten thousand saplings shoot up

beyond the withered tree. (10) one country, two systems

英语词汇学试题

一九九六年下半年辽宁省高等教育自学考试

一、填空题（每题1分，共20分）

1、（）是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。

2、Webster'sThird International Dictionary 是以现代语言学的（）理论为编写原则

的。

3、英语中有一种成语，两个词由不得and 连接起来，表示一个完整的概念，叫喊做（）。

4、有的英语复合词是从别的语言借用来的，但其组成部分都译成英语，这些复合词叫做

（）。

5、Vest 一词在（）英语中指内衣、汗衫。

6、公元1100—1500年间的英语叫做（）英语。

7、有“亲属关系”的语言指的是从同一（）分化出来的一些语言。

8、英语属于印欧系日尔曼语族中的（）语支。

9、把用首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，叫做（）。

10、语义上毫无区别、可以在任何上下文中互相替代的词不达意叫做（）。

11、源出同一个词而形式和意义都不相同的词叫做（）。

12、（）指的是发音相同、但拼写和意义都不相同的词。

13、（）指的是在过去曾经用过、而在现代英语中不再广泛使用的词。

14、（）是有正式文体意义的词语的主体，大多源自希腊、拉丁语的借词。

15、一词多义的根源是（）的演变。

16、分析词的意义、研究词义的变化并进而分析词与词之间的意义关系，这样的一门学问叫做（）。

17、人们对于令人不愉快或习惯上认为不宜说出口的事情，不直接说出，而用比较好听的词来代替，这就是所谓（）。

18、在语义的直线坐标上离开中点的距离是相等的反义词叫做（）反义词。

19、由存在着某种现实关系的一种事物来代替另一种事物，或由一种概念来代替另一种概念，这种词义演变的方式叫做（）。

20、词从一个意义出发产生第二个意义，然后不顾第一个意义而从第二个意义出发又产生第三个意义，最后产生的词义与第一个词义毫不相干，这种演变过程叫做（）。

二、简化下列复合名词并译成汉语（每题1分，共20分）

1、banner headline：（）

2、bowler hat：（）

3、crepe paper：（）

4、dandy-cart：（）

5、duck egg：（）

6、flashback：（）

7、hoarfrost：（） 8、human being：（）

9、Jacquard loom：（） 10、jockstrap：（）

11、porter's knot：（） 12、kraft paper：（）

13、turning-lathe：（） 14、poet laureate：（）

15、eyelid：（） 16、linen paper：（）

17、roadmetal：（） 18、smelling salts：（）

19、sapwood：（） 20、Teddy boy：（）

三、区别下列表示人体器官的词是用于隐喻还是换喻（每题1分，共20分）