2014年运动生物化学答案

2014年运动生物化学答案
2014年运动生物化学答案

一、名词解释

1、半时反应:是指恢复运动时消耗物质二分之一所需要的时间。

2、必需氨基酸:机体无法自身合成必须由食物途径获得的氨基酸称之为必需氨基酸。

3、生物氧化:指物质在体内氧化生成二氧化碳和水,并释放出能量的过程。

4、底物磷酸化:代谢物分子的高能磷酸基直接转移给ADP生成ATP的方式,称为底物水平

磷酸化,简称为底物磷酸化。

5、氧化磷酸化:在生物氧化过程中,将代谢物脱下的氢,经呼吸链传递,最终生成水,同

时伴有ADP磷酸化合成ATP的过程,称为氧化磷酸化。

6、脂肪动员:脂肪细胞内储存的脂肪经脂肪酶催化水解释放出脂肪酸,并进入血液循环供

给全身各组织摄取利用的过程,称为脂肪动员。

7、能量氨基酸: 也称支链氨基酸,包括L-亮氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸,它们都属于必需

氨基酸,主要在骨骼肌代谢,是长时间持续运动时参与供能的重要氨基酸。

8、过度训练:由不适宜训练造成的运动员运动性疲劳积累,进而引发运动能力下降,并出

现多种临床症状的运动性综合症。

9、尿肌酐系数:是指24小时每公斤体重排出的尿肌酐的毫克数。

10、限速酶:将催化能力较弱,对整个代谢过程的反应速度起控制作用的酶称为限速酶。

11、必需脂肪酸:通常把维持人体正常生长所需而体内又不能合成必须从食物中摄取的

脂肪酸称为必须脂肪酸。

12、同工酶:人体内有一类酶,它们可以催化同一化学反应,但催化特性、理化性质及

生物学性质均有所不同,这一类酶称为同工酶。

13、兴奋剂:指国际体育组织规定的禁用药物和方法的总称。

14、激素:人或高等动物体内的内分泌腺或内分泌细胞分泌的具有高度活性的有机物质

称为激素。

15、酮体:是肝内脂肪酸不完全氧化的产物,乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸和丙酮的统称。

16、超量恢复:在运动消耗的能源物质在运动后一段时间不仅恢复到原来水平,甚至超

过原来水平,这种现象称为“超量恢复”。

17、支链氨基酸:是亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸的统称。

18、运动性疲劳:由于运动(训练)引起的机体机能水平下降和|或运动能力下降,从

而难以维持一定的运动强度,但经过适当地休息又可以恢复的现象。

19、血糖:指血液中的糖,多指葡萄糖。

二、填空

1、糖类是一类多羟基的(醛类)或(酮类)化合物的总称。

2、参加运动时代谢调节的主要激素有(肾上腺激素)(去甲肾上腺激素)(胰岛素)(胰高

血糖素)(生长激素)

3、一个酶单位是指在酶作用的最是条件下,25℃,分钟内催化(1微摩尔)底物发生变化

的量。

4、血脂是指人体血浆中的脂质,包括(胆固醇)(三酰甘油)(磷脂)和(游离脂肪酸)

5、运动中主要功能系统有(磷酸原系统)(糖酵解系统)(有氧氧化系统)

6、酶的主要催化特征是(高效性)(专一性)(不稳定性)(可调控性)

7、相同运动负荷运动量后运动血清酶水平高于(高于或低于)非运动员水平。

8、对马拉松运动员导致运动性疲劳的主要原因体温上升,脱水,电解质代谢失调

9、酶根据化学组成可分为(单纯酶)和(结合酶)

10、糖酵解中的关键酶有(糖激酶)(果糖磷酸激酶)(丙酮酸激酶)

11、运动时影响运动员肌糖原供能的主要因素有()()()()()()

12、运动时糖异生的主要原料有(丙酮酸)(乳酸)(甘油)(生糖氨基酸)

13、人体内糖的主要存在形式(血糖)(肌糖原)(肝糖原)

三、简答题

1、简述葡萄糖-丙氨基酸的循环过程及生物学意义。

答:人体在进行运动时,骨骼肌和心肌中糖的分解代谢过程加强,生成大量的中间代谢产物——丙酮酸。丙酮酸的浓度逐渐增高,其中大部分丙酮酸进入线粒体后进一步氧化,部分丙酮酸被还原成乳酸,还有一部分丙酮酸经过转氨基作用生成丙氨酸。生成的丙氨酸会随血液循环到肝,再在肝作为糖异生的“原材料”,异生成为葡萄糖再输入到血液以维持血糖浓度的稳定。

意义:丙氨酸在肝脏异生为糖,有利于维持血糖稳定;防止运动肌丙酮酸浓度升高所导致的乳酸增加;将肌肉中的NH3以无毒的形式运输到肝脏,避免血氨浓度过高,对健康及维持运动能力有利。

2、简述运动时血尿素生成增加的生物机制。

答:1)丙氨酸—葡萄糖循环加强。转运进肝脏的丙氨酸增多,使尿素生成增加。

2)运动时肌肉酶分解代谢增加,其最终产物尿素增加。

3)运动时AMP不能迅速转化成ADP时,AMP则脱氨基转化成尿素。

4)运动时,肾脏对血尿素廓清速度减慢,使尿素增加。

3、简述水的生物学功能与运动能力的关系。

20、水的作用: 生化反应的场所、参与体温调节、起到润滑作用,并与体内的电解

质平衡有关。

21、与运动能力的关系:运动时,人的出汗量迅速增多,水的丢失加剧。大运动

负荷训练可导致人体失水2000~7000mL,水丢失严重时即形成脱水,会不同程度地降低运动能力。尤其是在运动强度较大,持续时间较长,高温,湿度大的环境下更为显著,因此能否保障水分的合理供给,常为训练效果好坏或比赛成败的关键。

4.简述CP(磷酸肌酸)在骨骼能量代谢中的作用。

答:1)高能磷酸集团的储备库:CP+ADP=C+ATP

2)组成C—CP能量穿梭系统:线粒体(有氧)产生的ATP中的P传给C形成CP,带到用能部位(细胞质中)。

5.简述ATP的生物学功能。P29

答:1.生命活动的直接能源,ATP水解释放的能量可以供应合成代谢和其他所有需要的生理活动。

2.合成磷酸肌酸和高能磷酸化合物。

3.参与构成一些重要的辅酶

4.参与物质代谢时需要的能量

6、简述运动生物化学的主要研究任务。P2

答:1.揭示运动人体变化的本质。

2.评定和监控运动人体的机能。

3.科学地指导体育锻炼和运动训练

7、简述运动时糖的生物学功能。P46

答:(1)糖可以提供机体所需的能量;

(2)糖对脂肪代谢具有调节作用;

(3)糖具有节约蛋白质的作用;

(4)糖可以促进运动性疲劳的恢复

8、简述脂肪在运动中的作用P74

答:1.脂肪氧化分解释放能量。

2.复合脂质和衍生脂质是构成细胞的成分。

3.促进脂溶性维生素吸收。

4.脂肪防震和隔热保温作用。

5.脂肪的氧化利用具有降低蛋白质和糖消耗的作用。

9、简述影响酶促反应速度的主要因素P14

答:⑴底物浓度与酶浓度对反应速度的影响,二者呈正比的关系。⑵pH对反应速度的影响,在一定pH下,酶表现出最大活性。⑶温度对反应速度的影响,在一定的温度范围内,随温度的升高,催化反应的速度也会加快;但过高的温度会破坏酶分子的空间结构。⑷激活剂和抑制剂对反应速度的影响,某一特定的分子,对一种酶是激活剂,但对另一种酶则可能是抑制剂。

10.血乳酸在机能评定当中的作用及常用方法。

常用方法:实验室负荷法,400m全力跑血乳酸评定法

四,论述

1.糖酵解的供能过程p48

2.三大功能系统的特点及相互关系

(1)ATP的再合成包括磷酸肌酸分解、糖酵解及有氧氧化三条途径,形成了运动时骨骼肌内三个供能系统。前2者合称为无氧代谢供能系统,后者称为有氧代谢供

能系统。

(2)极量强度运动时,ATP依靠CP转移其分子内的高能磷酸基团快速再合成,并构成磷酸原供能系统,具有快速和最大功率输出的特点,是短时间、最大强度或

最大用力运动中的主要供能系统。

(3)在超过数秒的激烈运动中,糖酵解释放能量合成ATP构成糖酵解供能系统,对需要速度、速度耐力的运动项目十分重要,是2-3分钟大强度运动的主要供能系

统。

(4)在有氧情况下,糖、脂肪和蛋白质氧化成二氧化碳和水,释放能量合成ATP,构成有氧代谢供能。超过3分钟以上的全力运动,基本上由有氧代谢供能。其中

糖有氧氧化供亚极量强度运动约90分,脂肪酸是中等强度、低强度、长时间运

动的主要供能系统,蛋白质在超过30分钟的激烈运动中参与供能,但供能总量

不超过总能耗的18%

3.柠檬酸的功能过程

4.无机盐的作用

答:⑴维持体内的渗透压;

⑵维持体内的酸碱平衡;

⑶维持神经肌肉的兴奋性;

⑷维持酶的正常活性。

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