英语四级长难句解析

英语四级长难句解析
英语四级长难句解析

四级阅读理解难,难在长难句。如何破解长难句,是做好四级阅读理解的关键一环。破解长难句通常采用方法是找准主谓宾去除定状补,笔者认为,抓住长难句特点进行庖丁解牛是破解四级阅读理解长难句的又一制胜法宝。

四级阅读理解长难句有以下六大特点:

主语拉长

一般来讲,汉语主语比较简短。相比之下,英语中主语一旦拉长,就会增加读者的理解难度。

解决方法:有效分解主谓成分,断开之后各个击破。例如:

The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have also attracted more people to the region. (2005.6)

首先,把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子:

(1)The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林,使得Pocono 成为黑熊理想的栖息地

(2)have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。

其次,句子整合翻译:溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林,这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地,而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。

分词短语打头,句子呈现三段(或三段以上)的长句式

分词短语(包括现在分词和过去分词)做状语,这一句式比较常见,读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系,所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分,理解上就更为困难。

解决方法:理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系;而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。

例如:

Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancy’s Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. (2005.6)

翻译:在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍,大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公,他与当地人民和商业领导合作,以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。

注意:介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。

例如:In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. (2005.1)

翻译:有一段时间,美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意,许多人于是转向日本,想从中寻求可能的解决办法,因为日本不仅经济实力强,而且学术成就也很高。

特别注意不定式to位于句首表目的,一定是考试重点。

例如:

原文:To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. (2005.1)

翻译:为了使孩子能在一年级和以后有良好的表现,日本的学校并不教授阅读、写作、和算数,而是教孩子们诸如毅力、注意力和群体合作能力等技巧。

考题:In Japan’s preshcool education, the focus is on

A. preparing children academically

B. developing children’s artistic interests

C. tapping children’s potential

D. shaping children’s character

多个谓语动词连用

简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一便于读者理解。而四级阅读理解中,出题人为增加阅读难度,就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。但是无论局势如何变化,英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树,只能有一个主干起支撑作用,其他起辅助作用。

解决方法:遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。剔除细枝末节之后,句子也就好理解了。例如:

Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts. (2005.1)

解析:此句是由but引导的并列句。前面一句话容易理解,谓语动词是spell,关键看后一句话。but引导的句子黑体下划线是主语,该句子真正谓语动词是may make,如下面所示:but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.

翻译:喉咙发痒、鼻塞、浑身酸痛都令人痛苦,但是能够确定造成这种痛苦的根源是普通感冒还是流感,对这种痛苦能折磨你多就会起关键作用。

第一章并列平行结构

英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词,如and、or等,或标点符号如:分号,逗号,破折号等,若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句,以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高,但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.

从今天开始我们就由浅入深,来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。

Exercise

The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest

with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defensive medicine”, and thus it injures, in turn , the entire medical profession.

Rugby is generally a much tougher game than football and for a long time has had upper class associations, as until recently it was generally only played in public schools, not in state schools.

Western manners do not require one to say anything that is untrue, but it is best to avoid being too frank about things which would make people feel uneasy—unless by doing so you feel some good might come of it.

要点分析和参考译文

要点:本句是有分号及连词and 引导的并列复合句。分句一种包含有关系代词who引导的定语从句,修饰doctors。分句二中代词it指”the suspicion of deceit”,动词短语contributes to意为“to help in causing a situation”,分句三中,代词it指前文所述情况,介词短语in turn 意为“afterwards”

参考译文:由于病人怀疑存在欺骗行为,使许多对病人十分诚实的医生的工作也因此受到影响,并使医疗诉讼案和“防御性诊治”增多,而这些反过来又对整个医疗事业造成损害。

要点:全句为主从复合句,”as”引出原因状语从句,修饰” and for a lon g time (rugby) has had upper class associations”。主句部分Rugby is generally……class associations,是带有并列谓语”is……”和”has had……”的句子。

参考译文:橄榄球赛一般比足球赛更加激烈,并且长时间以来一直是高年级学生参与的比赛,也因此直到最近比赛一般仍然仅仅在公立学校而不在州立学校举行。

要点:全句为并列复合句。连词”but”连接两个并列句。在第二个分句中” it is best to avoid being too frank……” 中的”it”是形式主语,实际主语是不定式” to avoid being too frank……”。动词”avoid”后面应接动名词作宾语。” which would make people feel uneasy”作”thing”的定语。在破折号后面” unless by doing so you feel some good might come of it”作让步状语从

句。”good”是名词,作”feel”的宾语从句”some good might come of it”中的主语。”it”指”by doing so”所包含的前面提到的为避免重复而未具体说出的内容。

参考译文:西方的行为方式并不要求人们去讲假话,但是最好要避免过于直率地谈论那些使人尴尬的事情——除非你认为这么做可能会有益处。

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