动物科学 医学 专业英语

专业英语复习资料

一、缩写

1.VFA：V olatile Fatty Acids 挥发性脂肪酸

2.DM：Dry Matter 干物质

3.CP：Crude Protein 粗蛋白

4.CF：Crude Fiber 粗纤维

5.NDF：Neutral Detergent Fiber 中性洗涤纤维

6.EE：Ether Extract 乙醚提取物（粗脂肪）

7.ADF：Acid Detergent Fiber 酸性洗涤纤维

8.NE L：Net Energy of Lactation泌乳净能

9.NPN：Non-Protein Nitrogen 非蛋白氮

10.V A：Vitamins A 维生素A

二、翻译

1.Forage：粗饲料

2.Concentrate:精饲料

3.Mineral:矿物质

4.Glucose:葡萄糖

5.Rumen:瘤胃

6.Animal nutrition:动物营养

7.Protein metabolism:蛋白质代谢

8.Digestion:消化

9.Small intestine:小肠

10.Diet:饲粮

三、名词解释：

1.Feeds: Feeds contain nutrients that are used to meet the requirements of animals.

2.Lipids:Lipids are substances which are water insoluble, but are soluble in organic solvents.Lipids are usually

extracted from oilseeds

3.Dry matter:When a feed sample is placed in an oven maintained at 105°C for 24 hours, the water evaporates

and the residual dry feed is called dry matter.

4.Genetics:Genetics is a science that studies the variation and transmission of features or traits from one

generation to the next.

5.Genotype:The genotype of an animal represents the gene or the set of genes responsible for a particular trait.

6.Ketosis:is a metabolic disorder occurring in cows with insufficient or excess body reserve at calving—cows

lose their appetites,and milk production and fertility decrease.

四、翻译题

1、Dairy cows and other animals such as sheep, goats, buffaloes, camels and giraffes are herbivores because their diets are composed primarily of plant material. Many herbivores also are ruminants.Ruminant animals can be recognized easily because they chew frequently even when they are not eating. This chewing activity called rumination , is part of the processes that allow a ruminant to obtain energy from plant cell walls also called fiber .

奶牛和其它动物如绵羊、山羊、水牛、骆驼和长颈鹿都属于草食动物。因为它们的日粮主要由植物材料组成。许多草食动物也是反刍动物。反刍动物很容易识别，因为即使它们不进食时也不断咀嚼。这一咀嚼活动被称为反刍，反刍是反刍动物从植物细胞壁中获得能量过程的一个步骤。

2、When a feed sample is placed in an oven maintained at 105°C for 24 hours, the water evaporates and the residual dry feed is called dry matter. Feeds contain variable amounts of water. At immature stages of growth, most plants contain 70 to 80% water (i.e., 20 to 30% dry matter).However, seeds do not contain more than 8to 10% water (i.e., 90 to 92% dry matter).The amount of water in the feeds is usually of little concern. Milking cows drink from 4 to 5 kg of water for each kg of dry matter they eat. Cows need access to fresh, clean water most of the day.

当一种饲料样品放在105℃烤箱中经过24小时烘干，水分蒸发后残留的干状物就称为干物质。不同饲料含水量不同。大多数植物在未成熟阶段含有70%到80%的水份（即20%-30%的干物质）。但植物种子只含有8-10%的水份（即90-92%的干物质）。饲料的含水量通常可不必考虑。泌乳期奶牛每吃一公斤干物质就要饮水4-5公斤，一天中的大部分时间都需要保证奶牛可喝到清洁的水。

3、Proteins provide the amino acids needed for maintenance of vital functions, reproduction, growth and lactation. Non-ruminant animals need pre-formed amino acids in their diets, but ruminants can utilize many other nitrogen sources because of their rare ability to synthesize amino acids and protein from non-protein nitrogen sources. This ability is associated with the presence of the microorganisms in the rumen. In addition, ruminants possess a mechanism to spare nitrogen. When a diet is low in nitrogen, large amounts of urea (which is normally excreted in the urine) return in the rumen where it can be used by the microbes. In non-ruminants, urea is always entirely lost in the urine.

饲料中的蛋白质为维持奶牛重要的生命功能、繁殖、生长和泌乳提供了所需要的氨基酸。非反刍动物的日粮必须包含氨基酸。而反刍动物责可利用多种其他氮源，因为反刍动物具有利用非蛋白氮源合成氨基酸和蛋白质的能力。这种能力和与瘤胃中生活的微生物密切相关。此外，反刍动物还具有回收氮的机制。例如当日粮中含氮量很低时，大量的尿素（在正常情况下从尿中排出）返回瘤胃并被微生物说利用。但是，对于非反刍动物，尿素总是在尿中丢失。

4、Most of the propionate is converted to glucose by the liver. In addition, the liver can use amino acids for glucose synthesis.This is an important process because there is normally no glucose absorbed from the digestive tract and all the sugar found in the milk (about 900 g when a cow produce 20 kg of milk) must be produced by the liver. An exception arises when cows are fed large amounts of concentrates rich in starch or a source of starch resistant to ruminal fermentation. Then, the starch that escaped fermentation reaches the small intestine. The glucose formed during intestinal digestion is absorbed, transported to the liver and contributes to the supply of glucose to the cow.

大部分丙酸在肝脏中被转化成葡萄糖。此外，肝脏可利用氨基酸合成葡萄糖。这是一个重要的生糖途径。因为通常没有葡萄糖从消化道中吸收，而奶牛中所含的全部糖（20公斤牛奶含900克糖）必须由肝脏合成。一个例外的情况是当奶牛摄入大量富含淀粉的精饲料或一种抗瘤胃发酵的淀粉源，没有发酵的淀粉进入小肠并在小肠消化成葡萄糖，经小肠壁吸收后转运至肝脏，为奶牛提供葡萄糖源。

5、ADDED LIPIDS IN DAIRY RATIONS奶牛日粮中脂的补充

Lipids contain about 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates. Also, lipids are sometimes referred to as a "cold" nutrients because during digestion and utilization by the body they produce less heat than carbohydrates and proteins. Thus, increasing lipids in dairy cow rations may have several potential benefits:

?Increase the caloric (energy) density of the ration, especially when intake may be limited as in high forage diet;

?Limit the need for carbohydrate-rich concentrates which are usually required in early lactation when a cow is in negative energy balance;

?In hot weather, lipids may help to reduce the heat stress of a lactating cow.

脂比碳水化合物多含2.25倍能量。由于在体内消化和利用时，脂所产生的热比碳水化合物和蛋白质少。所以脂有时也称为“冷”营养物质。因此增加奶牛日粮中脂的比例可能会有一定的潜在好处：

增加日粮卡路里（能量）的密度。特别是当能量摄取收到限制时，如含高比例粗饲料的日粮。

可限制泌乳早期的奶牛对富含碳水化合物精料的需求量。泌乳早期的奶牛常有这种需求，因为此时奶牛

处在能量负平衡状态。

在炎热季节，脂还可减少泌乳奶牛对热的应激。

6、OVERVIEW OF THE COW’S REPRODUCTIVE TRACT母牛生殖道概述

The reproductive tract of a cow is located beneath the rectum—the last segment of the large intestine. Most parts of the reproductive tract can be examined indirectly when an arm is extended into the rectum (rectal palpation):

?The cervix can be manipulated during artificial insemination;

?The follicles or corpus luteum may be identified on the ovaries;

?The presence of a growing embryo in the uterus can be detected.

The uterus, oviducts and ovaries are suspended in the body cavity by a broad ligament. The position of this ligament permits the uterus to accommodate a growing fetus.

母牛的生殖道为于直肠（大肠的最后一段）的下方。手臂从直肠伸入可以间接地检查生殖道大部分构造（直肠触诊）。

人工授精时子宫颈可被触摸到；

卵泡或黄体可以再触摸卵巢时分辩出；

子宫中生长的胚胎也可以被探测到。

7、A gene is composed of material called deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The function of the DNA is to carry the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins. As proteins are synthesized and DNA replicates itself, the number of cells in the body increases (growth) and cells may specialize into specific functions (development) in which some genes are turned on and others turned off. For example, cells of the skin (a specialized tissue) contain all the genetic material needed to recreate an individual, but the only specialized genes that are turned on in these cells are the ones responsible for the formation and color of hair.

基因是由一种叫做脱氧核糖核酸或DNA的物质组成的。DNA的功能是携带用于合成蛋白质所必需的信息。随着蛋白质的合成及DNA的复制，体细胞的树目就不断增加（生长）。细胞通过分化专门执行某一种特定功能（发育）。这些分化的细胞中，一些基因表达，而另一些基因不表达。例如，表皮细胞（一种特化的组织）虽然含有形成一个个体所需要的全部遗传物质，但仅仅一部分决定皮肤构成以及毛发颜色等特殊基因得以表达。

五、看图说话：

牛的消化系统的组成：由口腔、食道、胃（瘤、

网、瓣、真胃）、小肠、大肠组成。

六、选择题

3、Valatile fatty acids include mainly (ACD)

A.butyrate

B.starch

C.acetate

D.propionate

4、Which chemicals as listed in following cnndidates belongs to the micro -mineral (ABCD)

A.Cu

B.Mn

C.Zn

D.Se

1、The dry matter of a feed may be divided into organic matter and inorganic matter.

2、There are five categories of nutrients:Water; Energy (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids);Protein (nitrogenous compounds);Minerals;Vitamins.

3、There are three major classes of carbohydrates in plants:Simple sugars;Storage carbohydrates (starch) Structural carbohydrates

4、In general, feeds are classified into one of the following categories:Forages; Concentrates (energy and protein feeds) ; Minerals and vitamins.