英语语言学复习资料
语言学Linguistic
各章重点，学习资料整理
1.1What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
1.2Design features of language
①Arbitrariness任意性: The property of language by which there is in general no natural (i.e. logical) relation between the form of a single lexical unit and its meaning.
②Duality二重性Language consists of two levels of structures. The lower (secondary) level is a definite set of meaningless sounds, which combine to form meaningful units which constitute a higher (primary) level.
③Creativity创造性Language is creative in the sense that its users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.
④Displacement移位性By displacement is meant that language can be used to refer to things that are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
1.3Functions of language
①Informative信息功能Language serves an informative function when it is used to express the speaker’s opinion, to state a fact, or to reason things out.
②Interpersonal function人际功能Language serves to establish and maintain social relations between people.
③Performative行事功能Language can be used to do things, to perform action.
e.g. “I surrender.” “I’ll do it tonight.” “I declare the meeting open.” “ I sentence you to three years in prison.”
④Emotive function感情功能The use of language to reveal the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
e.g. “Ouch!”, “I’m terribly sorry about… ” (alternatively called expressive function)
⑤Phatic communion寒暄交谈The use of language to establish or maintain a comfortable social contact between people without involving any factual content.
E.g. greetings, farewells, and talking about the weather.
⑥Recreational function娱乐功能The use of language for the sheer joy of using it. E.g. singing, poetry writing.
⑦Metalingual function元语言功能The use of language to make statements about language itself. The language about which they are made is called the object language.
1.4What is linguistics?
The scientific study of language.
1.5Microlinguistics
①Phonetics语音学The study of the nature, production, and perception of sounds of speech, in abstraction from the phonology of any specific language. Variously divided into acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics, and auditory phonetics.
②Phonology音系学The study of the sound systems of individual languages and of the nature of such systems generally.
③Morphology形态学Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and
word-formation processes.
④Syntax句法学The branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
⑤Semantics语义学The study of meaning.
⑥Pragmatics语用学The study of the meanings that sentences have in particular contexts.
1.6Language and culture
Language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use.
1.7Maximal Onset Principle (MOP)最大节前辅音原则
Which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the code.
1.8Important distinctions in linguistics
①Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写vs.规定
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes linguistic facts observed; it is prescriptive if it lays down rules for grammatical correctness.
②Synchronic vs. diachronic共时vs.历时
The study of language as its exists at a particular point in time is synchronic.
③Langue vs. parole语言vs.言语
A distinction made by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure(索绪尔
1857-1913). Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and p arole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.
④Competence vs. performance语言能力vs.语言运用
Competence is the speaker-listener’s knowledge of his language and
performance is the actual use of language in concrete situations.
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
1.IPA：International Phonetic Association(国际语音学协会).
2.The theory of cardinal vowels
Cardinal vowels: A set of vowels established by Daniel Jones as fixed and unchanging reference points for the description of vowels in any language. By convention, the eight primary cardinal vowels are numbered from one to eight: 8个基本元音：
记住：p34, p35, p36三个表格。
3. Phonemes and allophones
①Minimal pair最小对立体: Two words in a language which differ from each
other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also differ in meaning. E.g. the English words bit and bet are a minimal pair
②complimentary：
4. Phonological process
Assimilation同化: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of neighboring sound. Assimilation is often used synonymous with coarticulation.
① If a following sound influences a preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation
逆同化: e.g. can, tan, tenth, ninth, sink, mink, gooseberry, raspberry, cupboard, five pence, have to, used to, pan cake, sun glass.
② if a preceding sound influences a following sound,it is Progressive assimilation
顺同化 e.g. works, words, pears, writes, rides, eyes, laughed, loved, played.
5.The three variants of the plural form in English :
①：the /s/ appears after voiceless sounds
②：the/z/ appears after voiced sounds
③：the/?z/ appears after sibilants
6.Stress
Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.
①:句子的重音。②：单词的重音
7.Tone.
English is not tone language but Chinese is .
Chapter 3
1.Morpheme : is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.
2.Determiner :
前位：all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)
中位：：a(n), the this, that, these, those my, your, his, her, our, Jim’s, my mother’s some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc
后位：one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a
great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such
3.Word Formation
(1)Compound复合词blackboard, bookworm, braindrain
(2)Derivation衍生；派生teacher, clockwise, uninstall
(3)Invention新创词语nylon, condom, boycott, Xerox
(4)Blending混成法modem,BoBo, blog, e-book, e-zine, bit (binary + digit)
(5)Abbreviation缩写词；略语fax, bus, flu
(6)Acronym首字母缩写词CEO，ATM，Back-formation逆构词法edit, lase, enthuse
(7)Analogical creation类推造字work、wrought、worked,
Slay、slew、slayed
(8)Borrowing借用；借词typhoon, mahjong, mortgage,
i.Loanwords借词Loanblend混合借词Chinatown吉普车
ii.Loanshift 转移借词bridge, artificial satellite,
iii.Loan translation翻译借词
Chapter 4
1.Syntactic Relations
①Positional Relation:
Positional relation, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
②Relation of substitutability:替代关系
Whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same.
③ Relation of co-occurrence: 同现关系
Words of different sets of clauses may permit, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence.
2.Immediate Constitute 直接成分分析法
N: 名词V:动词adj: 形容词adv: 副词det:限定词part: 助词Prep: 介词aux: 情态动词
NP: 名词短语VP:动词短语PP:介词短语AP: 形容词短语C/S 从句，句子
3.Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions
①Endocentric: 向心结构
Usually NP, VP, AP belong to endocentric tupes because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.
Coordination and Subordination belong to Endocentric.
②Exocentric: 离心结构
There is no definable "centre" or "head" inside the group. Usually includes basic sentence ,PP, Predicate (V+O)construction, and connective
construction( be+complement).
4.Recursiveness : 递归性
Embedding：嵌入式
Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence in syntactic subordination. The 3 basic types : complement , adjunct ( or adverbial) and relative clauses.
Chapter 5
1.Meaning :
Representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favored.
记P94表格。
2.The Referential Theory: 指称论
concept
3.Sense relations
①Synonymy 同义关系Synonym:同义词
分为完全同义词和部分同义词
②Antonymy 反义关系Antonym: 反义词
i: Gradable antonymy : good-bad, long-short
ii: Complementary antonymy ：alive - dead
iii: Converse antonymy: buy-sell, borrow- give
③Hyponymy 上下义关系：一种意义包含的关系
上义词：superodinate 下义词：Hyponyms
https://www.360docs.net/doc/247309088.html,ponential Analysis: 成分分析
P103 出判断题
Entailment:包含关系a=1,b=1 a=0,b=?
Presupposing: 前提关系a=1,b=1 a=0,b=1
Inconsistent:矛盾a=1,b=0 a=0,b=1
Chapter 8
1.Pragmatics = context + meaning
2.Speech Act Theory: John Langshaw Austin
①Performatives : 施为句perform acts
特点：第一人称，现在时，直陈语气，主动语态
②Constatives : 叙事句
It is a descrition of what the speaker is doing at the same time of speaking.
( state a fact; report; describe)
3.A theory of the Illocutionary Act
① Locutionary : 言内行为
② Illocutionary: 言外行为
③ Perlocutionary: 言后行为
4.The Cooperative Principle P 177
5.Characteristics of Implicature:
①Calculability: 可推测性
②Cancellability: 可撤销性（加一句话可撤销）
③Non-detachability: 不可分离性
④Non-conventionality : 非常规性
Chapter9
P206 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?
P215 9.4.4 How to analyse the language of fiction?
P221 9.3.3 How to analyse Dramatic texts?
Chapter10
1.CAI: Computer-assisted instruction 计算机辅助教学
CAL: Computer-assisted Learning 计算机辅助学习
CALL:Computer-assisted Language learning 计算机辅助语言学习
Chapter 11
1.Contrastive Analysis ( CA)
P270-271
2.Error Analysis (EA)
Mistake: 具备competence ,但没有performance
Error: 没有competence
Chapter12
1.The Prague School
The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonogy.
代表人物：Trubetskoy
Functional sentence perspective (FSP) 功能句子观
The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole.
2.The London School
B. Malinowski, J.R. Firth, M.A.K. Halliday all stress the importance of context of situation and the system aspects of language. Thus, London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.
●Malinowski’s theories: Meaning is not something that exists in sounds, but something that exists in the relations of sounds and their environment.
●Firth’s theories: Language is a social process. Meaning is use, the meaning of any sentence consists of five parts （P285 第二段）
Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar
Halliday’s SF is a sociological oriented functional linguistic ap proach which can be applied to language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and machine translation.
①:Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential
②:Functional Grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction.
3.12.4 American Structuralism
①Early period: Boas and Sapir
the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, Sapir defines language as “a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols”.
②Bloomfield’s theory
Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult’s use of language is also a process of Stimulus-Response.
③Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics
Z. Harris, C. Hockett, G. Trager, use the computer to carry out discovery procedures, Harris’s theory is circular, depending heavily on meaning,
K. Pike, Tagmemics, everything in the world is hierarchical.
4.Transformational-Generative Grammar
由Chomsky 提出
①The Innateness Hypothesis
Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acqusition Divice( LAD)
②Generative Grammer
A system of rules that in some explicit and well -defined way assigns atructural descriptions to sentences.
③The Classical Theory:
Chomsky puts forward 3 kinds of grammar: finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar
《新编简明英语语言学教程》章期末复习
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language
英语语言文学专业基础
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）
简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
《英语语言学》答案完整版
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
新版简明英语语言学 Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学
Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点： 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初，Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始，同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调，即语言应该作为一个独立的，内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述，因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.360docs.net/doc/247309088.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.360docs.net/doc/247309088.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.360docs.net/doc/247309088.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.360docs.net/doc/247309088.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
[资料]-英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt.
英语语言学复习重点
英语语言学复习重点1 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It ai ms to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 https://www.360docs.net/doc/247309088.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a s ocial activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： ⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别 ⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家
英语 语言学 知识点整理
★Haliday—child language. Macrofunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual. ★what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. Chapter2 Phonology ★three branches of phonetics:①Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. ②Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. ③Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. ★Organs of Speech : Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔Oral cavity–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity–鼻腔 ★Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. (leaf /l/) ★Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.(dark /l/~) ★Phonetics and Phonology区别: are concerned with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds. ①Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. ②Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. ★rules in Phonology:①Sequential rules: Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. ②Assimilation rules: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ③Deletion rule: It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented. ★Suprasegmental超切分特征: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.(intonation: when pitch, stress and sound lenth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. //tone: Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature.) Chapter3 Morphology ★open class words: new words can be added to these classes regularly. Such as nouns, verbs,