5外文翻译原文

5外文翻译原文
5外文翻译原文

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect , 2015, 528: 17-24.

半正定矩阵的乘积

Jianlian Cui , Chi-Kwong Li , Nung-Sing Sze

Department of Mathematics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China Department of Mathematics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg,VA 23187, USA Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong

摘 要 已知每个具有非负性决定因子的复方阵是正半定矩阵的乘积.在乘积中存在需要两个或五个半正定矩阵的矩阵的表征.然而,缺少乘积中需要三个或四个半正定矩阵的矩阵的表征. 在本文中,我们给出了这两种类型矩阵的完整表征.有了这些结果,我们给了一个确定方阵是否可以表示为k 半正定矩阵的乘积的算法,k = 1,2,3,4,5. 关键词 半正定矩阵,数值范围

1 介绍

令n M 为n n ?个复数矩阵的集合.在[3]中,作者表明,具有非负决定因子的n M 中的矩阵总是可以写成五个或更少的半正定矩阵的乘积.这是对[1]的结果的延伸,n M 中具有的决定因素的每个矩阵都是五个或更少正定矩阵的乘积.类似于[1]中的分析,[3]的作者研究那些可以表示为两个,三个或四个半正定矩阵的乘积.特别地,对于矩阵可以表示为两个半正定矩阵的乘积,也有人表示不是zI 形式的任何矩阵,其中z 不是非负数,可以写成四个半正定矩阵的乘积.此外,[3,定理3.3] 已被证明.如果应用单

一相似性来改变方阵形式12*0n T T M T ??=∈??

??,使得1T 是可逆的,2T 是零矩阵,并且如果1T 是三个正定矩阵的乘积,则T 可以表示为三个半正定矩阵的乘积.反之并不如此.以下示例显然不是这样.

例题1.1让9900T --??=????,那么9313151132151811T -??????

=??????

-??????是三个半正定矩阵的

乘积. 然而1[9]T =-不是它的乘积三个正定矩阵,因为1det()0T <.

当然,可以强制1det()0T >这个明显必要条件推测是否符合额外的假设. 然而,通过修改示例1.1

2

221222322299()()()00I

I T I A I A I A I --??

?==???????

, 使用因式分解123T A A A =.在修改示例中,我们有129T I =-和220T =.由[1,定理4],

129,T I =-是不小于5的正数的乘积确定矩阵.

在下一节中,我们将给出可以写为三个半正定矩阵的乘积的矩阵的完整表征,此外,我们添加一个必要和足够的可逆矩阵的条件,可以写成三个正定矩阵的乘积. 通过这些结果,可以使用给定矩阵的Jordan 形式及其数值范围来决定是否可以表示为二,三,四或五个半正定矩阵的乘积.

2 三个半正定矩阵的乘积

我们将证明以下内容.

定理2.1.假设120T R T T ??

=????

使得1T 是可逆的. 那么T 是三个半正定矩阵的乘积,当且仅当满足以下条件:

2()00.a R T ≠≠或

2()0,0,b R T ≠=1T 是三个正定矩阵的乘积. 我们通过一些引理来证明定理2.1

引理2.2 令,n A S M ∈,使得S 是可逆的.那么当且仅当 * S AS 是时,A 是奇数个半正定矩阵的乘积.

在下一个引理中,我们需要矩阵n A M ∈的数值范围的概念被定义为

{}

()*:,*1.n W A x Ax x C x x =∈=

数值范围是研究矩阵的有用工具. 可以看到[2,第1章]为数值范围的基本属性.

引理2.3 假设100p T R T ??=???

?使得1m T M ∈是可逆的,并且R 是非零的.那么T 是三个

半正定矩阵的乘积.

证明:首先,我们表明存在一个p m ?矩阵S ,使得1T RS +是三个正定矩阵的乘积.

如果1m =,则存在p S C ∈,使得10T RS +>.假设1m >并且R 具有奇异值分解

*

*

111k k k

R s x y s x y =+

+,其中1,...,k s s 是非零奇异的R 和1,...,m k x x C ∈和1,..,p k y y C ∈是相应的右和左单位奇异向量. 让{}1,...,m e e 是m C 的标准基.取一个U ,使11Ux e =. 由于

1T 是可逆的,所以*11?T UTU =也是可逆的. 假设*1?t 是1T 的第一行. 令12?v t e ε=+,并且1

?()T ε是通过用*v 替换其第一行而从1T 获得的m m ?矩阵. 取足够小0ε>,使得v 不是1e 的倍数,矩阵1

?()T ε仍然是可逆的. 令1*11i S s re y v U θ

-=且0r >,[0,2)θπ∈.且

****1111

?().i U T RS U UTU URSU T re e v θ+=+=+ 由于v 不是1e 的倍数,所以矩阵*1e v 的秩不正常,因此*1()W e v 是具有焦点0和1

v

0>,其中1v 是v 的第一个条目; 例如,见[2,

定理1.3.6]. 由于图()X

W X 是连续的,对于足够大的0r >,

*11

?(/)i W e v e T r θ-+ 仍然包含0作为任何[0,2)θπ∈的内点.那么令

*

*

1111??()().i i i e W T re e v re W e v T r

θ

θ

θ

-+=+ 此外,可以选择值r 使得11

??det()/det(())r T T ε>. 现在由行列式相对于第一行的线性度,

**111111

???det()det(())det()det()det(())i i T RS U T RS U T re e v T re T θθε+=+=+=+ 因为11

??det()det(())i T re T θε<,存在[0,2)θπ∈,使得1det()0T RS +>.通过[1,定理3](另见命题2.4),1T RS +是三个正定矩阵的乘积.

最后,请注意

*10000

00

m

m

p p p p T R I T RS

R I S T S I I +????????

==???????????

?????

?? 由[3,定理3.3],T 是三个半正定矩阵的乘积,T 也是引理2.2.

定理证明2.1,假设T 是三个半正定矩阵的乘积.如果0R ≠或20T ≠,那么我们完成了.否则,10p T T =⊕是三个半正定矩阵的乘积.由[3,命题3.5],1T 是三个正定矩阵的乘积.

为了证明相反,我们考虑以下三种情况.

情况1:假设0R ≠我们使用p 上的感应,2T 的大小.如果1p =,则结果从引理2.3得到:2[0]T =. 假设2T 的大小最大为1p -的结果.由于2T 是无效的,不失一般性,

我们可以假设2T 是上三角矩阵,2122200T T T ??

=????

,其中211p T M -∈. 写12[]R R R =其中1R 是(1)m p ?-. 如果10R ≠,矩阵11210T R T ??????

是一种三个半正定矩阵的乘积,例如123PP P . 此外,通过[3,定理2.2](另见命题3.1),我们可以假设12P P 和都是可逆的.

令222(1) 1.R X m p T ??

=+-?????

对于任意的U ,0>ε

1

13

12321111*

10000000()

1P P PP P P P X T P X εεεε----????????==???????????????? 显然,11[0]Q P =⊕和1

33[]Q P ε-=⊕是半正定矩阵.现在可以选择一个足够小,使

0ε>,1

2121*

1()

1P P X Q P X εε--??=???? 也是半正定. 因此,T 是三个半正定矩阵123QQ Q 的乘积.

现在假设10R =,那么T 的第() 1m +列是零列. 通过交换第() 1m +和最后一个索

引,可以看到T 是排列相似于121

2200000T R

T T ???

?

?????

?

,其中

2122(1),(1)(1),11R m p T p p T p ?--?-?-是是是()

还要注意,R 非零,21T 是无效的. 通过归纳,1210T R T ??

????

是三个半正定矩阵123PP P 的乘

积. 由[3,定理2.2],我们可以进一步假定2P 和3P 都是可逆的. 令220Y T ??=??,那么任意0ε>,

11*

1

3123

23

21111

3220000()0000

0()100T R

P P PP P P YP T Y

YP T εεεε----???????????

?==????????????????

??????

再次,可以选择一个足够小的0ε>,使得上述方程左侧的所有三个矩阵都是半正定的. 因此,T 是排列相似的到三个半正定矩阵的乘积,因此T 也可以写成三个半正定矩阵的乘积.

情况2:假设 0R =,2T 是非零. 在不失一般性的情况下,我们可以假设2T 是具

有零对角线条目的上三角形,而2T 的第一行是非零的.令0m

p I S Z

I ??

=?

???

,那么 **1*1

2220000

0m

m

p p I T I

Z T Z T S TS Z I T I T ????

????==????????????????

??. 情况3:假设 0R =,20T =.如果1T 是三个正定矩阵的乘积,则10p T T =⊕是三个半正定矩阵的乘积.

注意,定理2.1取决于检查可逆矩阵是三个正定矩阵的乘积. 这种条件在[1,定理3]中给出. 我们根据以下命题的数值范围重新得出结果,该方法基于[1,定理3和事实3.2]中的讨论.

命题2.4 令n T M ∈使得() 0det T >.然后,当且仅当以下之一成立时,T 是三个正定矩阵的乘积.

(a )()W T 包含0作为内点.

(b )()W T 包含正数, T 的特征值的参数可以被排列成:

11-...0n

n j j πθθπθ=<≤≤<=∑使得.

请注意,在[1,p. 88],作者在条件(3.6b)条件(3.6b)中要求对应于我们的条件(b),T 的所有实际特征值都是正的,这是通过我们假设所有j 的(,)j θππ∈-来保证的.

3 确定因素的数量

在本节中,我们描述了一种算法,用于确定乘积等于给定的n A M ∈与非负决定子的半正定矩阵的最小数量.

我们首先提出以下定理,为矩阵A 的乘积提供一些简单的测试, 两个半正定矩阵满足条件(a),(b),(c)的等价性在[3,定理2.2]中给出.包括一个简短的证明.

命题3.1 令A 为方阵. 以下是等同的. (a)A 是两个半正定矩阵的乘积.

(b)=A BC ,其中,B C 是半正定矩阵,使得B 或C 是可逆的.

(c)A 相似于非负对角矩阵.

(d)A 与上部块三角矩阵整体相似,使得对角线块是对应于不同标量的标量矩阵. (e)A 的最小多项式只有简单的非负数. 证明:(c)(d)(e)已是显然.

111**11**()():()()()()c b A S DS S S S DS S D S S S -----?===

()()b a ?:显然.

()()a c ?:假设=A BC ,其中,B C 是n n ?半正定. 令U 为酉矩阵,使

*00k U BU B =⊕,其中0n k B M -∈为正定矩阵. 让1112*2122C

C U CU C C ??=??

??. 假设V 是一个整数,使得对于正定矩阵*1100e V C V C =⊕. 我们可以用()U V I ⊕代替U ,并假设

1100e C C =⊕.因为C 是半正定的,0

1*1

2200

000

e C C C C C ????=??????

,那么 0

10

100*

*1

2200000000000

0000

00

0e e k k k C C C

C B B U AU C C ????

????????==?

?????????????????

?

?

,

1

1

11

01010122

00

11

220000

000000000000000

000

0000000e k k k k k k k e E C C C C E

C C B B B E E E E E E C B B ---????-??????

??????????????????????????

???????

???????????=⊕??

??()

因此,A 相似于11

220

00000k e C

B B ??⊕????

(,它是半正定的,并且是相似于非负对角矩阵.

现在,我们准备提出一个算法来检查具有det ()0,A ≥的矩阵n A M ∈是否可以被写为k 个正半矩阵的乘积,但1,2,3,4,5k ≠.

算法3.2 令n A M ∈,det ()0,A ≥如果n A I α=,使得[0,)α?+∞,则A 可以表示为五

个半正定矩阵的乘积.否则,应用与A 的酉矩阵相似得到上三角矩阵120

T R T T ??

=?

???

,使得1T 是可逆的,2T 是无效的.

(1)如果T 是非负对角矩阵,那么T 本身就是一个半正定矩阵.

(2)条件(1)不成立,A 满足命题3.1中的任何一个等效条件. 那么A 可以表示为两个半正定矩阵的乘积.

(3)假设(1)和(2)不成立. 那么A 可以表示为三个半正定矩阵的乘积,但不限于以下任何一个.

(3.a)R 或2T 不为零.

(3.b)0R =和20T =,1T 是三个正定的乘积矩阵.

在(3.b)中,如果以下之一成立,则可逆矩阵1T 是三个正定矩阵的乘积. (i)1det 0,T ≠,1()W T 包含0作为内部点,

(ii)0不在1()W T 的内部,1()W T 包含正数,j θ∑,其中12k πθθθπ-<≤

1T 的特征值的参数.

(4)假设条件(1),(2),(3)不成立,即1=0p T T ⊕,使得上三角矩阵1T 对于(i)和(ii)均不成立,那么A 可以表示为四个半正定矩阵的乘积.

4 致谢

作者要感谢裁判仔细阅读手稿,崔先生的研究得到了国家自然科学基金委的支持,是滑铁卢大学量子计算研究所的附属成员.他也是上海大学著名教授;他的研究由美国NSF 授权DMS 1331021,西蒙斯基金会赠款351047和中国11571220的NNSF 拨款支持.Sze 的研究得到了香港RGC 授予理大502512及理大中央研究资助G-UC25的支持.

5 参考文献

[1] C.S. Ballantine, Products of positive definite matrices. IV, Linear Algebra Appl. 3 (1970) 79–114.

[2] Horn Johnson, Topics in Matrix Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.

[3] P.Y. Wu, Products of positive semidefinite matrices, Linear Algebra Appl. 111 (1988) 53–61.

ASP外文翻译原文

https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型,它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 应用程序的代码时,可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码,这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言,可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 应用程序。 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 包括: ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架,它在 Web 服务器上运行,可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 网页,https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记(例如 HTML)。通常,您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页,因为 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是,您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 网页,并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备(如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA))的移动控件。

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

5外文翻译原文1

A Case Study of Pattern-based Software Framework to Improve the Quality of Software Development Chih-Hung Chang, Chih-Wei Lu Dept. of Information Management, Hsiuping Institute of Technology No.11, Gongye Rd., Dali City, Taichung County, Taiwan(R.O.C.) 886-4-24961123 ext 3112 {chchang,cwlu}@ https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,.tw William C. Chu Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tunghai University No.181, Sec. 3, Taichung Port Rd.,Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-23508983 cchu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,.tw Nien-Lin Hsueh Dept. of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4- 24517250 ext 3773 nlhsueh@https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,.tw Chorng-Shiuh Koong Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Taichung University No.140, Ming-Sheng Rd., Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-22183804 csko@https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,.tw ABSTRACT In recent years, development of the software industry and demand for software systems have increased rapidly, but developers often does not know whose suggestion to follow regarding methodologies of software engineering. One reason for that is the difficulty in applying new software engineering technologies. Developers take a long time to train. Another reason is the difficulty in integrating CASE toolsets. So many indeterminate factors make the development process more and more complex. On the other hand, software development is too customized, and software reuse is difficult. T he reasons above are the cause for software development and maintenance to become more complex and difficult to control. In this paper we explore the importation of a software pattern-based framework, and the development of an ERP/support chain system. Based on software patterns, developers can separate development and business so as to reduce problems caused by the developer’s lack of business experience. T he quality of the product can thus be enhanced, software development costs be reduced, and software maintenance be improved. Keywords Design Pattern, Framework, Software Development Process, XML 1.INTRODUCTION In Object-Oriented T echnology, the property of inheritance allows software components to be reused, which can obviously reduce the cost of software development. For this reason, to produce a highly reusable software component is an important goal of software engineering. However, programmers are usually focused on code reuse while ignoring design reuse. Design patterns provide a clear concept of design structure by describing the relationships of inheritance and reference between components of the system. Design patterns are a series of familiar usages and constructions utilized throughout system design. Design patterns allow rapid coding of certain components by following certain patterns of steps. T his can improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by providing an explicit specification of class, object interactions and their underlying intents. One of the main purposes of design patterns is to help software engineers to understand the common characteristics of software objects/components in specialized domain. In recent years, due to the development and maturation of WWW and Java [14] technologies, many applications are now web applications or leaning in that direction. Many software concepts are utilized for the web as well, such as Design Patterns and Frameworks. The Apache Struts [12] and Spring Framework [13] are both open source frameworks used to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application. T he advantage of using a framework is the layered architecture it provides. Layered architecture allowed users to choose the component desired, while also providing the integration framework when developing application using J2EE. T hese developing web concepts can facilitate the development of web applications. However, these very useful tools and concepts lack a systematic organization. We hope to use these open source software technologies to develop a software framework which can be applied to web application. T his should solve the problem of web applications lacking a good structure, while through applying these open source software technologies, software development costs will be reduced. Furthermore, a guideline for programmers who wants to use these open source technologies will be provided. This paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we discuss works related to our project; in section 3, the open source technologies used in the paper and the system implementation will be described; Section 4 is a sample experiment. T he conclusion is given in section 5.

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

外文翻译五分钟搞定5000字

五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译,你想要的工具都在这里。【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】来源:董绪的日志 五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,/node/2151 建议收藏 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下: 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能,然后阅读文献; 2.遇到无法理解的长句时,可以交给Google处理,处理后的结果猛一看,不堪入目,可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了; 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解,感觉就是不同,那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误,因为某些单词看似很简单,但是在文献中有特殊的意思,这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思,由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献,所以它的吻合率很高。 另外,在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位,这样才不会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的误导。 注: 1、Google翻译:https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,/language_tools google,众所周知,谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文,当然这方面的帖子很多,大家可以搜

索,在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译, 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的,根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做,一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧,按中国人的办法,把一个一个词分着查出来,敲到google里,你的这种翻译一般不太准,当然你需要验证是否准确了,这下看着吧,把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索,你能看到许多相关的文献或资料,大家都不是笨蛋,看看,也就能找到最精确的翻译了,纯西式的!我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译:https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, CNKI翻译助手,这个网站不需要介绍太多,可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点,你进去看看就能发现:搜索的肯定是专业词汇,而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应(因为它是CNKI检索提供的,它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的),很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧,它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用,当然省事了。网址告诉大家,有兴趣的进去看看,你们就会发现其乐无穷!还是很值得用的。https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html, 3、网路版金山词霸(不到1M):https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,/694690163794 4806 翻译时的速度: 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度,按个人翻译速度看,打印版的快些,因为看电子版本一是费眼睛,二是如果我们用电脑,可能还经常时不时玩点游戏,

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕

南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点:南京信息职业技术学院 专业:电子信息工程 姓名:陈洁 学号: 014910253034 外文出处:《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 指导教师评语: 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误,用词准确,没 有重要误译,忠实原文;译文通顺,条理清楚,数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名: 年月日 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址:独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始,如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备,64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备,达到8个字节(一个4字)可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取(8字节/传送*33百万传送字/秒),在66MHz总线上可以528M字节/秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备,总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上(AD[31::00])引导,所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外,对64位寻址反映的存储器目标(驻留在4GB地址边界上)可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性,各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能,PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时,REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#(如果目标支持64位数据传送),ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔(但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效,ACK64#才可被有效)。像REQ64#一样,ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时,ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址/数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/2511133899.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

相关文档
最新文档