博弈论的总结|博弈论总结

博弈论的总结|博弈论总结
博弈论的总结|博弈论总结

博弈论学习的个人总结刘艳丽

第一部分基本情况

视频来源耶鲁公开课《博弈论》1----5讲,人人影视

参考资料耶鲁校园网

《博弈论--战略分析入门》,美,罗杰A麦凯恩,原毅军译,机械工业出版社,2006,42元《策略博弈》,阿维纳什迪克西特,蒲勇健译,中国人民大学出版社,第二版,2009,65元班级工商,人力08级学生

课时8节

我的时间投入视频26个小时;书籍,25小时;上网时间,无法统计。

第二部分知识层面

一、The five lessons五个基本的结论

1、Don"t play a strictly dominated strategy

2、Rational choices can lead to bad outcomes

3、You can"t get what you want

4、Put yourself in other people"s shoes

5、Yale students are evil

二、Game 2: "pick a number."数字游戏

Without showing your neighbor what you"re doing, put in the box below a whole number between 1 and a 100 [whole number between 1 and 100--integer.] We will calculate the average number chosen in the class. The winner in this game is the person whose number is closest to two-thirds times the average in the class.

三、The Prisoners" Dilemmasome examples囚徒困境

A joint project

Price competition

A common resource

Global warming and carbon emissions

communication,contracts,treaties between countries,regulation,education cannot work

Solutions OF The Prisoners" Dilemma changing payoffs.改变收益结构

四、The ingredients of a game博弈的基本结构

Playersi 、j

Strategies"si" to be a particular strategy of Player i

Si" to be the set of alternatives.

"s" to mean a particular play of the game

Payoffs"U" for utile, to be Player i"s payoff.

So "Ui" will depend on Player 1"s choice …all the way to Player i"s

own choice …all

the way up to Player N"s choices.

Player i"s payoff "Ui," a shorter way of writing that would be "Ui(s)," it depends on the

profile

S-i" to mean a strategy choice for everybody except person "i."

Assume that everybody knows the possible strategies everyone else could choose and everyone

knows everyone else"s payoffs

五、如何寻找博弈均衡解

1、成绩案例-----求解方法,如存在最优策略,则选择最优。

2、数字游戏——如果不在绝对优势策略,则叠代剔出劣势策略

(情景案例中间选民理论,合作博弈,产品植入理论)

3、点球游戏——不存在严格优劣势策略,则根据对对手的策略,来确定自己的最优策略。(最佳反应策略。)

六、纳什均衡

1、纳什均衡的定义

在一个没有严格优势策略的博弈中,如果没一个参与人都采用了针对其他参与人所选策略的最优反应策略,那么参与人的策略就是一个纳什均衡。

2、研究纳什均衡的意义

第一个意义,是我不后悔。如果其他人的行为不改变,那么我改变了策略,我的收益会减少,我会后悔没有选择符合纳什均衡的策略。这个不后悔。

第二个意义是自我实施的信念。

第三个意义是任何博弈都会趋向于一个稳定的均衡,而这个均衡是纳什均衡。

生活中和商业案例中有许多纳什均衡的案例。研究纳什均衡可以帮助我们理

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