语音学

语音学

语音学

1.What is phonetics(语音学) and what does it cover?

答:Phonetics is the science of speech sounds. It deals with the sound system of a language. English phonetics covers the articulation, classification and combination of the English speech sounds. It also deals with the laws of their changes, the rules of stresses and the intonation in English speech

3. How to classify consonants and monophthongs?

答:Consonants may be classified according to:

1) The work of the vocal cords

2) Place of articulation

3) Manner of articulation

Many consonants go in pairs with one of them voiced and the other voiceless.

4. What is elision? How many types of elision are there in English?

答:Elision means the omission of a sound or sounds, either within the body of a word or at a junction of words. There are historical elisions and contextual elisions.

5. How to distinguish a word’s strong form and weak form?

答:A weak form of a word is generally distinguished form a strong form

1) By the difference in vowel-sounds

2) By the absence of a sound (vowel and consonant)

3) By the difference in the length of a vowel

6. What is incomplete plosion?

答:When a plosive consonant is immediately followed by another plosive, only the second plosive is fully exploded, but the closure is held for double the usual time.

The first plosive is incomplete. This is known as incomplete plosion.

7. What is progressive assimilation and double assimilation?

答:In progressive assimilation the assimilated sound is influenced by the preceding sound. Or double, assimilation the neighbouring sounds influence each other.

8. What is assimilation?

答:In connected speech, sounds, under the influence of their neighbors, are replace by other sounds. Sometimes two neighbouring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both the original sounds. This process is called assimilation.

语言学基础知识

一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征:Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能(不是很重要) 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程,考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构,词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义,还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式:规定式:prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式:descriptive说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究:共时:synchronic研究某个特定时期语言 历时:diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语:语言:langue指语言系统的整体 言语:parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用:乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力:competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用:performance真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA(国际音标)是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 三、音位学 1、最小对立体minimal pairs 2、音位phoneme

语言学知识_音系学

音系学 一.音系学(Phonology)的定义: 音系学主要有以下两个任务:其一,发现某一特定语言中出现的所有能够区别意义的语音;其二,找出语音是如何组织起来表达意义的。 二.音素(Phone)、音位(Phoneme)和音位变体(Allophone): 音素(Phone):一个语音单元或音段。 音位(Phoneme):一个具有区别性价值的单位,是一组语音特征的抽象集合体。 音位变体(Allophone):同一个音位在不同语音环境下的实现的方式。 三.音位的分布(Distribution of Phonemes): 音位对立(phonemic contrast)以及互补分布(complementary Distribution):相似的音素之间相联系的方式主要有两种:如果它们是同一个音位的音位变体,不区别意义,就处于互补分布状态;如果它们不是同一个音位的音位变体,且能够区分意义,就构成了音位对立。 自由变异(free variation): 如果两个音素出现在一个相同的语音环境中,并不区别意义,换而言之,用一个音素替换另一个音素而不产生一个新词,仅仅产生同一个词的不同读音,那么这两个音素就处于自由变异。 最小对立体(minimal pairs): 如果两个单词,除了出现在同一个位置上的一个音以外,其余的都相同,则这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。若最小对立体按照相同的条件进一步的扩展,扩展到多对,就构成了一个最小对立集(minimal set)。例如:hook和book,book和look,look和cook就构成了三对对立体,而这六个词则构成了一个最小对立集。 四.音系学的一些规则(Some Rules of Phonology): 在音系学中,孤立的音素是没有意义的。因此为了表达意义,音素必须组合在一起,但是也需要符合一定的组合原则。 1)序列原则(Sequential rules):即语音组成词在排列顺序上要受到一定的制约。音位系统规定了哪些音位可以放在词首,哪些可以放在哪些可以相互搭配。 2)同化原则(assimilation rule):一个音通过吸收其相邻音的特点,变得与其相似,这种音系规则叫做同化原则(assimilation rule)。如果后面的音同化了前面的邻音,这种同化叫做逆同化(regressive assimilation);反之,则叫做顺同化(progressive assimilation)。常见的同化有鼻音化(nasalization),齿音化(dentalization)和软腭 化(velarization)。 3)省略原则(deletion rule):有关于在什么条件下某个音被省略掉,即只有拼写形式存在而不发音的音系规则。 五.超音段特征(Suprasegmental Features): 超音段特征主要有音调(tone)、重音(stress)和语调(intonation)。 重音(stress):在产生一个音节过程中所用力的程度。重音分为两种:单词重音和句子

第四章 语音学

第四章语音学 一、语音学: 音素 区别特征 辅音 发音部位、发音方法,概括的类 元音 音素的成音节能力 二、音系学: 音位 最小区别对儿 超音段 音节结构 音系规则 概说 ?语音学研究符号的声音方面。一种语言中有些什么音,这些音又是如何“串”在一起的。包括语音学和音系学两个分支。 ?语音学phonetics,研究语音发音特点,提出语音描写、分类和转写方法。是对语音发音、声学或知觉的一般研究,是“实质”/ “物理”的研究。基本单位是“音素”(“音段”)。 三个分支:(a)发音语音学,(b)声学语音学,(c)听觉语音学。 音系学phonology,基本单位是“音位” ?一个语言的具体音形多种多样,但万变不离其宗,音系的单位只能在一定的规则制约下活动。每种语言的语音都是一个有限集,具有系统性,其语音单位总是在一定的语音格局中活动。所谓音系的格局,包括:1一套音系的基本单位;2音位的活动模式,后者可表示为一套规则,包括:语音单位的组合规则;语素音形的交替规则。 ?音系单位在一定的框架中的活动总是成组行动的。单位组合相交替的模式限制,模式中单位活动的成组性,就形成了语言音系的格局。 音系结构和语音现象之间存在差别 ?“语音假象”,人们往往“听”不出自己语言的语音之间的差异,把具有不同声学特点的音“听”成是相同的,或把几乎相同的音“听”成是不同。萨丕尔(1933)调查萨其语(sarcee,加拿大印第安语言)时发现,发音人强调[bìní ]“这个”不同于[bìní ] “出声”,但萨丕尔却听不出二者之间的分别。原来,“出声”在别的语言环境下作[bìnít ] ,而“这一个”词无论在什么环境都作[bìní ] ;单说时,[bìnít ] 的[t]尾脱落,听起来就和“这一个”一样。萨其人之所以“听”得出两词之间的差别,是因为他们掌握了萨其语的知识。不懂萨其语的人,只能在单纯的语音这个层次考察词与词之间的关联,而无法在抽象的层次上作出判断。 ?语音假象实际反映音系结构的真相。 读写脱节 字母与音素 ?knot, not; now, know, psycho ?Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas? The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine. ?dame dad father call village many

中国现代语音学的发展

中国现代语音学的形成与发展 林焘 北京大学 中国现代语音学是在二十世纪中西文化剧烈撞击的背景下形成并发展起来的。 中国文化和外国文化曾经有过两次大规模的交流和撞击。第一次撞击是东汉以后佛教的传入,第二次撞击是二十世纪的西学东渐。这两次交流和撞击对中国人的思想意识和文化观念都产生了巨大的影响,自然也影响到中国语言学的发展。在中国语言学的发展过程中,两次撞击首当其冲的都是语音学。第一次产生了中国传统语音学--音韵学。第二次产生了中国现代语音学。 十九世纪末,西方文化开始像潮水一般涌进中国,这个势头贯穿整个二十世纪。在这期间,中国人不断调整自己,以适应西方传来的先进思想和方法,并且逐渐吸收甚至融合到自己固有的文化中去。二十世纪初注音字母的制定和国语的推行就是在西方拼音文字和日本假名的影响下,经过一些具有先进思想的知识分子二三十年的不懈努力才完成的。1918 年,钱玄同在北京大学授课的讲义《文字学音篇》出版,这是中国第一部概论性的音韵学著作,其中用相当多的篇幅讲解注音字母,并且用音标作为标音工具。这说明中国传统音韵学已经开始向现代化的方向转变。在语音学的带动下,中国语言学摆脱了传统的羁绊,面向世界,面向社会实际需要,开始走上了革新的道路。 1919 年爆发的五四运动彻底摧毁了旧文化堡垒,建立起了适应新时代要求的新文化。中国语音学也开始系统地接受西方先进的理论和方法,呈现出生气勃勃的崭新面貌。从五四运动到 1937 年抗日战争爆发这将近二十年的时间,是中国语音学走向现代化的重要历史时期,为中国语音学的现代化奠定了十分坚实的基础。 二十年代初,在欧美留学的赵元任、刘复、林语堂等人相继回国,直接把西方的语言学理论和方法介绍到中国。当时西方语言学的主流正在从十九世纪盛行的历史比较语言学向结构主义语言学过渡,和自然科学相结合的实验语音学也已经走出萌芽阶段。这些西方语言学理论和方法传到中国后,大大开阔了中国语言学家的视野,中国语言学从此彻底脱离了闭关自守的状态,开始运用西方先进的语言学理论和方法研究汉语。最先取得成绩的就是中国语音学。刘复二十年代在法国留学时,用当时先进的语音仪器设备写成博士论文《汉语字声实验录》,1924 年改名《四声实验录》在国内出版,这是中国第一部用实验方法研究汉语语音的专著。稍后,王力 1927 年在法国也用实验语音学的方法完成了博士论文《博白方音实验录》。刘复回国后,在北京大学文科研究所创立了“语音乐律实验室”,开展实验语音学的研究工作。中国语音学研究开始走上了科学的、现代化的道路。 1928 年中央研究院历史语言研究所成立,赵元任任语言组组长,确定以调查汉语方言和建立语音实验室为工作重点,把语音学的发展放在了首要的地位。同年,赵元任《现代吴语的研究》出版,这是第一部用现代的语言调查方法调查汉

语言学概论名词解释

名词解释 第一章总论 □语言学 以语言为研究对象的一门独立的学科。 □语文学 一门研究古文献和书面语的学问。 □历史语言学 主要用历史的方法研究某种语言和短期的和长期的变化规律,对比语言学主要用比较的方法对不同的语言进行对比研究,找出它们的相异之处或共同规律(研究语言在不同时期所经历的变化)。 □历史比较语言学 运用比较的方法来发现几种语言在历史演变中的对应规律从而确定语言的亲属关系,构拟产生这些亲属语言的原始母语。 □描写语言学 是和历史语言学相对,即截取某一历史阶段的语言,对其语音、词汇、语法等结构要素进行观察、描写、分析、研究。 □历时语言学 研究语言在不同时期所经历的变化。 □共时语言学 研究语言某一段时期情况的语言学,如现代汉语、古代汉语等。 □个别语言学 其研究的对象是一种语言,如汉语、英语等。 □普通语言学 研究的对象是人类语言,着重从理论上探讨语言的共同特点和一般规律,也叫一般语言学。 □语言的语言学 语言的语言学是以“语言”为唯一对象的语言学,指音义结合的词汇语法系统。是一种静态、同质的纯语言学。 □言语的语言学 言语的语言学是一种动态的、异质的、涉及方方面面的语言学。 □内部语言学(微观语言学) 只对语言系统内部各结构要素进行研究,如:语音学、语义学、词汇学、语法学等。 □外部语言学(宏观语言学) 指与语言相关的边缘学科,如社会语言学、心理语言学、心理语言学、人类语言学等。 □对比语言学 就要用比较的方法对不同的语言进行对比研究,找出它们的相异之处或共同规律。 □微观语言学(内部语言学) 只对语言系统内部各结构要素进行研究,如:语音学、语义学、词汇学、语法学等。 □宏观语言学(外部语言学) 指与语言相关的边缘学科,如社会语言学、心理语言学、心理语言学、人类语言学等。 □理论语言学 理论语言侧重研究语言的一般理论,狭义的理论语言学就是普通语言学,广义的理论语言学也可以包括个别语言学的理论部分。 □应用语言学 侧重语言在各个领域中实际应用的学科。狭义应用语言学指语言教学的理论和方法研

语音基本知识学习资料

语音基本知识

一、音素 1、单元音: 2、双元音: 3、清、浊辅音: 关于语音的几个概念 1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2) 音标:词的语音形式。 3) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。 4) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand 5) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。

6) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。 7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi 8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it 9) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。 二、语音的基本常识 1、音节的划分 一个单词的音标中有几个元音就有几个音节。 2、重读音节 任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中,有重读音节和非重读音节,哪一个音节重读,该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“'”。 3、浊化音 以sp__, st___, sk___开头的单词清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/。 4、定冠词the的读音 e.g. the man

c.f. the old man 5、不完全爆破 爆破音[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时,前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍,而不能完全读出。 e.g. basketball 6、连读 在一个短语或句子中,如果相邻两词的关系相等密切,而前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,辅音和元素连在一起读。 7、意群的停顿 对于一个较长的句子,可以根据意思和结构将其划分成几群,一个意群必须一口气说完。 8. 重音 1)单词重音 A)双音节词 a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late

《语音学和音系学引论》 第二版

《语音学和音系学引论》(第二版) 分章导读 第一章导言 本章是全书的开篇,分为四个小题目:语音学和音系学,理论和分析,与其他领域的关系,全书的框架。 第一小节介绍本学科的研究范围。作者提出语音学和音系学从两个层面研究人类语音的发生和感知:第一个层面是语音的解剖和生理层面,涉及发音器官及功能、语音、传递语音的声波、听者对语音声波的分析和处理。在这一层面上的研究称为“语音学”,可以细分为语音的解剖学和生理学、发音语音学、声学语音学和听觉(或感知)语音学。在第二个层面上,语音被看作是一种有目的的人类活动,具有传达意义的目的,在这一层面上的语音研究称为“音系学”,因此音系学常被看作是与特定语言内部的语音构造有关的。 第二小节论述理论和实践的关系,指出本书旨在介绍一种科学的理论方法,是与会不会发音或会不会模仿截然不同的。普通人通过说话表达意义,从不有意识地考虑自己的哪些器官在做什么样的动作,但语言学家所感兴趣的恰恰是说话者的这些细微的过程和活动,并对此进行分析,对器官的动作和活动如何表达意义作出解释。 第三小节首先讲解语音学和音系学对口语的记录和描述以及对英语拼写的指导作用,然后讨论其在外语教学中的应用和有关英语标准发音(RP)的争论,最后说明语音研究与科学技术的相互联系。从事录音、语言描述和语言教学工作的人对语音知识会有一定的兴趣,而从事听力学、语言矫治和言语病理学的人员需要具备坚实的语音学和音系学基础。二十世纪的科技进步为语音研究提供了新的手段,使语音研究的成果与生理学、物理学和电子学有了更密切的关系。近年来语音研究与科学技术结合在语音合成和语音-文本转换方面也有了可喜的进展,具有很高的商业价值和对理论探索的兴趣,使语音学家和音系学家得以更加紧密地与计算机和人工智能方面的专家进行合作。 第四小节叙述本书的框架,指出各章的目的和方法。本书在结构上比较特别,语音学和音系学的内容交叉进行。第二、三、六、七、八章明显属于语音学的内容,其余各章属于音系学内容。这样做的目的是模糊语音学和音系学的界限,使这两个在很长一段时间独立进行研究的学科更加一致起来。 思考题: 1.语音学和音系学在对语音的研究上有哪些异同点? 2.语音学和音系学与我们平时发音的关系是什么? 3.语音学和音系学知识可以应用于哪些其他领域? 4.语音学和音系学与语言学的其他分支学科有什么关系?

学点语音知识

学点语音知识 1.关于语音的几个概念 1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2) 音标:词的语音形式。 3) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。 4) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap"ple, stu"dent, tea"cher, un"der"stand 5) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。 6) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。 7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音he, go, hi 8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it 9) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。 2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标) 1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling 2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth 3) [e] bed, desk, head, 4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp 5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt 6) [ ] hot, want 7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught 8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup, 9) [u] look, put, women, could 10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough 11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse 12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great, 14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye 15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow 16) [au] house, town 17) [ ] boy, oil 18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce, 19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair 20) [ ] tour, poor, 3. 容易混淆的元音 1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land 2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide 4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause 5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don

语音学和音位学 练习题

第2章语音学和音位学 Phonetics&Phonology 1.phonetics is the study of_______. A.all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages B.sppech sounds used by human languages to represent C.the differernces between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature D.how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding 2./m, n/ are ____. A.fricatives B.dentals C.glides D.nasals 3./w, j/ belong to ____. A.fricatives B. dentals C. glides D. nasals 4.Which of the following vowel is the rounded vowel? A.[i:] B.[u:] C.[i] D.[a:] 5.In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features? A.stress B.tone C.intonation D.syllable 6.Classification of vowels are made up of the followings EXCEPT____. A.the position of the tongue B.the openness of the mouth C.The shape of the lip D.The width of the vowels 7.A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a______. A.phoneme B.allophone C.phone D.allomorph 8./p, t, k / are______. A.fricatives B. affricates C. glides D.stops 9./kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of ______. https://www.360docs.net/doc/2518504229.html,nguage universals B.onomatopoeia C.teaching grammars D.morphs 10.The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a____ vowel.

语音学

一、导读 语音研究 人类交际包括两种形式:语言交际(linguistic communication) 和非语言交际(paralinguistic communication)。非语言交际包括手势、表情、眼神或图表等。语言交际包括口语(spoken language)和书面语 (written language)。在多数情况下,人们主要是通过口语进行交际。口语交际的媒介是语音 (speech sounds),也就是说人们通过声道(vocal track)发出的音来表达意义。这种对语音的研究被叫做语音学 (phonetics)。 口语交际是一个复杂的过程。可以想象,当人们交际时,语音首先被说话者发出,然后,它在空气中被传递并被听话者接收。也就是说,口语交际包括三个基本步骤:语音的发出→语音在空气中的传导→语音的接收。根据这三个步骤, 语音研究也自然地分成三个主要研究领域。对第一个步骤的研究是发声语音学(articulatory phonetics),研究语音的产生。对第二个步骤的研究是声学语音学(acoustic phonetics),研究语音的物理特征。对第三个步骤的研究是听觉语音学 (auditory phonetics),研究和语音感知有关的内容。 发音机制 语音是由各种发音器官(speech organ)而产生的。因此,正确理解语音需要掌握相关的发音系统知识。人体发声器官(见《语言学概论》杨忠主编,高等教育出版社2002:15)使流出的气流产生各种各样的变化,从而产生不同的音。肺部的气流是发声的原动力。肺部扩大时,空气从外流入,形成吸气音(ingressive sounds)。肺部收缩时,气流流经气管(trachea)、喉头(larynx)、咽腔(pharyngeal cavity)再经口腔 (oral cavity)或鼻腔(nasal cavity) 排除,形成呼气音 (egressive sounds)。 喉头是发声源。喉头上通咽腔,下接气管(trachea/windpipe)。喉头中间的两片富有弹性的薄膜叫声带 (vocal cords)。声带可以拉紧或放松,也可以闭合和开放,开放时形成声门(glottis)。由声带控制的声门决定发出的音是清音 (voiceless) 还是浊音 (voiced)。大部分发音器官都在口腔中。它们是小舌 (uvula)、软腭 (soft palate)、硬腭 (hard palate)、齿龈 (alveolar ridge)、牙齿 (teeth)、双唇(lips)和舌头 (tongue)。其中只有小舌和舌头是可弯曲或滑动的。 语音描写 语音学家描写语音时所使用的独立语音单位被称为音段(segments),例如[k], [e], [t], [s]。标音的符号系统有很多,但普遍使用的是国际音标(IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet)。自1888年以来,国际音标不断改进,试图用一个音标来代表人类言语的一个音。为了将语音标记和语言拼写系统区分开来,语言学家把语音符号放在[ ]中。音标不但使语音学家始终如一地对语言的声音进行正确地描写,而且还可以帮助语言教师和语言学习者正确教授和掌握发音。英语教科书和字典一般都采用国际音标。 在描写语音时,为了体现语音的细微差异,语言学使用更为详细的标音方法,有时被称为窄式记音(narrow transcription)。在窄式记音中,一些较小符号经常被附加在音标上,如鼻化符[ ? ]、重音符[ˊ]等。这些改变音值的较小记号叫做次音符(diacritic)。 英语辅音描写 根据语音的生理和物理属性,音段分为元音(vowels)和辅音 (consonants) 两类。他们的主要区别是:发元音时,发音器官不形成阻碍,气流可以畅通无阻地经口腔或鼻腔流出;发辅音时,发音器官某一部位形成阻碍,气流必须克服阻碍才能通过。

语言学第七章知识点总结

语言学第七章知识点总结 Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society. In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context. Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors. 1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalities The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant 2.The relevant objects 3.The effects of the verbal action Speech Community It refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world. https://www.360docs.net/doc/2518504229.html,nguage may determine our thinking patterns

现代语言学 简答整理

3.What are the branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? (语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么?) Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 1)General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication 3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in the context of use 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society 9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 11)Other related branches are anthropological linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics(神经语言学), mathematical linguistics (数学语言学), and computational linguistics(计算机语言学). 4.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? (现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别?) Traditional grammar is prescriptive(规定性); it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive(描述性); its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not. 5.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic(共时性)or diachronic(历时性)? Why? (The description of language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.) Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. Unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 6.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?在现代语言学里说话或写作哪一个有优先权?为什 么呢? Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken language for the following reasons: First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form. Then, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 7.Saussure 是如何区分语言langue和言语parole的? (The distinction between langue and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words.) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么? (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.) Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?索绪尔是如何区分语言和言语类似乔姆斯基的区分能力和表现?和它们的区别是什么? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study. They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?你认为应该怎样用一个良好的,全面的定义来总结语言的特征?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages. The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific. 11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么? 1.Arbitrariness(任意性): (课本答案:a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2.Productivity(创造性): (课本答案:creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con?struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before. 3.Duality(二重性): (课本答案:a feature totally lacking in any animal communication)It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or dou?ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4.Displacement(移位性): (课本答案:no animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation)Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

相关文档
最新文档