动词形式

动词形式
动词形式

日语动词的变化都是从辞书形开始的,一般分为五段动词(东京语言学校是说动词1);一段动词(东京语言学校说的是动词2);サ,カ变动词(东京语言学校说的是动词3)。我下面会用五段动词,サ,カ变动词来表示。

五段动词是以む、く、う、ぬ、ぐ、ぶ、る、す、つ为结尾组成的动词,一般在字典里会有详细的标注。例如行く(他五)他就是他动词,五就是五段动词。一段动词全部是以る结尾的动词,同样字典里也有详细的标注。

サ,カ变动词就只有两个词一个是します(する)做,干;一个是来きます(来くる)来。します(する)全部加在名词后面表示做的事情。例如勉强をします学习。勉强是学习的意思,加します就是学习的动词,中间的を可加可不加。来きます(来くる)表示的是来。

下面我把辞书形的变化列表:(只举部分单词例子)

五段动词

辞书形ます形

饮(の)む饮みます{ま(み)(む)めも}

読(よ)む読みます{ま(み)(む)めも}

行(い)く行きます{か(き)(く)けこ}

吸(す)う吸います{わ(い)(う)えお}

あるあります{ら(り)(る)れろ}

帰(かえ)る帰ります{ら(り)(る)れろ}

五段动词的字典形全部是以う段结尾的如果要变成ます形就要推到い段上去就可以了,如果想要ます形推回字典形就从い段推到う段上就可以了。

一段动词

辞书形ます形

起(お)きる起きます

食(た)べる食べます

寝(ね)る寝ます

见(み)る见ます

一段动词是最方便的字典形推到ます形只要去掉る加ます就行了,推回去呢就把ます去掉加る。

サ,カ变动词没有什么变化因为就两个词做和来所以变化要强记

辞书形ます形

しますする

来(く)る来(き)ます

背单词的时候一定要背字典形,这样其他的变化才方便,至于1段,5段,サ,カ变动词的区分,自己多看看单词就会了,不然就强记。

下面就要来说动词的形式,一般除了字典形和ます形有9种变化,分别是て形,ない形,た形,命令形,意志形,ば形,可能形式,被动形式,使役形式。我分别来讲。

て形的变化很多人说很烦,其实很简单,て形的变化和た形一样,只要会了一样就行了,这里我不做详细的说明,你自己去看我的博客,我里面写的很详细(这个方法交我老妈15分钟就会了)

https://www.360docs.net/doc/2519281533.html,/cncs123/blog/item/1cc3566471549130ab184cf3.html。

ない形表示的是动词的否定形式其变化是

五段动词把字典形词尾推到あ段上就行了。

例如

辞书形ない形

饮(の)む饮まない{(ま)み(む)めも}

読(よ)む読まない{(ま)み(む)めも}

行(い)く行かない{(か)き(く)けこ}

吸(す)う吸わない{(わ)い(う)えお}

あるあらない{(ら)り(る)れろ}

帰(かえ)る帰らない{(ら)り(る)れろ}

注意有一个特别的,如果五段动词以い结尾要把い推到わ上,而不是あ。

一段动词一样,去る加ない

例如

辞书形ない形

起(お)きる起きない

食(た)べる食ない

寝(ね)る寝ない

见(み)る见ない

サ,カ变动词没有什么变化因为就两个词做和来所以变化要强记

辞书形ない形

しますしない

来(く)る来(こ)ない

た形我刚才说过和て形变化一样,去看て形就行了。た形表示的是动词的过去式。

命令形是动词表示说话人对听话人下命令的词其变化如下

五段动词把字典形词尾的推到え段就行了

例如

辞书形命令形

饮(の)む饮め{まみ(む)(め)も}

読(よ)む読め{まみ(む)(め)も}

行(い)く行け{かき(く)(け)こ}

吸(す)う吸え{わい(う)(え)お}

あるあれ{らり(る)(れ)ろ}

帰(かえ)る帰れ{らり(る)(れ)ろ}

一段动词把字典形词尾的る变成ろ就行了。

例如

辞书形命令形

起(お)きる起きろ

食(た)べる食ろ

寝(ね)る寝ろ

见(み)る见ろ

サ变动词把する变成しろ。カ变动词把くる变成こい。

意志形是说话人表示意志,决心的表达形式,其变化如下

五段动词把字典形词尾最后一个假名变成お段上的长音

例如

辞书形意志形

饮(の)む饮もう{まみ(む)め(も)}読(よ)む読もう{まみ(む)め(も)}行(い)く行こう{かき(く)け(こ)}吸(す)う吸おう{わい(う)え(お)}あるあろう{らり(る)れ(ろ)}帰(かえ)る帰ろう{らり(る)れ(ろ)}一段动词把字典形词尾的る变成よう。

例如

辞书形意志形

起(お)きる起きよう

食(た)べる食よう

寝(ね)る寝よう

见(み)る见よう

サ变动词把する变成しよう。カ变动词把くる变成こよう。

ば形就是动词的假定形分为动词的ば形和形容词的ば形,其变化如下五段动词把字典形词尾推到え段再加ば。

例如

辞书形ば形

饮(の)む饮めば{まみ(む)(め)も}読(よ)む読めば{まみ(む)(め)も}行(い)く行けば{かき(く)(け)こ}吸(す)う吸えば{わい(う)(え)お}あるあれば{らり(る)(れ)ろ}帰(かえ)る帰れば{らり(る)(れ)ろ}一段动词把字典形词尾的る变成れば

例如

辞书形ば形

起(お)きる起きれば

食(た)べる食れば

寝(ね)る寝れば

见(み)る见れば

サ变把する变成すれば。カ变把くる变成くれば。

可能形式是表示能进行某种动作的形式其变化如下

五段动词把字典形的词尾推到え段再加る。

例如

辞书形可能形

饮(の)む饮める{まみ(む)(め)も}

読(よ)む読める{まみ(む)(め)も}

行(い)く行ける{かき(く)(け)こ}

吸(す)う吸える{わい(う)(え)お}

あるあれる{らり(る)(れ)ろ}

帰(かえ)る帰れる{らり(る)(れ)ろ}

五段动词的ます形去る直接加ます。

一段动词把字典形词尾る变成られる

例如

辞书形可能形

起(お)きる起きられる

食(た)べる食られる

寝(ね)る寝られる

见(み)る见られる

サ变把する变成できる。カ变把くる变成こられる。

被动形式是表示做主语的人或事承受了某种动作或影响的表达方式,其构成方式如下

五段动词把ない形的ない变成れる

例如

辞书形ない形被动形式

饮(の)む饮まない饮まれる

読(よ)む読まない読まれる

行(い)く行かない行かれる

吸(す)う吸わない吸われる

あるあらないあられる

帰(かえ)る帰らない帰られる

一段动词把动词的ない形变成られる

例如

辞书形ない形被动形式

起(お)きる起きない起きられる

食(た)べる食ない食べられる

寝(ね)る寝ない寝られる

见(み)る见ない见られる

サ变把するされる。カ变把くる变成こられる。

使役形式表示使役主体强制或指示动作主体进行动作的语法形式,其构成方式如下

五段动词把动词的ない形变成せる。

例如

辞书形ない形使役形式

饮(の)む饮まない饮ませる

読(よ)む読まない読ませる

行(い)く行かない行かせる

吸(す)う吸わない吸わせる

あるあらないあらせる

帰(かえ)る帰らない帰らせる

一段动词把动词ない形变成させる。

例如

辞书形ない形使役动形式

起(お)きる起きない起きさせる

食(た)べる食ない食べさせる

寝(ね)る寝ない寝させる

见(み)る见ない见させる

全部的变化我已经给你了,你在百度根本找不到的,全部来源于我在东京日本语学校上课的笔记整理而成,我们的课本是新文化初级日本语。帮你回答正好我也可以复习一下。慢慢看,其实动词的变化差不多都是以动词的字典形为基础变化,你根据假名表就能变成了。

用动词的适当形式填空

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动词的各种形式变化完整版

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