2019整理译林版初中英语九年级下册全册单元知识点及语法整理.doc

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译林版初中英语九年级下册全册单元知识点及语法整理

Unit1 Asia

Welcome to the unit

1.一个亚洲的国家an Asian country

2.爬台阶很累人I t’s tiring to climb the steps

3.休息一下have/take a break/rest

4.有很长一段路要走There’s a long way to go

5.最好继续前进had better keep moving

6.把我叫醒wake me up

7.在你回来的路上on your way back

8.中国结Chinese knot

9.中国戏曲Chinese opera

10.中国剪纸Chinese paper-cutting

11.一双筷子 a pair of chopsticks

12.舞龙dragon dance

13.一种传统的中国艺术 a traditional Chinese art

14.谢谢你的建议Thank you for your advice/ suggestions

Reading

1中国的首都the capital of China

2在这座古老的城市的中心in the middle of the ancient city

3被改造成一个博物馆be turned/ changed into a museum

4值得参观（2种）be （well）worth visiting/ a visit

5最大的城市广场the biggest city square

6一大早聚集在那里看升国旗gather there early in the morning to watch the raising of the national flag 7横贯中国北方六千多公里run for over 6,000 kilometres across northern China

8每隔几百米就有烽火台with watchtowers every few hundred metres

9世界奇迹之一one of the wonders

10位于漓江的两侧on both sides of Lijiang River

11不同形状的矗立stand in different shapes

12一个地下溶洞an underground cave

13奇形怪状in unusual shapes

14悬挂下来hang down

15指向上方point upwards

16被赞扬为。。。/被誉为。。。be praised as/ to be…

17乘船沿着。。。旅行take a boat trip along…

18向公众开放be open to the public

Grammar

1占四分之三的面积take up three quarters of the area

2湖结冰了The lake is frozen

3划船row a boat

4在。。。的两边(2种) on both sides of/ on each side of

5彼此不同be different from each other

6 a 17-hole bridge 一座十七孔洞的桥

7 据说/据报道It’s said/ reported that…

8公共交通public transport

9景点（3种）places of interest/ interesting places/ attraction

10提供一个高级别的服务provide a high level of service

11 It 的用法

1）表示动物以及无生命的事物；

2）表示婴儿、不明性别的人和不明身份的人；

3）表示某动作、行为、情况、想法、句子；

4）表示时间、日期、天气、距离、自然现象等；

5）作形式主语和形式宾语；

含it 的常见句型

①It is + 形容词for sb to do sth

②It is + 形容词of sb to do sth

③It takes … some time to

④It is said/ reported + that 从句

⑤… think(s) /find(s) it easy/difficult/…. to…

Integrated Skills and Study Skills

1离开A地去B地leave A for B

2动身出发去某地leave for……

3一个文化古城an ancient city of culture

4去某地旅行（3种）travel to sp/ take a tour of sp/ have a trip to sp

5看主要景点see the main sights

6艺术品works of art

7乘长途大巴去某地take a coach to sp/ go to sp by coach

8品尝各种美食try all kinds of food

9我们在日本逗留期间during our stay in Japan

10我们的航班our flight

11在东南亚in South East Asia

12一个城市国家 a state country

13五百万人口five million people

14 多数人既能说英语也能说汉语Most people can speak both English and Chinese.

Task

1.英语是第二语言English is their second language

2.超过十亿over one billion

3.有第二大人口数have the second largest population

4.大型的钢铁行业 a large iron and steel industry

5.以它的信息产业而闻名be famous for its IT industry

6.信息产业（全称）information technology

7.很多节日和集会many festivals and fairs

8.传统的女性服装traditional clothes for Indian women

9.和当地人交流communicate with local people

10.主要作物main crops

11.在印度电影中in Indian films

12 … is a great country/wonderful place to visit.

13 It lies in …

14 … is well worth a visit /worth visiting.

15 … is one of the wonders of the world.

【语法专项】

it用法完全归纳

一、it 作人称代词的用法

◆1. 指事物

作为人称代词，it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如：I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。

◆2. 指人

it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如：

Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?

There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门，一定是邮递员。

【说明】在答语中，常用来指本人，如说It’s me。

◆3. 代替某些代词

代词it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等。如：

“What’s this?” “It’s a new machine. ” “这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。

Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题，是吗?

二、it 作非人称代词的用法

◆1. 基本用法

it 作非人称代词的用法，主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如：

It’s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。

It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。

◆2. 用于某些句型

It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。

It’s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。

It’s t ime for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。

It’s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式，有时也用“should+动词原形”)

It’s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)

It’s + 时间段+ since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。

It’s + 时间段+ before-从句. 过多长的时间才……

三、it用作形式主语

◆1. 基本用法

当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时，为保持句子平衡，通常把真正的主语放在句末，而在句首使用形式主语it。如：

It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。

◆2. 用作形式主语的的重要句型

◇(1) It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……

It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。

It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话，真是太蠢了。

【说明】介词of 与for 的区别是：of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等，介词for表示对象，意为“对……来说”

◇(2) It takes sb + 时间段+ to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间

It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。

【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体：It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时。

◇(3) It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事

It’s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。

◇(4) it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……

It seemed as though he did n’t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。

◇(5) If it were not for… / If it hadn’t been for… 若不是因为……

If it were not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.

四、it用作形式宾语

◆1. 基本用法

当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如：

I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。

◆2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构

◇(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如：

I like it that you came. 你来了，我很高兴。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有have, take, put, like 等。

◇(2) 动词+ it + when (if)-从句。如：

I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer 等。

◇(3) 动词+ prep + it + that-从句。如：

See to it that you’re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。

◇(4) 动词+ it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如：

I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。

【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。

Unit 2 Great people

Comic strip & Welcome to the unit

1.Who do you think is the greatest person in history? 你认为谁是历史上最伟大的人？

2.the pionee r of China’s space technology programme中国航天技术工程的先锋

3. a fighter for the rights of black Africans 为非洲黑人的权利而斗争的战士

4.create over 1,000 inventions 创造了1,000多项发明

5.one of the first Europeans to discover America 发现美洲的首批欧洲人之一

6. a composer of classical music 古典音乐作曲家

7. a great writer of English literature 一位英国文学的巨匠

Reading

8.become interested in flying 对飞行感兴趣

9.take one’s first flight = take one’s flight for the first time进行某人第一次的飞行

10.receive his student pilot’s licence收到飞行学员证

11.join the navy 加入海军

12.serve as a pilot 服役当飞行员

13. a test pilot 一位试飞员

14.test all types of aircraft 测试各种类型的飞机

15.be chosen to become an astronaut 被选为一名宇航员

16.go into space 进入太空

17.manage to join two spacecraft together for the first time in space 成功将两个航天器在太空首次交会对接

manage to do sth. 设法做某事

18.However, on their way back to the Earth, the spacecraft began spinning out of control. 但是，在他们返回地球

的途中，宇宙飞船开始旋转，失去控制。

(be) out of control 失去控制，不受操纵(be) under control 在控制之下

The car went out of control and hit a tree by the road. 车失去控制，撞上了路边的一棵树。

19.Armstrong received the order to cut the flight short. He successfully brought the spa cecraft down into the

Western Pacific Ocean. 阿姆斯特朗接到缩短航程的指令。他成功地使宇宙飞船落入西太平洋。

20.On 20 July 1969, Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. 1969年7月20日，阿姆斯特朗成

为第一个登上月球的人。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/295759745.html,nd the spacecraft on the Moon 使宇宙飞船在月球着陆

22.One small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind. 对于一个人来说是一小步，对于人类来说是一次巨

大的飞跃。

23.step out onto the Moon’s surface跨出去到月球表面

24.They collected Moon rocks to take back to the Earth for further research. 他们采集了月球岩石带回地球作

进一步研究。

for further research 为了进一步的研究

25.Because of his excellent service, Neil Armstrong was presented the Med al of Freedom, the highest award that a

US citizen can receive. 因为他的出色表现，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗被授予自由勋章——一个美国公民可得的最高奖励。

26.the pride of the whole world 全世界的骄傲

be the pride of 是….的骄傲

take pride in = be proud of 以…为自豪

be proud to do sth. 做某事很自豪

Grammar

27.have a day out with my classmates 与我的同学出去一天

28.shop online 网上购物

29.search for information on the Internet 在网上搜索信息

30.practise playing the piano the whole night 整个晚上练习弹钢琴

31.find a website about traveling in space 找到一个有关太空旅行的网站

32.read passages on the website 在网站上看文章

33.talk to sb. on the phone 和某人在电话里谈

34.Many modern inventions have made a great difference in our life. 很多现代的发明已经使我们的生活产生

了巨大变化。

make a difference (to …) （对…）有影响，起作用

35.change the way we live/our lifestyle 改变我们的生活方式

36.in ancient times 在古代

in the old days 在旧时代

https://www.360docs.net/doc/295759745.html,e salt to help them keep fish or meat for a longer time 用盐帮助他们使鱼或肉保存更长的时间

38.go bad 变坏/质

39.wash their clothes by hand 手工洗衣服

40.with the invention/development of… 随着…的发明/随着…的发展

Integrated skills

41.win the Nobel Prize twice during her lifetime 在她一生中两次获得诺贝尔奖

42.She was the youngest of five children. 她是五个孩子中最小的。

43. a science professor 一位科学教授

44.di ed at the age of 67 67岁时去世

died on 4 July 1934, aged 67. 死于1934年七月4日，享年67岁。

45.the discovery of radium 镭元素的发现

46.win the Nobel Prize for Physics/ Chemistry 因为物理学/化学荣获诺贝尔奖

47.die in a traffic accident 在一场交通事故中去世

48.the end of the sto ry 故事的结局

49.It was brave of him to go to a place that was unknown to humans at that time. 她很勇敢，到一个当时人类未知

的地方去。

be unknown to humans 不为人类所知

50.She also pushed for the use of X-ray machines, which are now widely used in hospitals. 她（居里夫人）还推

动了X光设备的使用，这种设备现已在医院广泛应用。

push for the use of 推动…的使用

be widely used 被广泛使用

Task

51. a rice scientist 一位水稻科学家

52.one of the greatest people that have ever lived 在史以来最伟大的人之一

53.work as a teacher in an agriculture school after graduating/he graduated from college 大学毕业后在一所农业

学校当老师

54.see people die of hunger 看到人们死于饥饿

55.begin research into hybrid rice 开始研究杂交水稻

56.happen to do sth.碰巧做某事

57.have many advantages over others 比其它（水稻）有优势

58.After nearly ten years of hard work, he and his team finally developed a new type of hybrid rice plant, which

produced 20 % more rice per unit than other common kinds. 几乎十年的刻苦工作之后，他和他的团队最终开发出一种新的杂交水稻，它比其它普通种类的水稻每单位增产20%的大米。

59.be introduced into the USA 被引进到美国

60.at present 目前

61.make a contribution to (doing sth.) / make contributions to (doing sth.) 为…作贡献

62.His achievements have increased rice production by 20％-30％, and in some places even more. 他的成就使

水稻产量以20％至30％增长，在一些地方甚至更多。

Because of his achievements, rice production has been increased by 20%-30%, and in some places even more. 由于他的成就，水稻产量已经以20％至30％增长，在一些地方甚至更多。

63.spend all his life on the research and development of better rice plants 把他的一生奉献在更好的水稻植物

的研究和发展上

64.solve the problem of hunger for many people 为许多了解决饥饿问题

65.That is why I admire him so much. 这就是我如此钦佩他的原因。

【语法专项】

Part A

对比：

一般现在时Simple present

现在进行时Present continuous

1.一般现在时：表示主语经常性和习惯性的动作或目前存在的状态，也表示客观的自然现象。

现在进行时：表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前或现阶段一直进行的动作。

eg:

She often does her homework in the evening.

她经常在晚上做作业。

She is doing her homework now.

现在她正在做作业。

一般现在时

(1) be动词的一般现在时形式：is, am, are

(2) 其他实义动词的一般现在时形式：

动词原形或第三人称单数形式

2. 现在进行时

be动词(am /is /are+ 动词的ing形式（现在分词）

主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词的变化规则如下:

一般动词在词尾加-s,如: helps, makes, gets, swims, knows, plays等.

以s, x, ch, sh, 或o结尾的动词在词尾加-es,如dresses, washes, catches, does等.

以辅音字母+y结尾的动词, 先变y为i,再加-es, 如fly---flies, study--- studies等.

动词+ing的变化规则如下:

一般动词在词尾加-ing,如: helping, playing等.

以不发音的e结尾的动词-e +ing,如drive—driving, make--making等.

以重读闭音节结尾的动词, 双写尾字母再加ing, 如get—getting; stop---stopping等.

以ie结尾的动词，去掉ie+ying.

时间状语不同

1.一般现在时的时间状语主要有：

always, usually, sometimes, never, every day,

on Sundays, in the morning/afternoon/evening等

2. 现在进行时的时间状语主要有：

now, right now, at present, at the moment

有时句首有Look! Listen! 或It’s +时刻; Where is sb?

Part B:

一般过去时VS 过去进行时

1．一般过去时的概念为：

过去发生的动作或存在的状态；

如：Two months ago, I flew to London with my friend.

两个月前，我和我的朋友一起坐飞机去了伦敦。

I went home by bus yesterday.

昨天我是坐公交车回家的。

2．过去进行时的概念为：

表示过去某个时刻正在发生的动作。过去同一时间里同时发生的的动作或在过去某个时间段内持续发生的动作或存在的状态。

如： I was watching TV from 7p.m to 8p.m. last night.

昨晚七点到八点我在看电视。

She was reading while her mother was talking on the phone.

当她妈妈在打电话的时候，她在看书。

形式结构上的区别：

1．一般过去时的形式结构为：主语＋动词的过去式＋其它。如：

They were free the day before yesterday, but we were busy．

前天他们很闲，而我们却很忙。

I got up at 6:30 yesterday．

昨天我是六点半起床的。

2．过去进行时的形式结构为：

主语＋was／were＋动词的现在分词＋其它。

如： What were you doing this time yesterday﹖昨天的这个时候你在做什么？

He was drawing an elephant on the blackboard when the teacher came in．

当老师进来时，他正在黑板上画一头大象。

否定句、疑问句结构上的区别

1．一般过去时的否定句、疑问句多是借助助动词did来体现的(be的疑问句和否定句除外)，需要注意的是：此时实义动词应用原形。

如： He worked in Beijing last year．

否定句：He didn‘t work in Beijing last year．

疑问句：Did he work in Beijing last year﹖

反意疑问句：He worked in Beijing last year, didn’t he﹖

2．过去进行时的否定句、疑问句多是借助系动词was或were来体现的(和动词be一般过去时的疑问句和否定句一样)。如：He was working in the park at eight yesterday morning．

否定句：He wasn’t working in the park at eight yesterday morning．

疑问句：Was he working in the park at eight yesterday morning﹖

反意疑问句：He was working in the park at eight yesterday morning, wasn’t he﹖

用法上的区别

1．过去进行时往往表示动作的未完成性，而一般过去时往往表示动作已完成。

试比较：

David wrote a letter to his father last night．

大卫昨晚给他父亲写了一封信。(信写完了。)

David was writing a letter to his father last night．

大卫昨晚正在给他父亲写信。(指信在写的过程中，不一定写完。)

3．一般说来，过去进行时侧重动作持续时间的长度；而一般过去时只说明过去某时发生某事，侧重说明事实。试比较：

It was raining heavily last night．

昨晚下着大雨。(侧重说明下雨持续的时间长。)

It rained heavily last night．

昨天下了大雨。(侧重说明下雨这一事实。)

4．在带有all night, the whole morning等强调时间长度的状语时，句中谓语动词用过去进行时更好些。如： He was working all night last Monday．

上周一他整整工作了一个晚上。

Part C

一般过去时与现在完成时的区别

1.概念不同：

一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；

现在完成时强调过去的事情对现在的影响或结果。

例如：We are good friends(现在情况)

我们是好朋友。

I got to know him in 2005. (过去的动作)

我在2005年认识（结识）他

We have known each other since 2005. (现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在)

自从2005年来我们就相互认识。

Linda has a big house. (现在情况)

She bought the house ten years ago. (过去的动作)

She has owned the house for ten years.

She has lived in the house for ten years. (现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在)

2. 时间状语不同：

一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语：

yesterday，last week，…ago，in1980，in October，just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语：

for，since，already，recently，so far，ever，never，just，yet，till/until，up to now，in past years，always等，皆不确定或模糊的时间状语。

3. 用法：

现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live，teach，learn，work，study，know.。

一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come，go，leave，start，die，finish，become，get married等。

I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）

I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）

I got up five hours ago.

I have been up for five hours. (强调结果）

Why did you get up so early？（强调起床的动作已发生过了）

Who hasn‘t handed in his paper？

(强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争)

He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）

He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday，last，week，in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

Unit3 Robots

【重点词汇】

1、complain vi. 抱怨，投诉，发牢骚

complain to sb 向某人抱怨

I have to complain to the manager about it.

对这件事我不得不向经理申诉。

complain about/of sth 抱怨某事

They never complained about working overtime.

他们对加班加点从来不抱怨。

complaint 投诉，埋怨

Mr Green is writing a complaint letter.

2、have problems有问题

have problems/difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth 做某事有困难

E.g I didn’t have any problems finding the park.

problem的常用搭配no problem“没问题”

【辨析】question/problem

3、sound

1)系动词，意为“听起来”

The music sounds good.

2)名词，意为“声音”

The sound of music made her happy.

4、in any way 在任何方面

in a way 从某种意义上说

in some ways 在某些方面

in the way 挡路

in this way 用这种方式

on one’s way to 去...的路上

by the way 顺便说一下

5、代词it, one, that

1）it和that都替代“the+单数名词(可数或不可数)”，都是特指，都可替代可数和不可数名词，但it指前面提

到的“同一”事物；而that是指前面提到的“同类”事物。

如： My father bought me a pen and I like it very much.

我父亲给我买了一支钢笔，我非常喜欢它。(it替代the pen，指前面提到的父亲给我买的那支钢笔)

This dictionary is more useful than that (=the one)I bought yesterday.

这本词典比我昨天买的更有用。(that替代the dictionary，与前面的this dictionary是同类)

用法说明二：

2）one替代“a＋单数可数名词”，表示泛指；其复数形式ones替代泛指的复数名词。特指的the one相当于that，替代“the+单数名词”

如： Radios are useful for me to learn English. I’d like to buy one .

收音机对我学英语很有用，我想买一台。(one替代a radio，是泛指收音机这类东西中的一台)

The population of Scotland was eight times as large as that of Cornwall. 苏格兰的人口是康沃尔人口的八倍。(that 替代不可数名词the population，不能用the one）

6、busy adj. 忙碌的

He’s a busy man.

【固定搭配】

1）be busy with sth 忙于某事

I was busy with my children.

我忙于照顾孩子。

2）be busy doing sth 忙于做某事

He is busy doing his homework.

他正忙着做家庭作业。

7、so that

1）引导目的状语从句时，表示“以便；为了”，从句中常使用can /could /may /might /will /would /should等情态动词或助动词

如：They got up early so that they could catch the early bus.

2）引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用can和may等词，在so that前可以用逗号，意思是“因此;所以”。如：The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day.

【拓展】so ... that ..

so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导结果状语从句。意思是“如此……以致于……”。如：When the football fans saw Beckham, they got so excited that they cried out.

8、tidy up 收拾妥，整理好

tidy adj. 整洁的，整齐的vt. 收拾；整理

You should keep your room tidy.

They tidied the house just now.

He began to tidy up his desk and finish off the week’s work.

untidy adj. 不整洁的an untidy desk

9、seem v.似乎，好像

1）seem +adj.

She seems (to be )sad.

2）seem+to do sth 感到好像... 觉得似乎...

I seem to have a cold.

3）It seems +that从句

It seems that it will be a storm soon.

4)It seems as if...仿佛... as if从句所表示的情况大多数是不真实的

It seems as if she were in a dream.

10、little/a little/few/a few

1）few, a few用于可数名词，

2）little, a little用于不可数名词。

3）a few, a little表示肯定意思：有一些，有一点

4）few ,little表示否定意思：没有一些，没有一点

如：He has a few friends in Beijing. 他有朋友

There is a little tea in the glass.杯里有茶

He has few friends in Beijing. 没有朋友

There is little tea in the glass.没有茶

11、sometime/some time/sometimes/some times

1)sometimes的意思是“有时”，是副词。例如：

Sometimes he comes by bike and sometimes by bus.

他有时骑车来，有时乘公共汽车来。

2）sometime也是副词，意思是“在某个时候”。可用于一般过去时与将来时。例如：

You can hand in your homework sometime before Friday.

你可以在周五前某个时候交作业。

3）some time是名词短语，它的意思是“一段时间”。例如：

I'll be away for some time. 我将离开一段时间。

4）some times也是一个名词短语，time在这里用作可数名词，意思是“次数”。

some times的意思是“几次”。例如：

I have been to the Great Wall some times.

我去过长城几次。

12、no longer/no more

1）no longer中的longer是副词long的比较级，long有after a certain point of time（在某一时刻以后）之意，着重表示时间的不再延续，意为"如今不再"。no longer等于not... any longer。

2）no more中的more是many / much的比较级，more有again之意，着重表示数量或程度的减少，意为"再也没有更多（大）的数量（程度）"。no more等于not... any more。

3）no longer修饰延续性动词，如teach, live, work等，表示动作不再延续；no more修饰非延续性动词，如come, go , make (the same mistake)等，表示动作不再次发生。

13、consider v. 认为，考虑n. consideration

1）consider ...as 把...看做常用被动结构be considered as... “被认为/看做”

紫色被认为是最高贵的颜色。the noblest color.

2）consider...to be 把...看做

The award is considered to be a great honor.

3）Consider doing sth 考虑做某事

我们正在考虑一辆新车。

4）Consider+that 从句

我们认为你是这个岗位的最佳人选。We for the post.

14、difference n. 差别，差异

Can you see any differences between these two pictures？

【固定搭配】

1)make a difference 有影响，起（重要）作用

It makes a difference which you choose.

2)be different from 与... 不同

My coat is different from his.

【难句分析】

1、The robot made Mr Jiang’s life much easier.

修饰比较级的词的用法

1）只用于修饰比较级：much，still，even

2）既可修饰比较级又可修饰原级：a little,a bit, rather等

3）表示前者在某方面远远超过对方时，通常采用far,by far,a lot等

4）在否定句、疑问句、或条件状语从句中，修饰形容词、副词的比较级，只能用any

2、...,the robot would do all the housework.

此句中的would do 为过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时的其他表达方法还有was/were going to+动词原形

The teacher asked you when you would finish your homework.

He new that I was going to come.

3、...,his flat would as good as new,and a delicious dinner would be ready for him.

1)as good as表示“与...一样好”，可视为as...as与good的自然搭配；若用作习语，则表示几乎，无异于

如：The matter is as good as settled.这件事等于解决了。

2)Ready adj. 有准备的

常用结构be ready for sth 为某事做好准备be ready to do sth准备好做某事

Get ready for sth/to do sth为（做）某事做好准备

如：Everything is ready for the party.

I’m ready to go.

4、My robot will remind you to take them at the right time.

Remind 用法归纳

1）提醒

①remind sb to do sth

②remind sb of/about sth

③remind sb+that-clause

④remind sb

如：Please remind me to call him back.

In case I forget,please remind me of it.

2）使...想起

①remind sb of sth

②remind sb+that-clause

The photo reminds me of my childhood.

The sight of the watch reminded me that I was late for the meeting.

【语法专项】

句式（一）

一、宾语从句改为简单句的方法

1、宾语从句可改为动词不定式

当句子的谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise（答应，许诺）等，其后由that引导宾语从句，并且从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，宾语从句可简化为动词不定式结构。如：

(1). I hope that I will go to college one day. 转换为：I hope to go to college one day. 我希望有一天能上大学。

(2). They agreed that they would help me with my maths. 转换为：They agreed to help me with my maths 他们同意帮助我（学习）数学。.

2、当句子的谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等词，后面接由疑问代词what，或接由

how, where, when, why等疑问副词引导的宾语从句，并且主句的主语与从句的主语一致时，可将宾语从句转化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如： (1). Kate didn’t know what she should do. 转换为：Kate did’

t know what to do. 凯特不知道该做什么。

(2). I have forgotten how I can use this word. 转换为：I have forgotten how to use this word.

我忘了怎么样用这个词。

3、当主句的谓语动词是ask, show, tell, teach等，后跟双宾语，并且从句的主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转化为“疑问词+不定式”。如： (1). Could you tell me how I can get to the park? 转换为：

Could you tell me how to get to the park? 你能告诉我怎样去公园吗？

(2). Please tell me where I can find him. 转换为：Please tell me where to find him. 请告诉我在哪里能找到他。4、宾语从句可转化为“it +形容词作宾补+不定式短语”结构。

如： (1). I think that it is impossible to finish the work today.(that可省略) 转换为：

I think it impossible to finish the work today. 我认为今天是不可能完成这项工作的。

(2). I found that it is important to learn English. (that可省略) 转换为：I found it important to learn English. 我发现学习英语很重要。

5、讲宾语从句转化为“名词或动名词短语”。

如： (1). I will take back what I said.

转换为：I will take back my words. 我将收回我所说的话。

(2). Can you tell me how I can get to the station? 转换为：Can you tell me the way to the station?

二、状语从句改为简单句的方法

1、用“too…to…”结构可以将含有so…that引导的结果语从句(否定)的复合句转成简单句。如：

1）The boy is so young that he can’t look after himself. →The boy is too young to look after himself.

2）The question is so difficult that I can’t answer it . →The question is too difficult for me to answer.

2、用“…enough +不定式”结构可以将含有so …that …引导的结果状语从句（肯定）的复合句转变为简单句。例如：

1）The girl is so tall that she can reach the apples on the tree. →The girl is tall enough to reach the apples on the tree. 2）This hall is so large that it can hold 2000 people. →This hall is large enough to hold 2000 people.

3）The table was so light that the little boy can carry it. →The table was light enough for the little boy to carry.

3、用“in order +不定式”或“so as +不定式”结构可以将含有so that 引导的目的状语从句的复合句转换为简单句。如：

1）She decided to buy a camera online so that she could receive it soon.

→She decided to buy a camera online in order to receive it soon.

→She decided to buy a camera online so as to receive it soon.

2）I went over my composition again and again so that I couldn’t make any mistakes.

3）→I went over my composition again and again in order not to make any mistakes.

→I went over my composition again and again so as not to make any mistakes.

4、由because引导的原因状语从句可以改为because of构成的介词短语

He can’t come because he is ill. 他因病不能来。

→He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。

5、由when、after、before引导的时间状语从句可以用合适的动名词或介词短语来代替。

Turn off the light before you leave. 离开前请关灯。

→Turn off the light before leaving. 离开前请关灯。

He went home after he finished his work. 他做完工作后就回家了。

→He went home after finishing his work. 他做完工作后就回家了。

Unit4 Life on Mars

【重点词汇】

1、look for，find，find out

这三个词都有“找”的涵义，但具体用法有别：

1）look for意为“寻找”，是有目的地找，强调“寻找”这一动作。如：

—What are you looking for？

—I'm looking for my bike．

2）find意为“找到”“发现”，强调“找”的结果，其宾语往往是某个丢失的东西或人。如：

—Did you find Li Ming yesterday？

—No，we looked for him everywhere，but didn't find him．

3）find out着重表示通过理解、分析、思考、询问等“弄清楚”“查明”一件事情，其后的宾语常常是某个情况、事实。如：

Please find out when the train leaves．

Have you found out why he was late?

2、take 拿，取

take sth with sb 把某物带在身边

take sth/sb to sp 把某人/某物带到某地

E.g You should take an umbrella with you.

Can you take my bag to the classroom please?

【拓展】take的用法

1）表示“乘坐某一交通工具”

Shall we go there by bike or take a taxi?

They usually take a bus to work.

2）表示“花费”，常常和it连用，it在句子中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。

How long will it take you to do your homework every day?

3）吃，喝，服用，放

Will you take a glass of milk?

Take the medicine three times a day.

Do you take sugar in your milk?

4)表示“（顾客在商店）选取，买下”相当于buy/get

That’s cheap.I’ll take it.

5)含有take的短语

take exercise 运动，锻炼take off 起飞；脱下take away拿走

take a look (at) 看一看take down取下take out拿出，取出

take care of照顾ake part in 参加take place发生take pictures照相

例：当我小的时候，我父母经常带我去我家附近的公园。

( ) When you are swimming, your ears.You can use earplugs(耳塞) to stop water getting into your ears.

A take after

B take part in

C take off

D take care of

3、rapid adj. 快的

rapidly adv.

【辨析】fast/quick/rapid

1) 表示人的动作之迅速，三者都可用，有时可换用。如：

a fast /rapid/quick worker 做事手脚快的人

a fast /rapid/quick typist 打字快的打字员

2)fast 表示“快”，侧重指速度方面。如：

She ran as fast as she could. 她有好快就跑好快。

You are reading too fast for me to follow. 你读得太快，我跟不上。

注：询问速度或表示钟表走得快等，通常用 fast。如：

How fast is the fish swimming? 这鱼游得有多快?

My watch is 5 minutes fast. 我的表快 5 分钟。

3)quick 通常表示某一动作来得突然或时间持续很短，有时还含有匆忙之意(但通常不指动作的频率)。如：He gave her a quick kiss. 他突然吻了她一下。

He had a quick look at it. 他匆匆地扫了一眼。

She ate a quick breakfast and rushed off to work. 她匆匆吃了早餐就赶去上班。

注：催人快做(快走等)，通常用 quick。如：

Be quick! 快点!

4) rapid 比另外两词要稍正式些，通常指突然或急速(且连续不断)的动作。如：

a rapid burst of machine-gun fire 机枪声骤起

He asked questions in rapid succession. 他连珠炮似地发问。

注：另外 rapid 还有一个特殊用法，即指一种有益的高速度(相比之下，fast 和 quick 有时指无益的急速)。如：He made rapid progress in English. 他在英语方面取得了很快的进步。

4、increase n.增长，增加v.增长，增加

E.g The popular of the earth is increasing very fast.

【辨析】increase by，increase to

increase to+具体的增长后的数字，表示“增长到...”

The population has increased from 1.2milion to 1.8 milion.

人口已从120万增长到了180万。

increase by+倍数或百分比，表示“按多少增长了...百分比/倍”如，

The rate of the town’s population has increased by 2%

该镇的人口率增长了2%

例：上个月费用上升了260%（1800元）。

Cost 260% 1800 last month.

答案：increase by；to

5、a number of，the number of

1) a number of

a number of意思是“许多的；若干，一些”相当于many，后接可数名词复数或代词，谓语动词用复数形式。

a number of词组中还可以加入形容词表示数量大或小等（例如：a large/small/great number of,但不能用little 修饰）。

E.g A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.

2) the number of

the number of 意思是“...的数字/数目”，介词of 同其后名词构成介词短语，修饰the number 当它作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

E.g The number of students is about twenty. 6、three-eighths 八分之三

英语中，分数的表达方法是：分子用基数词，分母用序数词；当分子大于1时，分母要用复数形式；分子和分母之间可用连词符连接，也可不用。

One fifth of my classmates are from the countryside. Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.

注：1）当分数作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于与分数相关的名词或代词的数。

2）“二分之一”习惯上用one half 表示；“四分之一”与“四分之三”用one quarter/three quarters 表示。 7、compare vt.&vi. 比较 It ’s hard to compare.

It ’s interesting to compare these two cars. 【固定搭配】

1）compare with 和...比较

My own problems seem insignificant compared with others.和别人的问题相比，我自己的问题算不得什么。 2）compare... to..把...比作

Poets have compared sleep to death.诗人曾把睡眠比作死亡。

例： (compare)with the older model,the new robot costs less but lasts longer. 8、mean v.

1) 意思是，表示...的意思

What do you mean by saying so?

2) 意味着；就是。后接名词、动名词或that 从句 常用结构：mean doing sth 意味着做某事

This means that we have to return without any result. That would mean wasting a lot of water.

3) 意欲；企图。后接名词、代词或动词不定式 常用结构：mean to do sth 打算做某事 I ’ve been meaning to phone you all weak. 例：I mean here,if I can. （stay ） 9、be filled with = be full of 充满，装满

The bottle is filled with water.=The bottle is full of water.

注意：Filled with courage , he went into the cave .此处filled 表示“充满了的”指处于一种状态。

此外，fill 作为动词可用其主动形式，亦可构成另外短语。如： Fill the bottle with sand .把瓶子装满沙子。 Fill in the blanks .填空。

【辨析】be filled with 强调动作 The trucks are filled with apples. be full of 强调状态

Her eyes were full of tears.她眼泪汪汪的。 10、take/spend/cost/pay

11、agreement n. 协议，同意

This is an agreement between you and me. 【固定搭配】

1）by agreement 约好

2）come to/arrive at/reach/make an agreement 达成协议；取得一致意见

词汇 常见句型

take It takes sb some time to do sth

spend

Sb spends some time/money on sth

Sb spends some time/money (in) doing sth

cost Sth costs sb some money

pay Sb pays some money for sth

3）in agreement (with)同意,（和...）一致（多作表语，间或构成复合宾语）

【拓展】

agree on sth同意某事

agree with sb同意某人

12、by

1）by+地点名词，“在...旁边/在..附近”

I sit by the window.

2）by+时间名词“到...为止”，常用语完成时中

By the end of last term,we had learned 30 English poems.

3）by+交通工具/交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词并不用复数）“通过...的方式”

by train/bus/bike

4）用于被动语态，引出动作的执行者

He was hit by his father.

5）不迟于；在...的时候

She should be back by now.

13、miss

1) miss 小姐

May I help you, miss?

2) miss 没赶上；错过

He arrived too late and missed the train.

3) miss 避开

If you go early, you'll miss the traffic.

4) miss 想念

I really miss you!

14、worry

1)worry vt.“使烦恼”，“使焦虑”，常接sb.作宾语。

①What worried you so much? 什么事使你这么着急？

②His bad health worried his parents greatly. 你身体不好使他的父母很发愁。

2)worry vi.意为“烦恼、担心、发愁”，常跟介词about。

①Tell them not to worry. 告诉他们不要担心。

②They are worrying about the coming exam. 他们正在为即将到来的考试而发愁。

3)be worried about表示“对……担心，忧虑”。（表示一种状态）Don't worry/be worried about John. He'll be back soon. 不必为约翰担忧，他马上就回来。

15、prefer（preferred，preferred）宁愿选择，更喜欢=like better

prefer sth 更喜欢某物

prefer (not) to do sth 宁愿选择（不）做某事

prefer A to B 比起B更喜欢A

prefer doing sth to doing sth 比起做某事更喜欢做某事

prefer to do rather than do sth 比起做某事更喜欢做某事

E.g. I prefer the red coat.

I prefer cats to dogs.

I prefer to watch TV rather than go out.

【难句分析】

1、How do you like life on Mars？你觉得火星上的生活怎么样？

How do you like...?常用来询问对方对某人或某一事物的看法、感受、印象如何。How是副词，修饰动词like。表达这一意思还可以说What do you think of...?

--How do you like this film?

--It’s very boring.

2、Daniel is thinking about life in the future.

1）think about 考虑

I’m thinking about what to wear.

2) think of 想起，认为，考虑

I thought of a good idea to solve the problem just now.

3)think over (反复、仔细)思考，考虑

Let’s think over the problem to see who can work out it first.

3、I hope so.我希望如此。

【辨析】I hope so./I hope not.

1)I hope so.表示肯定的希望（其中的so代表上文所提到的事情），意为“希望如此”

--Will it be fine tomorrow? --I hope so.

2)I hope not.表示否定的希望（其中的not代表上文所提到的事情），意为“希望不会如此”

--Is he coming to the party? --I hope not.

【语法专项】

句式（二）

一、用at the age of，because of，without把复合句改为简单句

1、用at the age of吧时间状语从句改为简单句

I could read English when I was six. I could read English at the age of six.

2、用because of把原因状语从句改为简单句

He couldn’t come because he was ill. He couldn’t come because of his illness.

3、用without把条件状语从句改为简单句

I can’t finish the work if you don’t help me. I can’t finish the work without your help.

二、用适当地介词，如of、about把宾语从句改为简单句

We are sure he will make great progress this term. We are sure of/about his great progress this term.

三、用介词with或without把定语从句改为简单句

I’d like to buy a big house which has a big garden. I’d like to buy a house with a big garden.