高考一轮复习课时作业3-4

高考一轮复习课时作业3-4
高考一轮复习课时作业3-4

课时作业(十四)

一、选择题

1.函数y =ax 3+bx 2取得极大值和极小值时的x 的值分别为0和1

3,则( )

A .a -2b =0

B .2a -b =0

C .2a +b =0

D .a +2b =0

答案 D

解析 y ′=3ax 2+2bx ,据题意, 0、1

3是方程3ax 2+2bx =0的两根 ∴-2b 3a =1

3

, ∴a +2b =0.

2.(2011·江南十校)当函数y =x ·2x 取极小值时,x =( ) A.1ln2 B .-1

ln2

C .-ln2

D .ln2 答案 B

解析 由y =x ·2x 得y ′=2x +x ·2x ·ln2 令y ′=0得2x (1+x ·ln2)=0 ∵2x >0,∴x =-1ln2

3.函数f (x )=x 3-3bx +3b 在(0,1)内有极小值,则( ) A .0<b <1 B .b <1 C .b >0 D .b <1

2

答案 A

解析 f (x )在(0,1)内有极小值,则f ′(x )=3x 2-3b 在(0,1)上先负后正,∴f ′(0)=-3b <0,

∴b >0,f ′(1)=3-3b >0,∴b <1 综上,b 的范围为0<b <1

4.连续函数f (x )的导函数为f ′(x ),若(x +1)·f ′(x )>0,则下列结论中正确的是( ) A .x =-1一定是函数f (x )的极大值点 B .x =-1一定是函数f (x )的极小值点 C .x =-1不是函数f (x )的极值点 D .x =-1不一定是函数f (x )的极值点 答案 B

解析 x >-1时,f ′(x )>0 x <-1时,f ′(x )<0

∴连续函数f (x )在(-∞,-1)单减,在(-1,+∞)单增,∴x =-1为极小值点. 5.函数y =x 33+x 2

-3x -4在[0,2]上的最小值是( )

A .-17

3

B .-103

C .-4

D .-643

答案 A

解析 y ′=x 2+2x -3.

令y ′=x 2+2x -3=0,x =-3或x =1为极值点.

当x ∈[0,1]时,y ′<0.当x ∈[1,2]时,y ′>0,所以当x =1时,函数取得极小值,也为最小值.

∴当x =1时,y min =-17

3

.

6.函数f (x )的导函数f ′(x )的图象,如右图所示,则( )

A .x =1是最小值点

B .x =0是极小值点

C .x =2是极小值点

D .函数f (x )在(1,2)上单增 答案 C

解析 由导数图象可知,x =0,x =2为两极值点,x =0为极大值点,x =2为极小值点,选C.

7.已知函数f (x )=12x 3-x 2-7

2x ,则f (-a 2)与f (-1)的大小关系为( )

A .f (-a 2)≤f (-1)

B .f (-a 2)

C .f (-a 2)≥f (-1)

D .f (-a 2)与f (-1)的大小关系不确定 答案 A

解析 由题意可得f ′(x )=32x 2-2x -7

2

.

由f ′(x )=12(3x -7)(x +1)=0,得x =-1或x =7

3

.

当x <-1时,f (x )为增函数;当-1

3时,f (x )为减函数.所以f (-1)是函数f (x )在(-∞,

0]上的最大值,又因为-a 2≤0,故f (-a 2)≤f (-1).

8.函数f (x )=e -

x ·x ,则( )

A .仅有极小值12e

B .仅有极大值

12e

C .有极小值0,极大值12e

D .以上皆不正确 答案 B

解析 f ′(x )=-e -x ·x +12x ·e -x =e -x (-x +12x )=e -x ·1-2x

2x .

令f ′(x )=0,得x =1

2.

当x >1

2时,f ′(x )<0;

当x <1

2

时,f ′(x )>0.

∴x =12时取极大值,f (12)=1e ·12=12e .

二、填空题

9.(2011·西城区)若y =a ln x +bx 2+x 在x =1和x =2处有极值,则a =________,b =________.

答案 -23 -16

解析 y ′=a

x

+2bx +1.

由已知????

?

a +2

b +1=0a 2+4b +1=0,解得???

a =-2

3b =-16

10.已知函数f (x )=1

3x 3-bx 2+c (b ,c 为常数).当x =2时,函数f (x )取得极值,若函数

f (x )只有三个零点,则实数c 的取值范围为________

答案 0

3

解析 ∵f (x )=1

3x 3-bx 2+c ,∴f ′(x )=x 2-2bx ,∵x =2时,f (x )取得极值,∴22-2b ×2

=0,解得b =1.

∴当x ∈(0,2)时,f (x )单调递减,当x ∈(-∞,0) 或x ∈(2,+∞)时,f (x )单调递增. 若f (x )=0有3个实根,

则?

????

f (0)=c >0f (2)=13×23-22

+c <0,,解得0

2

解析 因为函数y =e x +2mx (x ∈R )有大于零的极值点,所以y ′=e x +2m =0有大于0的实根.令y 1=e x ,y 2=-2m ,则两曲线的交点必在第一象限.由图象可得-2m >1,即m <-12

. 12.已知函数f (x )=x 3-px 2-qx 的图象与x 轴相切于(1,0),则极小值为________. 答案 0

解析 f ′(x )=3x 2-2px -q , 由题知f ′(1)=3-2p -q =0. 又f (1)=1-p -q =0,

联立方程组,解得p =2,q =-1. ∴f (x )=x 3-2x 2+x ,f ′(x )=3x 2-4x +1. 由f ′(x )=3x 2-4x +1=0, 解得x =1或x =1

3

经检验知x =1是函数的极小值点, ∴f (x )极小值=f (1)=0. 三、解答题

13.(2010·安徽卷,文)设函数f (x )=sin x -cos x +x +1,0<x <2π,求函数f (x )的单调区间与极值.

解析 由f (x )=sin x -cos x +x +1,0<x <2π, 知f ′(x )=cos x +sin x +1, 于是f ′(x )=1+2sin(x +π4

).

令f ′(x )=0,从而sin(x +π4)=-22,得x =π,或x =3π

2.

当x 变化时,f ′(x ),f (x )的变化情况如下表:

x (0,π) π (π,3π2)

3π2 (3π

2,2π) f ′(x ) + 0 - 0 + f (x )

单调递增

π+2

单调递减

32

π 单调递增

因此,由上表知f (x )的单调递增区间是(0,π)与(3π2,2π),单调递减区间是(π,3π

2),极

小值为f (3π2)=3π

2

,极大值为f (π)=π+2.

14.(2010·江西卷)设函数f (x )=6x 3+3(a +2)x 2+2ax .

(1)若f (x )的两个极值点为x 1,x 2,且x 1x 2=1,求实数a 的值;

(2)是否存在实数a ,使得f (x )是(-∞,+∞)上的单调函数?若存在,求出a 的值;若不存在,说明理由.

解析 f ′(x )=18x 2+6(a +2)x +2a .

(1)由已知有f ′(x 1)=f ′(x 2)=0,从而x 1x 2=2a

18=1,所以a =9;

(2)由于Δ=36(a +2)2-4×18×2a =36(a 2+4)>0,

所以不存在实数a ,使得f (x )是(-∞,+∞)上的单调函数. 15.已知定义在R 上的函数f (x )=x 2(ax -3),其中a 为常数. (1)若x =1是函数f (x )的一个极值点,求a 的值;

(2)若函数f (x )在区间(-1,0)上是增函数,求a 的取值范围. 解析 (1)f (x )=ax 3-3x 2,f ′(x )=3ax 2-6x =3x (ax -2). ∵x =1是f (x )的一个极值点,∴f ′(1)=0,∴a =2.

(2)解法一 ①当a =0时,f (x )=-3x 2在区间(-1,0)上是增函数,∴a =0符合题意; ②当a ≠0时,f ′(x )=3ax (x -2a ),令f ′(x )=0得:x 1=0,x 2=2

a .

当a >0时,对任意x ∈(-1,0),f ′(x )>0,∴a >0符合题意;

当a <0时,当x ∈(2a ,0)时,f ′(x )>0,∴2

a ≤-1,∴-2≤a <0符合题意;

综上所述,a ≥-2.

解法二 f ′(x )=3ax 2-6x ≥0在区间(-1,0)上恒成立,∴3ax -6≤0,∴a ≥2

x 在区间(-

1,0)上恒成立,又2x <2

-1

=-2,∴a ≥-2.

16.(2011·沧州七校联考)已知函数f (x )=-x 2+ax +1-ln x . (1)若f (x )在(0,1

2

)上是减函数,求a 的取值范围;

(2)函数f (x )是否既有极大值又有极小值?若存在,求出a 的取值范围;若不存在,请说

明理由.

解析 (1)f ′(x )=-2x +a -1x ,∵f (x )在(0,12)上为减函数,∴x ∈(0,12)时-2x +a -1

x <0

恒成立,即a <2x +1

x

恒成立.

设g (x )=2x +1x ,则g ′(x )=2-1x 2.∵x ∈(0,12)时1x 2>4,∴g ′(x )<0,∴g (x )在(0,1

2)上单

调递减,g (x )>g (1

2

)=3,∴a ≤3.

(2)若f (x )既有极大值又有极小值,则f ′(x )=0必须有两个不等的正实数根x 1,x 2,即2x 2-ax +1=0有两个不等的正实数根.

故a 应满足?????

Δ>0a 2

>0??????

a 2-8>0

a >0?a >22,∴当a >22时,

f ′(x )=0有两个不等的实数根, 不妨设x 1

由f ′(x )=-1x (2x 2-ax +1)=-2

x (x -x 1)(x -x 2)知,00,

x >x 2时f ′(x )<0,

∴当a >22时f (x )既有极大值f (x 2)又有极小值f (x 1).

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