年产300万吨煤制油工程工艺设计外文文献翻译
煤液化
煤炭液化是将煤转化成液体烃的过程：液体燃料和石油化学产品。转换行业通常被称为“煤转化”或“煤到X”。“煤到液体燃料”通常称为“CTL”或“煤液化”，虽然“液化”通常用于成为液体的非化学过程。今天，用于CTL转换煤的份额低于50％。这将在未来几年显着降低与“煤化工”和发展“煤制天然气”的单位，主要是在中国。
内容
1直接和间接的过程
2方法
2.1加氢工艺
2.2热解和碳化工艺
2.3间接转换过程
3研究和煤炭液化发展
1直接和间接的过程
具体液化技术通常分为两类：直接（DCL）和间接液化（ICL）的进程。间接液化过程通常采用的方法如费- 托过程的合成气混合物转化成液态烃包括煤的气化，以一氧化碳和氢（合成气），然后混合物。
[1]与此相反，直接液化过程将煤成直接的液体，没有气化的中间步骤，通过打破与应用溶剂或催化剂的其有机结构中具有高的压力和温度环境。
[2]由于液态烃通常具有较高的氢- 碳摩尔比小于煤，无论是加氢或碳排斥过程必须采用两种ICL和DCL技术。
如煤炭液化通常是高温和高压的过程中，它需要一个显著能耗和，在工业规模（千桶/天），数十亿美元的资本投资。因此，煤炭液化是唯一经济上可行处于历史高位的油价，并因此提出了很高的投资风险。
2方法
[1]加氢工艺：在液化过程被分类为直接转换到液体的流程和间接转化为液体的过程。直接工艺和氢化。
弗里德里希贝吉乌斯
另请参见：贝吉乌斯过程
之一的直接转换煤的液体通过氢化过程中的主要方法是贝吉乌斯过程中，开发了byFriedrich 贝吉乌斯于1913年在这个过程中，干燥煤中混合重油从过程回收。催化剂典型地加入到混合物中。反应在400℃至500℃和20至70兆帕hydrogenpressure之间。该反应可归纳如下：?C +（N + 1）H2→CNH 2 N + 2之后，基于该技术建在德国第一次世界大战中，这些植物被广泛用于duringWorld第二次世界大战供给德国与燃料和润滑油。
[2] Kohleoel的方法，其通过Ruhrkohle和VEBA德国开发，被用在示范工厂用的200吨每天褐煤的容量，内置于博特罗普，德国。这种植物从1981年运行至1987在这个过程中，煤中混合的再循环溶剂和铁催化剂。预热和加压后，H 2的溶液。该过程发生在一个管式反应器，在300巴pa的压力下，在470℃的温度。
[3]该方法也被在南非探索由SASOL。
在1970-1980s，日本企业日本Kokan，住友金属工业公司和三菱重工开发的过程NEDOL。在此过程中，将煤与循环溶剂和合成铁基催化剂混合;预热后H 2的溶液。反应发生在管式
反应器中在之间430℃和465℃的温度下在压力150-200pa。所产生的油具有低质量，并且需要密集的升级。H-煤的过程中，由烃研究公司，在1963年开发的，与再循环液体，氢气和催化剂在沸腾床反应器中混合粉煤。该方法的优点是溶解和油升级正在发生在单个反应器中，产品具有高H / C比，和快速反应时间，而主要缺点是高的产气率（这基本上是一个热裂化过程），高的氢消耗，油的使用仅作为因杂质的锅炉油的限制。
该SRC-I和SRC-II（溶剂精炼煤）过程是由海湾石油开发和实施为在美国试验厂在20世纪60年代和70年代核公用服务公司开发出获得专利由威尔伯恩加氢工艺C.施罗德在1976年涉及干燥的方法，粉煤与大致1％重量的钼的催化剂混合。加氢发生由利用高温高压合成gasproduced在一个单独的气化器。该过程最终产生一个合成的粗产物，石脑油，有限的C3 / C4气体，轻中等重量的液体（C5-C10）适合用作燃料，少量的NH3和显著的CO2的量。其他单级加氢过程是埃克森施主溶剂的方法，所述Imhausen高压的方法，其和Conoco公司氯化锌处理。
也有一些两级直接液化工艺;然而，20世纪80年代后仅催化两级液化流程，从H-煤工艺修饰液体溶剂提取工艺由英国煤炭;和日本的褐煤液化工艺已被开发。
神华，中国的煤炭开采公司，在2002年决定建立在鄂尔多斯，内蒙古（鄂尔多斯煤制油）的直接液化厂，以每天20万桶的液体产品（3.2×103个立方米/天），包括柴油桶容量，液化石油气（LPG）和石脑油（石油醚）。第一次测试是在2008年底的第二个和更长的测试活动开始于2009年10月2011年实施，神华集团报道，自2010年11月的直接液化厂已连续稳定运行，而且申花取得了800万元（125100000美元）的税前盈利在2011年该项目的前六个月。
[4]雪佛龙公司开发的由Joel W.塔尔发明了一种处理被称为雪佛龙煤液化过（CCLP）。
一些炭化过程中存在。碳化转换发生通过热解或干馏，并可以产生condensablecoal焦油，油和水蒸汽，不可冷凝的合成气，和固体残渣炭。煤焦油和油，然后进一步通过hydrotreatingto 处理除去硫和氮类物质，在此之后它们被加工成燃料。
碳化的典型的例子是卡里克过程。在这种低温碳化过程中，煤是在680°F（360℃）在没有空气的加热至750℃。这些温度优化生产的煤焦油更富含比正常煤焦油较轻的烃。然而，所产生的液体大多副产品与主产品是半焦炭，固体和无烟燃料。COED的方法，其由FMC 公司开发的，采用了流化床进行处理，在组合随着温度的升高，通过热解的四个阶段。热是由所生产的焦炭的一部分燃烧产生的热气体传送。这个过程中，COGAS的方法，其的修改包括添加char.The TOSCOAL过程气化的，其类似于TOSCO二油页岩干馏工艺和鲁奇鲁尔燃气的过程中，其也被用于页岩油提取，使用热再循环固体的传热。
热解和卡里克工艺液体产率一般较低，对实际使用合成液体燃料production.Furthermore，将所得液体是低质量的，并需要进一步处理，它们可被用作发动机燃料之前。总之，有一点可能性，这一进程将产生的液体燃料的经济上可行的卷。
间接的转化过程。也见：费- 托法和气体至液体。
煤间接液化（ICL）操作过程分两个阶段。在第一阶段中，将煤转化为合成气（CO和H 2气体的纯化的混合物）。在第二阶段中，合成气被转化成使用三种主要方法中的一种轻质烃：费- 托合成，甲醇合成用随后转化为汽油或石油化工和甲烷化。
费- 托是最古老的ICL过程。这是第一次用于大型工业规模在德国1934年和1945年，目前正由沙索在南非（见塞康达CTL）之间。
在甲醇合成处理的合成气转化为甲醇，其随后聚合成烷烃在沸石催化剂。这个过程中，根据名字MTG（MTG的“甲醇汽油”），是由美孚于20世纪70年代初开发，并正在通过在晋城无烟煤矿业集团（JAMG）在山西，中国一个示范工厂测试。
在此基础上甲醇合成，中国还制定了强有力的煤制化学品行业，有产出，如烯烃，乙二
醇，二甲醚和芳烃。
甲烷化反应转化合成气替代天然气（SNG）。
大平原在比尤拉气化厂，北达科他州是煤制合成天然气生产设施1.6亿立方英尺每SNG的一天，因为已运行1984的几个煤制SNG工厂在运作或项目中国，韩国和印度。
商业工厂的基础上间接煤液化过程的以上实例，以及许多其他此处未列出包括那些在规划阶段和在建，列于所述气化技术委员会的世界气化数据库。
煤炭行业的环境影响：煤炭液化工艺与气化过程或热和电的投入到反应堆显著的二氧化碳排放量相关，从而导致全球变暖，特别是如果煤制油是没有碳捕获和storagetechnologies 进行。
高耗水在水煤气变换或甲烷水蒸汽重整反应是另一个不利的环境影响。[引证需要]在另一方面，通过间接煤液化过程生产合成燃料往往是“更清洁”比天然存在的原油，作为杂原子（如硫）化合物不是合成或不包括在最终产品中。煤的热解产生的多环芳族烃，其是已知的致癌物质。
在鄂尔多斯煤制油，一个内蒙古的厂房跟碳捕获和储存示范项目，二氧化碳排放量控制涉及二氧化碳注入鄂尔多斯盆地的咸水层，在10万吨每年的速度增长。[15] [第三方需要源]截至2013年10月下旬，154,000吨二氧化碳的积累量已经从2010年，达到或超过设计值注入。最终，煤液化衍生燃料将判断相对于建立低温室气体排放的燃料的目标。[社论]例如，在美国，可再生燃料标准和低碳燃料标准诸如在国家颁布加州反映低碳足迹燃料的需求不断增加。另外，在美国立法已经限制军队使用替代液体燃料只有那些证明具有生命周期的温室气体排放量小于或等于那些其常规的基于石油当量，所要求的能源独立的第526与安全法案2007（EISA）。
3研究和煤炭液化发展
美国军方有一个积极的计划，以促进替代燃料的使用，并利用庞大的美国国内的煤炭储量，生产，通过煤液化燃料将具有明显的经济效益和安全优势。但其较高的碳足迹，从煤炭液化燃料面临减少生命周期温室气体排放量，以有竞争力的水平，这就要求不断研究和液化技术的发展，以提高效率和减少排放的显著的挑战。将需要一些研发途径来追究，其中包括：?碳捕获和储存，包括提高石油采收率和发展CCS的方法，以抵消来自合成和利用煤炭液体燃料的排放量，
?煤/生物质/天然气混合原料煤炭液化：利用碳中性的生物质和富氢天然气作为共同饲料在煤液化过程中有显著的潜力将燃料产品的生命周期温室气体排放量为竞争范围，?来自可再生能源的氢：煤液化过程的氢需求可能通过可再生能源，包括风能，太阳能，和生物质被供给，显著降低了与传统的氢合成方法（如蒸汽甲烷重整或焦炭气化）相关联的排放量，并
?工艺改进，如强化费- 托过程中，混合型液化过程和生产所需的氧的更有效的空气separationtechnologies（如陶瓷膜为基础的氧分离）。
近日，美国能源署和国防部一直在合作的煤制油方面的支持新的研究和开发生产军用规格的液体燃料，并强调喷气燃料，这将是既符合成本效益。每年，在煤转化的研究人员或开发被业界接收世界煤炭第X奖奖励。2015年的获奖者是杨勇博士，研发总监和合成燃料的中国副总经理（中国），一个新的费- 托工艺及相关催化剂的开发。
在商业发展方面，煤转化正在经历强劲的加速。从地理上看，最活跃的项目和最近委托业务都位于亚洲，主要是在中国，而美国项目被推迟或取消，由于页岩气的开发和页岩油。
Coal liquefaction
Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and petrochemicals. The conversion industry is commonly referred to as "coal conversion" or "Coal To X". "Coal to Liquid Fuels" is commonly called "CTL" or "coal liquefaction", although "liquefaction" is generally used for a non-chemical process of becoming liquid. Today, the share of converted coal used for CTL is less than 50%. It will decrease dramatically in the next years with the development of "coal to chemicals" and "coal to SNG" units, principally in China.
Contents
1 Direct and indirect processes
2 Methods
2.1 Hydrogenation processes
2.2 Pyrolysis and carbonization processes
2.3 Indirect conversion processes
3 Research and development of coal liquefaction
1 Direct and indirect processes
Specific liquefaction technologies generally fall into two categories: direct (DCL) and indirect liquefaction (ICL) processes. Indirect liquefaction processes generally involve gasification of coal to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) and then using a process such as Fischer–Tropsch process to convert the syngas mixture into liquid hydrocarbons.[1] By contrast, direct liquefaction processes convert coal into liquids directly, without the intermediate step of gasification, by breaking down its organic structure with application of solvents or catalysts in a high pressure and temperature environment.[2] Since liquid hydrocarbons generally have a higher hydrogen-carbon molar ratio than coals, either hydrogenation or carbon-rejection processes must be employed in both ICL and DCL technologies.
As coal liquefaction generally is a high-temperature/high-pressure process, it requires a significant energy consumption and, at industrial scales (thousands of barrels/day), multi-billion dollar capital investments. Thus, coal liquefaction is only economically viable at historically high oil prices, and therefore presents a high investment risk.
2 Methods.
The liquefaction processes are classified as direct conversion to liquids processes and indirect conversion to liquids processes. Direct processes arecarbonization and hydrogenation.[3] Hydrogenation processes.
Friedrich Bergius
See also: Bergius process
One of the main methods of direct conversion of coal to liquids by hydrogenation process is the Bergius process, developed byFriedrich Bergius in 1913. In this process, dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. Catalyst is typically added to the mixture. The reaction occurs at between 400 °C (752 °F) to 500 °C (932 °F) and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogenpressure. The reaction can be summarized as follows:[3]
n C + (n + 1) H2 → CnH2 n + 2
After World War I several plants based on this technology were built in Germany; these plants were extensively used duringWorld War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants.[4] The Kohleoel Process, developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA, was used in the demonstration plant with the capacity of 200 ton of lignite per day, built in Bottrop, Germany. This plant operated from 1981 to 1987. In this process, coal is mixed with a recycle solvent and iron catalyst. After preheating and pressurizing, H2 is added. The process takes place in a tubular reactor at the pressure of 300 bar and at the temperature of 470 °C (880 °F).[5] This process was also explored by SASOL in South Africa.
In 1970-1980s, Japanese companies Nippon Kokan, Sumitomo Metal Industries and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries developed the NEDOL process. In this process, coal is mixed with a recycled solvent and a synthetic iron-based catalyst; after preheating, H2 is added. The reaction takes place in a tubular reactor at a temperature between 430 °C (810 °F) and 465 °C (870 °F) at the pressure 150-200 bar. The produced oil has low quality and requires intensive upgrading.[5] H-Coal process, developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., in 1963, mixes pulverized coal with recycled liquids, hydrogen and catalyst in the ebullated bed reactor. Advantages of this process are that dissolution and oil upgrading are taking place in the single reactor, products have high H/C ratio, and a fast reaction time, while the main disadvantages are high gas yield (this is basically a thermal cracking process), high hydrogen consumption, and limitation of oil usage only as a boiler oil because of impurities.
The SRC-I and SRC-II (Solvent Refined Coal) processes were developed by Gulf Oil and implemented as pilot plants in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.[5] The Nuclear Utility Services Corporation developed hydrogenation process which was patented by Wilburn C. Schroeder in 1976. The process involved dried, pulverized coal mixed with roughly 1wt% molybdenum catalysts.[3] Hydrogenation occurred by use of high temperature and pressure synthesis gasproduced in a separate gasifier. The process ultimately yielded a synthetic crude product, Naphtha, a limited amount of C3/C4 gas, light-medium weight liquids (C5-C10) suitable for use as fuels, small amounts of NH3 and significant amounts of CO2.[7] Other single-stage hydrogenation processes are the Exxon Donor Solvent Process, the Imhausen High-pressure Process, and the Conoco Zinc Chloride Process.
There are also a number of two-stage direct liquefaction processes; however, after the 1980s only the Catalytic Two-stage Liquefaction Process, modified from the H-Coal Process; the Liquid Solvent Extraction Process by British Coal; and the Brown Coal Liquefaction Process of Japan have been developed.
Shenhua, a Chinese coal mining company, decided in 2002 to build a direct liquefaction plant in Erdos, Inner Mongolia (Erdos CTL), with barrel capacity of 20 thousand barrels per day (3.2×103 m3/d) of liquid products including diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and naphtha (petroleum ether). First tests were implemented at the end of 2008. A second and longer test campaign was started in October 2009. In 2011, Shenhua Group reported that the direct liquefaction plant had been in continuous and stable operations since November 2010, and that Shenhua had made 800 million yuan ($125.1 million) in earnings before taxes in the first six months of 2011 on the project.[8] Chevron Corporation developed a process invented by Joel W. Rosenthal called the Chevron Coal Liquefaction Process (CCLP).[9] It is unique due the close-coupling of the non-catalytic dissolver and the catalytic hydroprocessing unit. The oil produced had properties that were unique when compared to other coal oils; it was lighter and had far fewer heteroatom impurities. The process was
scaled-up to the 6 ton per day level, but not proven commercially.
Pyrolysis and carbonization processes.
A number of carbonization processes exist. The carbonization conversion occurs through pyrolysis or destructive distillation, and it produces condensablecoal tar, oil and water vapor, non-condensable synthetic gas, and a solid residue-char. The coal tar and oil are then further processed by hydrotreatingto remove sulfur and nitrogen species, after which they are processed into fuels.[6] The typical example of carbonization is the Karrick process. In this low-temperature carbonization process, coal is heated at 680 °F (360 °C) to 1,380 °F (750 °C) in the absence of air. These temperatures optimize the production of coal tars richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar. However, the produced liquids are mostly a by-product and the main product is semi-coke, a solid and smokeless fuel.
The COED Process, developed by FMC Corporation, uses a fluidized bed for processing, in combination with increasing temperature, through four stages of pyrolysis. Heat is transferred by hot gases produced by combustion of part of the produced char. A modification of this process, the COGAS Process, involves the addition of gasification of char.The TOSCOAL Process, an analogue to the TOSCO II oil shale retorting process and Lurgi-Ruhrgas process, which is also used for the shale oil extraction, uses hot recycled solids for the heat transfer.
Liquid yields of pyrolysis and Karrick processes are generally low for practical use for synthetic liquid fuel production.Furthermore, the resulting liquids are of low quality and require further treatment before they can be used as motor fuels. In summary, there is little possibility that this process will yield economically viable volumes of liquid fuel.
Indirect conversion processes.
See also: Fischer-Tropsch process and Gas to liquids
Indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) processes operate in two stages. In the first stage, coal is converted into syngas (a purified mixture of CO and H2 gas). In the second stage, the syngas is converted into light hydrocarbons using one of three main processes: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Methanol synthesis with subsequent conversion to gasoline or petrochemicals, and methanation.
Fischer-Tropsch is the oldest of the ICL processes. It was first used on large technical scale in Germany between 1934 and 1945 and is currently being used by Sasol in South Africa (see Secunda CTL).
In methanol synthesis processes syngas is converted to methanol, which is subsequently polymerized into alkanes over a zeolite catalyst. This process, under the moniker MTG (MTG for "Methanol To Gasoline"), was developed by Mobil in early 1970s, and is being tested at a demonstration plant by Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group (JAMG) in Shanxi, China.
based on this methanol synthesis, China has also developed a strong coal-to-chemicals industry, with outputs such as olefins, MEG, DME and aromatics.
Methanation reaction converts syngas to substitute natural gas (SNG). The Great Plains Gasification Plant in Beulah, North Dakota is a coal-to-SNG facility producing 160 million cubic feet per day of SNG, and has been in operation since 1984.[11] Several coal-to-SNG plants are in operation or in project in China, South Korea and India.
The above instances of commercial plants based on indirect coal liquefaction processes, as well as many others not listed here including those in planning stages and under construction, are tabulated in the Gasification Technologies Council's World Gasification Database.
Main article: Environmental impact of the coal industry
Most[which?] coal liquefaction processes are associated with significant CO2 emissions from the gasification process or from heat and electricity inputs to the reactors.[citation needed], thus contributing to global warming, especially if coal liquefaction is conducted without carbon capture and storagetechnologies.
High water consumption in water-gas shift or methane steam reforming reactions is another adverse environmental effect.[citation needed] On the other hand, synthetic fuels produced by indirect coal liquefaction processes tend to be 'cleaner' than naturally occurring crudes, as heteroatom (e.g. sulfur) compounds are not synthesized or are excluded from the final product.[citation needed]
Pyrolysis of coal produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known carcinogens. CO2 emission control at Erdos CTL, an Inner Mongolian plant with a carbon capture and storage demonstration project, involves injecting CO2 into the saline aquifer of Erdos Basin, at a rate of 100,000 tonnes per year.[15][third-party source needed] As of late October 2013, an accumulated amount of 154,000 tonnes of CO2 had been injected since 2010, which reached or exceeded the design value.[16][third-party source needed.
Ultimately, coal liquefaction-derived fuels will be judged relative to targets established for low-greenhouse gas emissions fuels.[editorializing] For example, in the United States, the Renewable Fuel Standard and Low-carbon fuel standard such as enacted in the State of California reflect an increasing demand for low carbon-footprint fuels. Also, legislation in the United States has restricted the military's use of alternative liquid fuels to only those demonstrated to have life-cycle GHG emissions less than or equal to those of their conventional petroleum-based equivalent, as required by Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007.[17] Research and development of coal liquefaction[edit]
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3 Research and development of coal liquefaction
The United States military has an active program to promote alternative fuels use, and utilizing vast domestic U.S. coal reserves to produce fuels through coal liquefaction would have obvious economic and security advantages. But with their higher carbon footprint, fuels from coal liquefaction face the significant challenge of reducing life-cycle GHG emissions to competitive levels, which demands continued research and development of liquefaction technology to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. A number of avenues of research & development will need to be pursued, including:
?Carbon capture and storage including enhanced oil recovery and developmental CCS methods to offset emissions from both synthesis and utilization of liquid fuels from coal,
?Coal/biomass/natural gas feedstock blends for coal liquefaction: Utilizing carbon-neutral biomass and hydrogen-rich natural gas as co-feeds in coal liquefaction processes has significant potential for bringing fuel products' life-cycle GHG emissions into competitive ranges, ?Hydrogen from renewables: the hydrogen demand of coal liquefaction processes might be supplied through renewable energy sources including wind, solar, and biomass, significantly reducing the emissions associated with traditional methods of hydrogen synthesis (such as steam methane reforming or char gasification.
?Process improvements such as intensification of the Fischer-Tropsch process, hybrid
liquefaction processes, and more efficient air separationtechnologies needed for production of oxygen (e.g. ceramic membrane-based oxygen separation).
Recently, the U.S. Department of Energy and the Department of Defense have been collaborating on supporting new research and development in the area of coal liquefaction to produce military-specification liquid fuels, with an emphasis on jet fuel, which would be both cost-effective and in accordance with EISA Section 526.
Every year, a researcher or developer in coal conversion is rewarded by the industry in receiving the World Coal To X Award. The 2015 Award recipient is Dr. Yang Yong, Director of R&D and Deputy General Manager of Synfuels China (China), for the development of a new Fischer-Tropsch process and related catalyst.
In terms of commercial development, coal conversion is experiencing a strong acceleration.[19] Geographically, most active projects and recently commissioned operations are located in Asia, mainly in China, while U.S. projects have been delayed or canceled due to the development of shale gas and shale oil.
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
土木工程外文文献及翻译
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
工程成本预算 毕业论文外文文献翻译
外文翻译 Construction projects, private and public alike, have a long history of cost escalation. Transportation projects, which typically have long lead times between planning and construction, are historically underestimated, as shown through a review of the cost growth experienced with the Holland Tunnel. Approximately 50% of the active large transportation projects in the United States have overrun their initial budgets. A large number of studies and research projects have identified individual factors that lead to increased project cost. Although the factors identified can influence privately funded projects the effects are particularly detrimental to publicly funded projects. The public funds available for a pool of projects are limited and there is a backlog of critical infrastructure needs. Therefore, if any project exceeds its budget other projects are dropped from the program or the scope is reduced to provide the funds necessary to cover the cost growth. Such actions exacerbate the deterioration of a state’s transportation infrastructure. This study is an anthology and categorization of individual cost increase factors that were identified through an in-depth literature review. This categorization of 18 primary factors which impact the cost of all types of construction projects was verified by interviews with over 20 state highway agencies. These factors represent documented causes behind cost escalation problems. Engineers who address these escalation factors when assessing future project cost and who seek to mitigate the influence of these factors can improve the accuracy of their cost estimates and program budgets Historically large construction projects have been plagued by cost and schedule overruns Flyvbjerg et al. 2002. In too many cases, the final project cost has been higher than the cost estimates prepared and released during initial planning, preliminary engineering, final design, or even at the start of construction “Mega projects need more study up front to avoid cost overruns.” The ramifica tions of differences between early project cost estimates and bid prices or the final cost of a project can be significant. Over the time span between project initiation concept development and the completion of construction many factors may influence the final project costs. This time span is normally several years in duration but for the highly
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
工程管理专业研究建设项目的工程造价大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：工程管理 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
科技文献翻译 题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 研究建设项目的工程造价 摘要 在工程建设中，中国是拥有世界最大投资金额和具有最多建设项目的国家。它是一 项在建设项目管理上可以为广泛的工程管理人员进行有效的工程造价管理，并合理 确定和保证施工质量和工期的条件控制施工成本的重要课题。 在失去了中国建筑的投资和技术经济工程，分离的控制现状的基础上，通过建设成 本控制的基本理论为指导，探讨控制方法和施工成本的应用，阐述了存在的问题在 施工成本控制和对决心和施工成本的控制这些问题的影响，提出了建设成本控制应 体现在施工前期，整个施工过程中的成本控制，然后介绍了一些程序和应用价值工 程造价的方法在控制建设项目的所有阶段。 关键词：建设成本，成本控制，项目 1.研究的意义 在中国，现有的工程造价管理体系是20世纪50年代制定的，并在1980s.Traditional 施工成本管理方法改进是根据国家统一的配额，从原苏联引进的一种方法。它的特 点是建设成本的计划经济的管理方法，这决定了它无法适应当前市场经济的要求。 在中国传统建筑成本管理方法主要包括两个方面，即建设成本和施工成本控制方法 的测定方法。工程造价的确定传统的主要做法生搬硬套国家或地方统一的配额数量 来确定一个建设项目的成本。虽然这种方法已经历了20多年的改革，到现在为止，计划经济管理模式的影响仍然有已经存在在许多地区。我们传统的工程造价控制的
土木工程专业外文文献及翻译
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
工程造价毕业设计参考文献
参考文献 [1]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB50500-2008,建设工程工程量清单计价 规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2008. [2]福建省建设工程造价管理总站.FJYD-101-2005,福建省建筑工程消耗量定额 [S].北京:中国计划出版社,2005. [3]福建省建设工程造价管理总站.FJYD-201-2005,福建省建筑装饰装修工程消 耗量定额[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2005. [4]中华人民共和国建设部.GB/T50353-2005,建筑工程建筑面积计算规范[S].北 京:中国计划出版社,2005. [5]刘元芳.建筑工程计量与计价[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2009. [6]刘元芳.建设工程造价管理[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2005. [7]幸伟.我国政府采购招标投标问题研究[D].东北师范大学,2009. [8]杨平.工程合同管理[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2007. [9]陈慧玲．建设工程招标投标实务[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社，2004年. [10]邹伟，论施工企业投标报价策略与技巧[J]，建筑经济，2007年. [11]陈娟，杨泽华，谢智明，浅谈工程投标报价的策略[J]，招投标研究，2004 年. [12]徐学东主编.《工程量清单的编制与投标报价》中国计划出版社.2005年. [13]田满霞,浅谈建设项目的工程造价控制[J].技术市场,2013,(9):188-188. [14]王雪青，国际工程投标报价决策系统研究[J],天津大学博士论文，2003年. [15]Online Computer Library Center, Inc. History of OCLC[EB/OL],2009. [16]Gray,C.,& Hughes,W.(2001).Building design management.Oxford, UK:Butterworth-Heinemann.
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
土木工程外文文献及翻译
Original Article Impact of crack width on bond: confined and unconfine d rebar David https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c16723786.html,w1, Denglei Tang2, Thoma s K. C.Molyneaux3 and Rebecca Gravina3 (1)School of the Built Environment, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK (2)VicRoads, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (3)School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia David W. Law Email: https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c16723786.html,w@https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c16723786.html, Received: 14January2010Accepted: 14Decemb er2010Published online: 23December2010 Abstract This paper reports the results of a research project comp aring the effect of surface crack width and degree of corrosi on on the bond strength of confined and unconfined deforme d 12 and 16mm mild steel reinforcing bars. The corrosion was induced by chloride contamination of the concrete and
工程造价外文翻译(有出处)
预测高速公路建设项目最终的预算和时间 摘要 目的——本文的目的是开发模型来预测公路建设项目施工阶段最后的预算和持续的时间。 设计——测算收集告诉公路建设项目，在发展预测模型之前找出影响项目最终的预算和时间，研究内容是基于人工神经网络(ANN)的原理。与预测结果提出的方法进行比较,其精度从当前方法基于挣值。 结果——根据影响因素最后提出了预算和时间，基于人工神经网络的应用原理方法获得的预测结果比当前基于挣值法得到的结果更准确和稳定。 研究局限性/意义——因素影响最终的预算和时间可能不同,如果应用于其他国家,由于该项目数据收集的都是泰国的预测模型,因此,必须重新考虑更好的结果。 实际意义——这项研究为用于高速公路建设项目经理来预测项目最终的预算和时间提供了一个有用的工具，可为结果提供早期预算和进度延误的警告。 创意/价值——用ANN模型来预测最后的预算和时间的高速公路建设项目,开发利用项目数据反映出持续的和季节性周期数据, 在施工阶段可以提供更好的预测结果。 关键词：神经网、建筑业、预测、道路、泰国 文章类型：案例研究 前言 一个建设工程项普遍的目的是为了在时间和在预算内满足既定的质量要求和其他规格。为了实现这个目标,大量的工作在施工过程的管理必须提供且不能没有计划地做成本控制系统。一个控制系统定期收集实际成本和进度数据,然后对比与计划的时间表来衡量工作进展是否提前或落后时间表和强调潜在的问题(泰克兹,1993)。成本和时间是两个关键参数，在建设项目管理和相关参数的研究中扮演着重要的角色，不断提供适当的方法和
工具，使施工经理有效处理一个项目，以实现其在前期建设和在施工阶段的目标。在施工阶段,一个常见的问题要求各方参与一个项目，尤其是一个所有者,最终项目的预算到底是多少?或什么时候该项目能被完成？ 在跟踪和控制一个建设项目时，预测项目的性能是非常必要的。目前已经提出了几种方法,如基于挣值技术、模糊逻辑、社会判断理论和神经网络。将挣值法视为一个确定的方法，其一般假设，无论是性能效率可达至报告日期保持不变，或整个项目其余部分将计划超出申报日期（克里斯坦森，1992；弗莱明和坎普曼，2000 ；阿萨班尼，1999；维卡尔等人，2000）。然而，挣值法的基本概念在研究确定潜在的进度延误、成本和进度的差异成本超支的地区。吉布利（1985）利用平均每个成本帐户执行工作的实际成本，也称作单位收入的成本，其标准差来预测项目完工成本。各成本帐户每月的进度是一个平均平稳过程标准偏差，显示预测模型的可靠性，然而，接受的单位成本收益在每个报告期在变化。埃尔丁和休斯（1992）和阿萨班尼（1999）利用分解组成成本的结构来提高预测精度。迪克曼和Al-Tabtabai（1992）基于社会判断理论提出了一个方法，该方法在预测未来的基础上的一组线索，源于人的判断而不是从纯粹的数学算法。有经验的项目经理要求基于社会判断理论方法的使用得到满意的结果。Moselhi等人（2006）应用“模糊逻辑”来预测潜在的成本超支和对建设工程项目的进度延迟。该方法的结果在评估特定时间状态的项目和评价该项目的利润效率有作用。这有助于工程人员所完成的项目时间限制和监控项目预算。Kaastra和博伊德（1996）开发的“人工神经网络”,此网络作为一种有效的预测工具，可以利用过去“模式识别”工作和显示各种影响因素的关系，然后预测未来的发展趋势。罗威等人（2006）开发的成本回归模型能在项目的早期阶段估计建筑成本。总共有41个潜在的独立变量被确定，但只有四个变量：总建筑面积，持续时间，机械设备，和打桩，是线性成本的关键驱动因素，因为它们出现在所有的模型中。模型提出了进一步的洞察了施工成本和预测变量的各种关系。从模型得到的估计结果可以提供早期阶段的造价咨询（威廉姆斯（2003））——最终竞标利用回归模型预测的建设项目成本。 人工神经网络已被广泛用在不同的施工功能中，如估价、计划和产能预测。神经网络建设是Moselhi等人（1991）指出，由Hegazy（1998）开发了一个模型，该模型考虑了项目的外在特征，估计加拿大的公路建设成本： ·项目类型 ·项目范围
建筑外文文献及翻译
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have
建筑外文文献及翻译
建筑外文文献及翻译
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract -- This paper put forward the affecting factors of project 'prsiority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms —Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi- project 's project 's priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it 'csritical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects 'duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposed a mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Based on work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4] discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-