高考英语二轮复习与策略 第1部分 专题3 阅读理解 模式1 细节理解题讲练

专题三阅读理解

模式1| 细节理解题

[典例1] (2016·江苏高考·B)Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct (本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory，chimps don't naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random—he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.

The core of what children's minds have and chimps' don't is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared

purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward

a shared goal.

58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?

A．Chimps seldom care about others' interests.

B．Chimps tend to provide food for their children.

C．Chimps like to take in their neighbors' food.

D．Chimps naturally share food with each other.

59．Michael Tomasello's tests on young children indicate that they ________．A．have the instinct to help others

B．know how to offer help to adults

C．know the world better than chimps

D．trust adults with their hands full, 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了黑猩猩与人类的区别——人类从小具有合作、分享、参与意识，而黑猩猩除了在某些方面偶尔有合作外，在其他方面都是各顾各的，非常自私。

58．A[细节理解题。根据第二段中的．..he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.可知，黑猩猩很自私，这和A项说的“黑猩猩很少关心其他黑猩猩的利益”一致。根据第一段中的Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children...可知，甚至黑猩猩妈妈常拒绝与它们的孩子分享食物，故排除B项；由第二段中的he will pull at random可知，黑猩猩会随意吃别的黑猩猩盘子里的食物，这和C项的“黑猩猩喜欢吃它们的邻居的食物”相悖；根据第一段中的．..they have little instinct to help one another...seek food for themselves.Even...decline to share...可知，它们不愿意分享食物，排除D项。] 59．A[细节理解题。由第三段的From the earliest ages，they desire to help others...可知，孩子很小的时候就知道帮助他人，这和A项意思一致。B项说的how在文章中没有提到，文章只是讲孩子会帮助别人；第四段最后一句提到but were considerably better at understanding the social world，而C选项说world，少了social，故犯了范围过大的错误；D项错在trust，文章没有提到。]

[典例2](2015·江苏高考·C)Suppose you become a leader in an organization.It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities.To do so，it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example，people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness，to expand their

range of experiences，and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer positions do not meet these needs，people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers，you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service，some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately，these programs can shift people's wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g.，“I volunteer because it's important to me”) to an external factor (e.g.，“I volunteer because I'm required to do so”)．When that happens，people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

Once people begin to volunteer，what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question，researchers have conducted follow－up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance，one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you，it leads to important practical advice.The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”．Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers' expectations，they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results，once again，lead to concrete advice：“Once an individual begins volunteering，continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity...Items like T－shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity.”

62．What can we learn from the Florida study?

A．Follow－up studies should last for one year.

B．Volunteers should get mentally prepared.

C．Strategy training is a must in research.

D．Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.

63．What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?

A．Individual differences in role identity.

B．Publicly identifiable volunteer T－shirts.

C．Role identity as a volunteer.

D．Practical advice from researchers.

62.B[细节理解题。根据第四段中的The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”．可知，研究者指出，应该注意让志愿者对棘手的情形有所准备，给他们提供应对困难的策略。B项说志愿者应该在精神上做好准备，符合文意。A项“随访研究应该持续一年”，与文中说的这项研究持续了一年多(over a year)不符，可排除；C项“策略训练在研究中是必须要做的事情”犯了偷换概念的错误；文章并没有提及“志愿者被提供了具体的建议”，故D项错误。]

63．C[细节理解题。根据题干关键词continue定位到最后一段中的It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.可知，志愿者的角色认同感才是他们继续从事志愿活动的关键。A项“在角色认同感方面的个人差异”是该项研究关注的方面，犯了因果倒置的错误；与B项相关的内容在最后一句，但这只是有助于增强角色认同感的一个例子；D项文章中没有提及，虽然文章提到了advice，但这只是该项研究结果的一个建议。]